Mid-infrared laser reflectance of moist soils

Ram M. Narayanan; Steven E. Green; Dennis R. Alexander

doi:10.1364/AO.32.006043

Applied Optics
Vol. 32,
Issue 30,
pp. 6043-6052
(1993)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.32.006043

Mid-infrared laser reflectance of moist soils

Ram M. Narayanan, Steven E. Green, and Dennis R. Alexander

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Ram M. Narayanan, Steven E. Green, and Dennis R. Alexander, "Mid-infrared laser reflectance of moist soils," Appl. Opt. 32, 6043-6052 (1993)

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Abstract

The effect of varying moisture content on the mid-infrared (9–11-μm) laser backscatter reflectance of different soils was investigated experimentally. Total reflectance was separated into a diffuse and a coherent component. Consistent with observations in the visible and near-infrared spectral regimes, the diffuse mid-infrared reflectance values decrease with increasing gravimetric moisture content. At low moisture contents, this phenomenon is attributed to increased forward scattering, while total internal reflection at the water–air interface results in lower reflectance values at higher moisture contents. The coherent component, however, increases initially for low moisture content as a result of the reduction in surface roughness on moistening, decreases subsequently, and then tends to increase again as the moisture content nears the field capacity of the soil. An empirical model based on the above physical mechanisms is developed for the diffuse component and tested by using the measured data. It is conjectured that the laser reflectance is sensitive to moisture in the surface layer (≃ 0.25-mm depth) and thus may have the potential to monitor near-surface soil moisture.

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Soil No.	Soil Order	Great or Subgroup	Series	Mineralogya	Location	Horizon	Clay Content (%)	Silt Content (%)	Organic Carbon (%)
01	Mollisol	Typic	Walla Walla	Q, P, K-sp, H/M, U	Oregon	A	18	67	1.09
		Haploxerall				B	15	69	0.53
02	Mollisol	Udic	Barnes	Q, P, U, Py	North Dakota	A	26	36	2.17
		Hapoboroll				B	28	36	0.96
03	Mollisol	Typic	Clarion	Q, P, H/M, S	Iowa	A	21	28	1.31
		Hapludoll				B	22	30	0.83
04	Mollisol	Torrertic	Pullman	Q, P, K-sp, U, A	Texas	A	34	51	0.92
		Paleustoll				B	43	44	0.71
05	Mollisol	Typic	Sharpsburg	Q, P, K-sp, H/M, U	Nebraska	A	36	62	1.69
		Arguidoll				B	38	60	1.03
06	Alfisol	Typic	Crider	Q, P, K-sp, H/M, U	Kentucky	A	25	73	2.14
		Paleudalf				B	34	64	0.33
07	Alfisol	Typic	Miami	Q, P, K-sp, H/M, U	Indiana	A	22	50	1.23
		Hapludalf				B	34	34	0.58
08	Alfisol	Typic	Yolo	Q, P, K-sp, H/M, U	California	A	26	54	1.31
		Xerorthent				B	26	54	0.86
09	Ultisol	Typic	Frederick	Q, K-sp, K	Virginia	A	19	62	2.19
		Paleudult				B	37	51	0.25
10	Ultisol	Typic	Cecil	Q, P, H/M, K, S	North Carolina	A	10	20	3.20
		Hapludult				B	51	17	0.28
11	Ultisol	Typic	Rains	Q, P, K-sp, H/M, K, G?	South Carolina	A	17	50	3.40
		Paleaquult				B	27	56	0.82
12	Aridisol	Typic	Mohave	Q, K-sp, H/M, C, S	Arizona	A	26	24	0.67
		Haplargid				B	19	17	0.25
13	Aridisol	Ustollic	Fort Collins	Q, P, H/M, C, U	Colorado	A	29	17	0.77
		Haplargid				B	30	19	0.53
14	Entisol	Typic	Valentine	Q, P, K-sp, H/M, U	Nebraska	A	06	05	0.81
		Ustipsamment				B	04	02	0.41
15	Vertisol	Udic	Houston	Q, P, H/M, U, S	Texas	A	48	40	1.61
		Pellustert	Black			B	58	36	1.04
16	Spodosol	Dystril	Caribou	Q, P, K-sp, H/M, K, U	Maine	A	14	46	2.37
		Eutrochrept				B	14	42	1.52
17	Oxisol	Ustoxic	Kole Kole	Q, H/M, K, U, G	Hawaii	A	14	38	3.46
		Humitrop
18	Inceptisol	Tropeptic	Wahiawa	H, K	Hawaii	A	60	33	1.30
		Eutrustox

Soil No.	Gravimetric Moisture Content, m_g (%), at			Constants in ψ_w = a10^bm_g		Fielda Capacity (%)	Wiltingb Point (%)	Hygroscopicc Moisture (%)

	ψ_w = −0.1 bar	ψ_w = −1 bar	ψ_w = −5 bars	a	b
02	29.5	18.8	14.4	−955	−0.158	21.9	11.4	9.4
06	34.3	20.1	14.0	−198	−0.114	24.3	9.8	7.1
09	29.3	15.8	10.6	−132	−0.134	19.4	7.1	4.7
12	22.6	16.1	13.1	−5471	−0.232	18.2	11.0	9.7
15	36.8	27.7	23.2	−15065	−0.150	31.0	20.0	17.9
17	46.6	29.4	21.8	−506	−0.092	34.6	16.6	13.2
18	41.5	30.7	25.2	−7988	−0.127	34.5	21.5	19.0

Soil No.	m_g (%)	A′(λ, m_g)				B′(λ, m_g)				C′(m_g)

		λ₁a	λ₂b	λ₃c	λ₄d	λ₁a	λ₂b	λ₃c	λ₄d
02	0	0.04812	0.03616	0.01934	0.01369	0.03873	0.04761	0.01214	0.01559	10.20
	5	0.04665	0.03782	0.01950	0.01647	0.08562	0.04934	0.02784	0.01925	11.57
	15	0.03704	0.03136	0.01612	0.01232	0.02184	0.01418	0.01638	0.00316	7.75
	25	0.00588	0.00364	0.00362	0.00366	0.03863	0.06141	0.06207	0.03345	12.13
06	0	0.06867	0.04055	0.02482	0.02130	0.05392	0.05052	0.01014	0.01550	10.84
	5	0.06496	0.04362	0.02367	0.01908	0.07242	0.04688	0.02304	0.02438	17.26
	15	0.05653	0.03885	0.02013	0.01741	0.04546	0.01046	0.01939	0.00436	10.45
	25	0.02212	0.01193	0.00700	0.00591	0.02598	0.01571	0.01414	0.00717	7.41
09	0	0.05660	0.02615	0.02381	0.02544	0.04088	0.03678	0.01423	0.02548	7.72
	5	0.05770	0.03283	0.02642	0.02570	0.06810	0.02617	0.02851	0.02224	17.51
	15	0.05822	0.02939	0.02066	0.01986	0.04234	0.00957	0.01893	0.00204	12.68
	25	0.03388	0.01630	0.00988	0.00821	0.01630	0.01038	0.01092	0.00617	7.28
12	0	0.04169	0.03811	0.01960	0.01435	0.03194	0.04780	0.00926	0.01580	10.49
	2	0.03664	0.04005	0.01895	0.01104	0.05029	0.04630	0.02686	0.02100	23.07
	15	0.00991	0.01115	0.00540	0.00542	0.02350	0.05834	0.05992	0.02032	6.97
	25	0.00147	0.00340	0.00118	0.00185	0.06669	0.05276	0.14157	0.02273	24.99
15	0	0.02136	0.02258	0.01610	0.01266	0.02040	0.03251	0.00930	0.01540	9.28
	5	0.01940	0.02464	0.01546	0.01099	0.02306	0.04163	0.02270	0.02710	14.30
	15	0.01423	0.02170	0.01153	0.00894	0.00734	0.00873	0.01669	0.00228	7.11
	25	0.00616	0.00657	0.00428	0.00369	0.00363	0.00427	0.00455	0.00127	5.19
17	0	0.01228	0.01025	0.00861	0.00634	0.00517	0.01902	0.00620	0.00686	7.05
	5	0.00974	0.01114	0.00774	0.00720	0.01340	0.01664	0.01126	0.01331	17.09
	15	0.00842	0.01016	0.00631	0.00581	0.00306	0.00472	0.00822	0.00174	5.51
	25	0.00619	0.00756	0.00457	0.00395	0.00321	0.00406	0.00604	0.00231	7.07
18	0	0.02473	0.03815	0.01493	0.00921	0.03206	0.04136	0.00388	0.00688	7.12
	5	0.02600	0.04006	0.01348	0.01013	0.02207	0.04716	0.01555	0.01168	8.22
	15	0.02294	0.04162	0.01140	0.00917	0.01031	0.01610	0.01489	0.00215	5.48
	25	0.01166	0.02480	0.00814	0.00621	0.00929	0.01300	0.00987	0.00202	7.21

Soil No.	k	n
02	0.996	4.42
06	1.096	4.06
09	0.316	3.00
12	1.861	2.33
15	2.323	2.90
17	0.892	1.83
18	1.609	3.85

Soil No.	Soil Order	Great or Subgroup	Series	Mineralogya	Location	Horizon	Clay Content (%)	Silt Content (%)	Organic Carbon (%)
01	Mollisol	Typic	Walla Walla	Q, P, K-sp, H/M, U	Oregon	A	18	67	1.09
		Haploxerall				B	15	69	0.53
02	Mollisol	Udic	Barnes	Q, P, U, Py	North Dakota	A	26	36	2.17
		Hapoboroll				B	28	36	0.96
03	Mollisol	Typic	Clarion	Q, P, H/M, S	Iowa	A	21	28	1.31
		Hapludoll				B	22	30	0.83
04	Mollisol	Torrertic	Pullman	Q, P, K-sp, U, A	Texas	A	34	51	0.92
		Paleustoll				B	43	44	0.71
05	Mollisol	Typic	Sharpsburg	Q, P, K-sp, H/M, U	Nebraska	A	36	62	1.69
		Arguidoll				B	38	60	1.03
06	Alfisol	Typic	Crider	Q, P, K-sp, H/M, U	Kentucky	A	25	73	2.14
		Paleudalf				B	34	64	0.33
07	Alfisol	Typic	Miami	Q, P, K-sp, H/M, U	Indiana	A	22	50	1.23
		Hapludalf				B	34	34	0.58
08	Alfisol	Typic	Yolo	Q, P, K-sp, H/M, U	California	A	26	54	1.31
		Xerorthent				B	26	54	0.86
09	Ultisol	Typic	Frederick	Q, K-sp, K	Virginia	A	19	62	2.19
		Paleudult				B	37	51	0.25
10	Ultisol	Typic	Cecil	Q, P, H/M, K, S	North Carolina	A	10	20	3.20
		Hapludult				B	51	17	0.28
11	Ultisol	Typic	Rains	Q, P, K-sp, H/M, K, G?	South Carolina	A	17	50	3.40
		Paleaquult				B	27	56	0.82
12	Aridisol	Typic	Mohave	Q, K-sp, H/M, C, S	Arizona	A	26	24	0.67
		Haplargid				B	19	17	0.25
13	Aridisol	Ustollic	Fort Collins	Q, P, H/M, C, U	Colorado	A	29	17	0.77
		Haplargid				B	30	19	0.53
14	Entisol	Typic	Valentine	Q, P, K-sp, H/M, U	Nebraska	A	06	05	0.81
		Ustipsamment				B	04	02	0.41
15	Vertisol	Udic	Houston	Q, P, H/M, U, S	Texas	A	48	40	1.61
		Pellustert	Black			B	58	36	1.04
16	Spodosol	Dystril	Caribou	Q, P, K-sp, H/M, K, U	Maine	A	14	46	2.37
		Eutrochrept				B	14	42	1.52
17	Oxisol	Ustoxic	Kole Kole	Q, H/M, K, U, G	Hawaii	A	14	38	3.46
		Humitrop
18	Inceptisol	Tropeptic	Wahiawa	H, K	Hawaii	A	60	33	1.30
		Eutrustox

Abstract

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Tables (4)

Equations (9)

Applied Optics