Charge-coupled device spectrograph for direct solar irradiance and sky radiance
measurements

Natalia Kouremeti; Alkiviadis Bais; Stelios Kazadzis; Mario Blumthaler; Rainer Schmitt

doi:10.1364/AO.47.001594

Applied Optics
Vol. 47,
Issue 10,
pp. 1594-1607
(2008)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.47.001594

Charge-coupled device spectrograph for direct solar irradiance and sky radiance measurements

Natalia Kouremeti, Alkiviadis Bais, Stelios Kazadzis, Mario Blumthaler, and Rainer Schmitt

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Natalia Kouremeti, Alkiviadis Bais, Stelios Kazadzis, Mario Blumthaler, and Rainer Schmitt, "Charge-coupled device spectrograph for direct solar irradiance and sky radiance measurements," Appl. Opt. 47, 1594-1607 (2008)

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- Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: September 10, 2007
- Revised Manuscript: January 18, 2008
- Manuscript Accepted: January 18, 2008
- Published: March 31, 2008

Abstract

The characterization of a charged-coupled device (CCD) spectrograph developed at the Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Thessaloniki is presented. The absolute sensitivity of the instrument for direct irradiance and sky radiance measurements was determined, respectively, with an uncertainty of 4.4% and 6.6% in the UV-B, and 3% and 6% in the UV-A, visible and near-infrared (NIR) wavelength ranges. The overall uncertainty associated with the direct irradiance and the sky radiance measurements is, respectively, of the order of 5% and 7% in the UV-B, increasing to 10% for low signals [e.g., at solar zenith angles (SZAs) larger than $70 °$ ], and 4% and 6% in the UV-A, visible, and NIR. Direct solar spectral irradiance measurements from an independently calibrated spectroradiometer (Bentham DTM 300) were compared with the corresponding CCD measurements. Their agreement in the wavelength range of $310 - 500 nm$ is within $0.5 % \pm 1.1 %$ (for SZA between $20 °$ and $70 °$ ). Aerosol optical depth (AOD) derived by the two instruments using direct Sun spectra and by a collocated Cimel sunphotometer [Aerosol Robotic network (AERONET)] agree to within $0.02 \pm 0.02$ in the range of $315 - 870 nm$ . Significant correlation coefficients with a maximum of 0.99 in the range of $340 - 360 nm$ and a minimum of 0.90 at $870 nm$ were found between synchronous AOD measurements with the Bentham and the Cimel instruments.

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	Deviation from Ratio $IT/ 10 ms$ (%)
	$30 ms$				$50 ms$				$100 ms$
Wavelength (nm)	Mean $\pm 1 σ$	Median	Percentiles		Mean $\pm 1 σ$	Median	Percentiles		Mean $\pm 1 σ$	Median	Percentiles
Wavelength (nm)	Mean $\pm 1 σ$	Median	5th	95th	Mean $\pm 1 σ$	Median	5th	95th	Mean $\pm 1 σ$	Median	5th	95th
320	$- 1.1 \pm 1.77$	$- 1.00$	$- 4.18$	1.51	$- 1.0 \pm 1.75$	$- 0.92$	$- 4.21$	1.48	$- 1.10 \pm 1.82$	$- 0.91$	$- 4.68$	1.33
400	$0.45 \pm 0.44$	0.46	$- 0.27$	1.17	$0.76 \pm 0.42$	0.77	0.08	1.44	$1.01 \pm 0.46$	0.98	0.32	1.76
500	$0.59 \pm 0.30$	0.59	0.10	1.11	$0.70 \pm 0.27$	0.71	0.24	1.14	—^a	—^a	—^a	—^a
900	$0.16 \pm 0.62$	0.16	$- 0.85$	1.21	$0.38 \pm 0.60$	0.39	$- 0.59$	1.38	$0.87 \pm 0.57$	0.88	$- 0.05$	1.82

	Deviation from Ratio $IT/ 10 ms$ in the Spectral Range 320 to $1000 nm$ (%)
IT (ms)	Median	Percentiles		$Mean \pm 1 σ$
IT (ms)	Median	5th	95th	$Mean \pm 1 σ$
30	0.39	0.11	0.68	$0.39 \pm 0.18$
50	0.50	0.22	0.77	$0.49 \pm 0.18$
100	0.65	0.29	0.94	$0.63 \pm 0.20$

		Percentage Uncertainty
Source of Uncertainty		Direct Irradiance			Radiance
		UV-B	UV-A, Vis, NIR	Combined Uncertainties	UV-B	UV-A,Vis, NIR	Combined Uncertainties
U1	Calibration facilities	2.69	2.69	E1, E2	3.52	3.52	E1, E2, E2.1
U2	Calibration procedure	3.49	1.77	E3, E4, E5	5.55	5.00	E3.1, E4
U3	Dark and stray light correction	7.5^a, 1.5	0.03	E6	7.5^a, 1.5	0.03	E6
U4	Linearity assumption	1.41	0.69	E7	1.41	0.69	E7
U5	Tracking accuracy and/or measurement repeatability	0.36	0.36	E8	0.36	0.36	E8
Overall uncertainty		8.8^a, 4.9	3.8		10.0^a, 6.9	6.2

	Deviation from Ratio $IT/ 10 ms$ (%)
	$30 ms$				$50 ms$				$100 ms$
Wavelength (nm)	Mean $\pm 1 σ$	Median	Percentiles		Mean $\pm 1 σ$	Median	Percentiles		Mean $\pm 1 σ$	Median	Percentiles
Wavelength (nm)	Mean $\pm 1 σ$	Median	5th	95th	Mean $\pm 1 σ$	Median	5th	95th	Mean $\pm 1 σ$	Median	5th	95th
320	$- 1.1 \pm 1.77$	$- 1.00$	$- 4.18$	1.51	$- 1.0 \pm 1.75$	$- 0.92$	$- 4.21$	1.48	$- 1.10 \pm 1.82$	$- 0.91$	$- 4.68$	1.33
400	$0.45 \pm 0.44$	0.46	$- 0.27$	1.17	$0.76 \pm 0.42$	0.77	0.08	1.44	$1.01 \pm 0.46$	0.98	0.32	1.76
500	$0.59 \pm 0.30$	0.59	0.10	1.11	$0.70 \pm 0.27$	0.71	0.24	1.14	—^a	—^a	—^a	—^a
900	$0.16 \pm 0.62$	0.16	$- 0.85$	1.21	$0.38 \pm 0.60$	0.39	$- 0.59$	1.38	$0.87 \pm 0.57$	0.88	$- 0.05$	1.82

	Deviation from Ratio $IT/ 10 ms$ in the Spectral Range 320 to $1000 nm$ (%)
IT (ms)	Median	Percentiles		$Mean \pm 1 σ$
IT (ms)	Median	5th	95th	$Mean \pm 1 σ$
30	0.39	0.11	0.68	$0.39 \pm 0.18$
50	0.50	0.22	0.77	$0.49 \pm 0.18$
100	0.65	0.29	0.94	$0.63 \pm 0.20$

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Applied Optics