Water Raman normalization of airborne laser fluorosensor measurements: a computer model study

L. R. Poole; W. E. Esaias

doi:10.1364/AO.21.003756

Applied Optics
Vol. 21,
Issue 20,
pp. 3756-3761
(1982)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.21.003756

Water Raman normalization of airborne laser fluorosensor measurements: a computer model study

L. R. Poole and W. E. Esaias

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L. R. Poole and W. E. Esaias, "Water Raman normalization of airborne laser fluorosensor measurements: a computer model study," Appl. Opt. 21, 3756-3761 (1982)

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Abstract

The technique of normalizing airborne lidar measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence by the water Raman scattering signal is investigated for laser-excitation wavelengths of 480 and 532 nm using a semianalytic Monte Carlo methodology (SALMON). The signal-integration depth for chlorophyll fluorescence, Z_90,_F, is found to be insensitive to excitation wavelength and ranges from a maximum of 4.5 m in clearest waters to <1 m at a chlorophyll concentration of 20 μg/liter. For excitation at 532 nm, the signal-integration depth for Raman scattering, Z_90,_R, is comparable to Z_90,_F. For excitation at 480 nm, Z_90,_R is four times as large as Z_90,_F in clearest waters but nearly equivalent at chlorophyll concentrations >2–3 μg/liter. Absolute signal levels are stronger with excitation at 480 nm than with excitation at 532 nm, but this advantage must be weighed against potential ambiguities resulting from different integration depths for the fluorescence and Raman scattering signals in clearer waters. To the precision of the simulations, Raman normalization produces effectively linear response to chlorophyll concentration for both excitation wavelengths.

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	Wavelength, nm

	480	532	574	650	685
Absorption coefficient for P. min., m⁻¹/(μg/liter)	0.0582	0.0461	0.0382	0.0284	0.036
Scattering coefficient for P. min., m⁻¹/(μg/liter)	0.291	0.251	0.231	0.211	0.202
Fluorescence efficiencya	0.028	0.025	0	0	0
Absorption coefficient for clear ocean water, m⁻¹	0.0176	0.0517	0.0911	0.349	0.475
Scattering coefficient for clear ocean water, m⁻¹	0.0034	0.0022	0.0017	0.001	0.0007
Raman scattering coefficient, m⁻¹	0.0018	0.0012	0.0009	0.0006	0.0004

		Chlorophyll concentration, μg/liter

		0.01	0.1	1	10
480	ca	0.026	0.058	0.37	3.52
	K	0.018	0.025	0.091	0.95
	${\tilde{ω}}_{0}$	0.31	0.60	0.80	0.83
532	c	0.058	0.085	0.35	3.03
	K	0.052	0.057	0.11	0.80
	${\tilde{ω}}_{0}$	0.10	0.34	0.72	0.83
574	c	0.096	0.12	0.36	2.79
	K	0.091	0.095	0.14	0.73
	${\tilde{ω}}_{0}$	0.05	0.21	0.64	0.83
650	c	0.353	0.375	0.59	2.75
	K	0.34	0.35	0.39	0.90
	${\tilde{ω}}_{0}$	0.01	0.06	0.36	0.77
685	c	0.48	0.50	0.71	2.86
	K	0.47	0.48	0.53	1.11
	${\tilde{ω}}_{0}$	0.01	0.04	0.28	0.71

	Wavelength, nm

	480	532	574	650	685
Absorption coefficient for P. min., m⁻¹/(μg/liter)	0.0582	0.0461	0.0382	0.0284	0.036
Scattering coefficient for P. min., m⁻¹/(μg/liter)	0.291	0.251	0.231	0.211	0.202
Fluorescence efficiencya	0.028	0.025	0	0	0
Absorption coefficient for clear ocean water, m⁻¹	0.0176	0.0517	0.0911	0.349	0.475
Scattering coefficient for clear ocean water, m⁻¹	0.0034	0.0022	0.0017	0.001	0.0007
Raman scattering coefficient, m⁻¹	0.0018	0.0012	0.0009	0.0006	0.0004

		Chlorophyll concentration, μg/liter

		0.01	0.1	1	10
480	ca	0.026	0.058	0.37	3.52
	K	0.018	0.025	0.091	0.95
	${\tilde{ω}}_{0}$	0.31	0.60	0.80	0.83
532	c	0.058	0.085	0.35	3.03
	K	0.052	0.057	0.11	0.80
	${\tilde{ω}}_{0}$	0.10	0.34	0.72	0.83
574	c	0.096	0.12	0.36	2.79
	K	0.091	0.095	0.14	0.73
	${\tilde{ω}}_{0}$	0.05	0.21	0.64	0.83
650	c	0.353	0.375	0.59	2.75
	K	0.34	0.35	0.39	0.90
	${\tilde{ω}}_{0}$	0.01	0.06	0.36	0.77
685	c	0.48	0.50	0.71	2.86
	K	0.47	0.48	0.53	1.11
	${\tilde{ω}}_{0}$	0.01	0.04	0.28	0.71

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Applied Optics