Shielding properties of laser-induced breakdown in water for pulse durations from 5 ns to 125 fs

Daniel X. Hammer; E. Duco Jansen; Martin Frenz; Gary D. Noojin; Robert J. Thomas; Joachim Noack; Alfred Vogel; Benjamin A. Rockwell; Ashley J. Welch

doi:10.1364/AO.36.005630

Applied Optics
Vol. 36,
Issue 22,
pp. 5630-5640
(1997)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.36.005630

Shielding properties of laser-induced breakdown in water for pulse durations from 5 ns to 125 fs

Daniel X. Hammer, E. Duco Jansen, Martin Frenz, Gary D. Noojin, Robert J. Thomas, Joachim Noack, Alfred Vogel, Benjamin A. Rockwell, and Ashley J. Welch

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Daniel X. Hammer, E. Duco Jansen, Martin Frenz, Gary D. Noojin, Robert J. Thomas, Joachim Noack, Alfred Vogel, Benjamin A. Rockwell, and Ashley J. Welch, "Shielding properties of laser-induced breakdown in water for pulse durations from 5 ns to 125 fs," Appl. Opt. 36, 5630-5640 (1997)

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Abstract

The shielding effectiveness of laser-induced breakdown from focused, visible laser pulses from 5 ns to 125 fs is determined from measurements of transmission of energy through the focal volume. The shielding efficiency decreases as a function of pulse duration from 5 ns to 300 fs and increases from 300 fs to 125 fs. The results are compared with past studies at similar pulse durations. The results of the measurements support laser-induced breakdown models and may lead to an optimization of laser-induced breakdown in ophthalmic surgery by reduction of collateral effects.

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Pulse Duration (Wavelength)	Thresholda				Transmissionb
	Energy [µJ]			Irradiance [W/cm²] (with 50% threshold)
	10%	50%	90%	Irradiance [W/cm²] (with 50% threshold)
5ns (532 nm)	41.4	67.2	109	3.30 × 10¹⁰	0.074
60 ps (532 nm)	5.1	10.0	19.5	4.07 × 10¹¹	0.149
3ps (580 nm)	1.0	1.1	1.3	4.15 × 10¹¹	0.238
300 fs (580 nm)	0.8	1.0	1.3	3.60 × 10¹²	0.259
125 fs (580 nm)	0.29	0.35	0.42	3.06 × 10¹²	0.194

Study	Focal Characteristics		Pulse Duration (Wavelength)	Media	β	% Transmission (E_out/E_in)
Study	Spot Diameter (µm)	Full Focusing Angle	Pulse Duration (Wavelength)	Media	β	% Transmission (E_out/E_in)
Boppart29	~25	NAa	10 ns (1064 nm)	High-purity water	1	46 ± 4
		NAa	5 ps (580 nm)		1	27 ± 5
			100 fs (580 nm)		1	64 ± 11
Chekalin25	140	NAa	10 ns (1064 mm)	Distilled water	6	71
			30 ps (1064 nm)		6	7
Docchio31	NAa,b	3.5°	7 ns (1064 nm)	Saline	2	45
Docchio24	NAa,b	3.5°	7 ns (1064 nm)	Saline	1	57
					2	33
			220 ps (1064 nm)		1	50
					2	20
			30 ps (1064 nm)		1	41
					2	15
Mainster32	50	11°	22 ns (1064 nm)	Water	3.3	15
				Saline	1	32
			30 ps (1064 nm)d	Water	16.2	17
				Saline	1	44
Nahen36	7.6	22°	6 ns (1064 nm)	Distilled water	2	28
	11.5	8°			2	21
	4.7	22°	30 ps (1064 nm)		2	63
	9.6	8.5°			2	68
	19.5	4°			2	76
Steinert28	NAa,c	NAa	15 ns (1064 nm)	Saline	6	15
			15 ns (532 nm)		6	17
			25 ps (1064 nm)e		28	24
Present study	7.2	16.7°	5 ns (532 nm)	High-purity water	1	81 ± 16
					2	54 ± 16
			60 ps (532 nm)		1	92 ± 7
					2	73 ± 4
	10.8		3 ps (580 nm)		1	87 ± 3
					2	79 ± 3
			300 fs (580 nm)		1	89 ± 4
					2	82 ± 4
			125 fs (580 nm)		1	83 ± 10
					2	70 ± 8

Pulse Duration (Wavelength)	Thresholda				Transmissionb
	Energy [µJ]			Irradiance [W/cm²] (with 50% threshold)
	10%	50%	90%	Irradiance [W/cm²] (with 50% threshold)
5ns (532 nm)	41.4	67.2	109	3.30 × 10¹⁰	0.074
60 ps (532 nm)	5.1	10.0	19.5	4.07 × 10¹¹	0.149
3ps (580 nm)	1.0	1.1	1.3	4.15 × 10¹¹	0.238
300 fs (580 nm)	0.8	1.0	1.3	3.60 × 10¹²	0.259
125 fs (580 nm)	0.29	0.35	0.42	3.06 × 10¹²	0.194

Study	Focal Characteristics		Pulse Duration (Wavelength)	Media	β	% Transmission (E_out/E_in)
Study	Spot Diameter (µm)	Full Focusing Angle	Pulse Duration (Wavelength)	Media	β	% Transmission (E_out/E_in)
Boppart29	~25	NAa	10 ns (1064 nm)	High-purity water	1	46 ± 4
		NAa	5 ps (580 nm)		1	27 ± 5
			100 fs (580 nm)		1	64 ± 11
Chekalin25	140	NAa	10 ns (1064 mm)	Distilled water	6	71
			30 ps (1064 nm)		6	7
Docchio31	NAa,b	3.5°	7 ns (1064 nm)	Saline	2	45
Docchio24	NAa,b	3.5°	7 ns (1064 nm)	Saline	1	57
					2	33
			220 ps (1064 nm)		1	50
					2	20
			30 ps (1064 nm)		1	41
					2	15
Mainster32	50	11°	22 ns (1064 nm)	Water	3.3	15
				Saline	1	32
			30 ps (1064 nm)d	Water	16.2	17
				Saline	1	44
Nahen36	7.6	22°	6 ns (1064 nm)	Distilled water	2	28
	11.5	8°			2	21
	4.7	22°	30 ps (1064 nm)		2	63
	9.6	8.5°			2	68
	19.5	4°			2	76
Steinert28	NAa,c	NAa	15 ns (1064 nm)	Saline	6	15
			15 ns (532 nm)		6	17
			25 ps (1064 nm)e		28	24
Present study	7.2	16.7°	5 ns (532 nm)	High-purity water	1	81 ± 16
					2	54 ± 16
			60 ps (532 nm)		1	92 ± 7
					2	73 ± 4
	10.8		3 ps (580 nm)		1	87 ± 3
					2	79 ± 3
			300 fs (580 nm)		1	89 ± 4
					2	82 ± 4
			125 fs (580 nm)		1	83 ± 10
					2	70 ± 8

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Equations (4)

Applied Optics