Simplified dichromated gelatin hologram recording process

Tharayil G. Georgekutty; Hua-Kuang Liu

doi:10.1364/AO.26.000372

Applied Optics
Vol. 26,
Issue 2,
pp. 372-376
(1987)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.26.000372

Simplified dichromated gelatin hologram recording process

Tharayil G. Georgekutty and Hua-Kuang Liu

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Tharayil G. Georgekutty and Hua-Kuang Liu, "Simplified dichromated gelatin hologram recording process," Appl. Opt. 26, 372-376 (1987)

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Abstract

A simplified method for making dichromated gelatin (DCG) holographic optical elements (HOE) has been discovered. The method is much less tedious and it requires a period of processing time comparable with that for processing a silver halide hologram. HOE characteristics including diffraction efficiency (DE), linearity, and spectral sensitivity have been quantitatively investigated. The quality of the holographic grating is very high. Ninety percent or higher diffraction efficiency has been achieved in simple plane gratings made by this process.

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P-1	Soak in fixer without hardener for 10 min.
P-2	Wash in running water at 90°F for 5 min, start for 68°F and raise temperature 2.5°F/min to 90°F; following wash, lower temperature at the same rate to 68° F.
P-3	Soak in fixer with standard hardener concentration.
P-4	Wash in running water for 10 min as in step 2.
P-5	Rinse in distilled water for 5 min with agitation.
P-6	Dip into Kodak Photo-Flo 200 solution (1 drop/500 cc) for 30 sand remove the excess with either a photographic sponge or clean wiper blade.
P-7	With plate in horizontal position, dry overnight at room temperature.

1. Preprocessing (lighting, room light)
	P-1	Soak in fixer with standard hardener concentration (3.25%) for 10–15 min.
	P-2	Wash in running water for a minimum of 10 min.
	P-3	Soak in hot water at 145°F for 10 min.
2. Sensitization (lighting: dim red)
	S-1	Soak in 10% ammonium dichromate solution (with 1% of Kodak Photo-Flo 200) for 5 min.
	S-2	Remove ammonium dichromate from glass side of plates.
	S-3	Bake for 5–10 min at 160 ± 10° F.
3. Exposure
4. Development			Lighting
	D-1	Soak in 0.5% solution of ammonium dichromate for 5 min.	Red (dim)
	D-2	Soak in fixer with standard hardener concentration for 5 min.	Red (dim)
	D-3	Wash in running water for a minimum of 5min	Room light
	D-4	Dehydrate in a 50:50 solution of distilled water and isopropanol for 3 min.	Room light
	D-5	Dehydrate in 100% isopropanol for 3 min.	Room light
	D-6	Bake for 10 min at 160 ± 10°F.
5. Assembly
	A-1	Bake for 1 h at 160 ± 10°F.
	A-2	Mix 5-cc cement with one drop of catalyst.
	A-3	Cement glass plates together and keep for 2 h.

Feature	Previous process	Simplified process
Total process time	12 h (minimum)	1.5 h (maximum)
Number of steps	22	15
Washing temperature	Stringent requirement at 60° F	Around room temperature
Drying condition	Overnight drying at room temprature and relative humidity <40%	Drying in the oven at 140°F and then immediately using the plate
Environmental relative humidity requirement	Highly susceptible to humidity >40%*	Slightly susceptible
Maximum diffraction efficiency of plane gratings	Over 90% (achievable up to 100%)	Around 90% achievable
DE vs exposure	Varying with maximum and minimum. Maximum DE reached at ~125 mJ/cm²	Similar but slightly shifted
DE vs wavelength of exposure light	DE is monotonically decreasing with wavelength	Similar

P-1	Soak in fixer without hardener for 10 min.
P-2	Wash in running water at 90°F for 5 min, start for 68°F and raise temperature 2.5°F/min to 90°F; following wash, lower temperature at the same rate to 68° F.
P-3	Soak in fixer with standard hardener concentration.
P-4	Wash in running water for 10 min as in step 2.
P-5	Rinse in distilled water for 5 min with agitation.
P-6	Dip into Kodak Photo-Flo 200 solution (1 drop/500 cc) for 30 sand remove the excess with either a photographic sponge or clean wiper blade.
P-7	With plate in horizontal position, dry overnight at room temperature.

1. Preprocessing (lighting, room light)
	P-1	Soak in fixer with standard hardener concentration (3.25%) for 10–15 min.
	P-2	Wash in running water for a minimum of 10 min.
	P-3	Soak in hot water at 145°F for 10 min.
2. Sensitization (lighting: dim red)
	S-1	Soak in 10% ammonium dichromate solution (with 1% of Kodak Photo-Flo 200) for 5 min.
	S-2	Remove ammonium dichromate from glass side of plates.
	S-3	Bake for 5–10 min at 160 ± 10° F.
3. Exposure
4. Development			Lighting
	D-1	Soak in 0.5% solution of ammonium dichromate for 5 min.	Red (dim)
	D-2	Soak in fixer with standard hardener concentration for 5 min.	Red (dim)
	D-3	Wash in running water for a minimum of 5min	Room light
	D-4	Dehydrate in a 50:50 solution of distilled water and isopropanol for 3 min.	Room light
	D-5	Dehydrate in 100% isopropanol for 3 min.	Room light
	D-6	Bake for 10 min at 160 ± 10°F.
5. Assembly
	A-1	Bake for 1 h at 160 ± 10°F.
	A-2	Mix 5-cc cement with one drop of catalyst.
	A-3	Cement glass plates together and keep for 2 h.

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Applied Optics