Parallel free-space optical interconnect based on arrays of
vertical-cavity lasers and detectors with monolithic microlenses

Eva M. Strzelecka; Duane A. Louderback; Brian J. Thibeault; Geoff B. Thompson; Kent Bertilsson; Larry A. Coldren

doi:10.1364/AO.37.002811

Applied Optics
Vol. 37,
Issue 14,
pp. 2811-2821
(1998)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.37.002811

Parallel free-space optical interconnect based on arrays of vertical-cavity lasers and detectors with monolithic microlenses

Eva M. Strzelecka, Duane A. Louderback, Brian J. Thibeault, Geoff B. Thompson, Kent Bertilsson, and Larry A. Coldren

Not Accessible

Your library or personal account may give you access

Get PDF
Email
Share
Get Citation
Copy Citation Text
Eva M. Strzelecka, Duane A. Louderback, Brian J. Thibeault, Geoff B. Thompson, Kent Bertilsson, and Larry A. Coldren, "Parallel free-space optical interconnect based on arrays of vertical-cavity lasers and detectors with monolithic microlenses," Appl. Opt. 37, 2811-2821 (1998)

Export Citation
- BibTex
- Endnote (RIS)
- HTML
- Plain Text
Citation alert
Save article

Abstract

We investigate the use of low-threshold 980-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for free-space optical interconnects. The vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers and backilluminated detectors are monolithically integrated with microlenses on the back sides of the growth substrates to eliminate the necessity of external optics. With a channel pitch of 250 μm, an interconnect length between boards of the order of 5 to 10 mm with a ±50-μm lateral alignment tolerance can be achieved without external relay optics. The complete link is modeled to predict the system’s efficiency and maximum bit rate. Data transmission at 500 Mbits/s per channel is demonstrated. The data rate was limited by parasitics, not the inherent bandwidth of the laser diodes.

Full Article | PDF Article

More Like This

Design of microchannel free-space optical interconnects based on vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser arrays

Rong Wang, Aleksandar D. Rakić, and Marian L. Majewski
Appl. Opt. 41(17) 3469-3478 (2002)

512-channel vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser based free-space optical link

Marc Châteauneuf, Andrew G. Kirk, David V. Plant, Tsuyoshi Yamamoto, and John D. Ahearn
Appl. Opt. 41(26) 5552-5561 (2002)

Cross talk and ghost talk in a microbeam free-space optical interconnect system with vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, microlenses, and metal–semiconductor–metal detectors

Xuezhe Zheng, Philippe J. Marchand, Dawei Huang, Osman Kibar, and Sadik C. Esener
Appl. Opt. 39(26) 4834-4841 (2000)

Previous Article Next Article

Cited By

You do not have subscription access to this journal. Cited by links are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.

Contact your librarian or system administrator
or
Login to access Optica Member Subscription

Figures (14)

You do not have subscription access to this journal. Figure files are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.

Contact your librarian or system administrator
or
Login to access Optica Member Subscription

Tables (1)

You do not have subscription access to this journal. Article tables are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.

Contact your librarian or system administrator
or
Login to access Optica Member Subscription

Equations (4)

You do not have subscription access to this journal. Equations are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.

Contact your librarian or system administrator
or
Login to access Optica Member Subscription

Parameter	Value	Parameter	Value
Laser		Detector
Wavelength λ (μm)	0.98	Diameter D (μm)	15.0
Diameter d _laser (μm)	3.0	Responsivity R _dc (A/W)	0.6
Number of quantum wells NW	3	Absorption layer thickness L _abs (μm)	0.5
Width of Quantum wells t _QW (Å)	80.0	Absorption coefficient α (cm^-1)	6800.0
Injection efficiency η_I	0.9	Electron velocity in the absorption layer ν _e (cm/s)	6.5 × 10⁸
Number of modes m	1	Hole velocity in the absorption layer ν _h (cm/s)	4.8 × 10⁸
One-pass internal loss L _int	0.002	Dark current I _d (A)	1.0 × 10^-8
Cross-sectional confinement factor Γ_xy	1.0	Detector series resistance R _seriesdet (Ω)	105.0
Longitudinal confinement factor Γ_z	0.0209	Detector shunt resistance R _shuntdet (Ω)	1.0 × 10⁸
Enhancement factor Γ_enh	1.83	Detector capacitance C _det (fF)	41.0
Group effective index n _g	3.3	Detector inductance L _det (nH)	0.0
Material dispersion n _disp (μm^-1)	-1.0
Reflectivity of output mirror R _out	0.9924	Free space
Reflectivity of other mirror R _back	1.0	Distance between planes L (nm)	5.0
Transmission of output mirror T _out	0.0071	Radius of curvature of microlenses R (μm)	360.0
Gain coefficient g (cm^-1)	1468.0	Substrate thickness L (μm)	500.0
Transparency carrier density N _tr (cm^-3)	2.5 × 10¹⁸
Gain shift parameter N _S (cm^-3)	0.0 × 10¹⁸	Input parasitics
Spontaneous emission factor β_sp	1.68 × 10^-4	Input capacitance C _in (fF)	40.0
Gain compression coefficient ε (cm^-3)	1.7 × 10^-17	Input shunt resistance R _inshunt (Ω)	1.0 × 10⁹
Nonradiative recombination coefficient A (s^-1)	1.0 × 10⁴	Input series resistance R _inseries (Ω)	50.0
Bimolecular recombination coefficient B (cm³/s)	0.8 × 10^-17	Input inductance L _in (nH)	0.0
Auger coefficient C (cm⁶/s)	3.5 × 10^-30
Power of N in nonradiative recombination nA	1.0	Receiver load
Power of N in bimolecular recombination14 nB	1.5	Load resistance R _load (Ω)	50.0
Power of N in Auger recombination nC	2.8 × 10^-8	Load capacitance C _load (fF)	50.0
Laser-diode reverse-saturation current I _sat (A)	7.5	Load inductance L _load (nH)	0.0
Laser-diode ideality factor n _ideality	7.5	Load inductance L _load (nH)	0.0
Series resistance R _series (Ω)	5.0	Input data
Series inductance L _series (nH)	0.0	Bit rate BR (Gbits/s)	2.5
Laser capacitance C _laser (fF)	117.0	Word length WL	2⁴- 1
Laser resistance R _laser (Ω)	550.0	Magnitude of input current I _input (mA)	1.95

Abstract

Cited By

Figures (14)

Tables (1)

Equations (4)

Applied Optics