Airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar for profiling aerosol optical properties

Johnathan W. Hair; Chris A. Hostetler; Anthony L. Cook; David B. Harper; Richard A. Ferrare; Terry L. Mack; Wayne Welch; Luis Ramos Izquierdo; Floyd E. Hovis

doi:10.1364/AO.47.006734

Applied Optics
Vol. 47,
Issue 36,
pp. 6734-6752
(2008)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.47.006734

Airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar for profiling aerosol optical properties

Johnathan W. Hair, Chris A. Hostetler, Anthony L. Cook, David B. Harper, Richard A. Ferrare, Terry L. Mack, Wayne Welch, Luis Ramos Izquierdo, and Floyd E. Hovis

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Johnathan W. Hair, Chris A. Hostetler, Anthony L. Cook, David B. Harper, Richard A. Ferrare, Terry L. Mack, Wayne Welch, Luis Ramos Izquierdo, and Floyd E. Hovis, "Airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar for profiling aerosol optical properties," Appl. Opt. 47, 6734-6752 (2008)

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Abstract

A compact, highly robust airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) that provides measurements of aerosol backscatter and extinction coefficients and aerosol depolarization at two wavelengths has been developed, tested, and deployed on nine field experiments (over 650 flight hours). A unique and advantageous design element of the HSRL system is the ability to radiometrically calibrate the instrument internally, eliminating any reliance on vicarious calibration from atmospheric targets for which aerosol loading must be estimated. This paper discusses the design of the airborne HSRL, the internal calibration and accuracy of the instrument, data products produced, and observations and calibration data from the first two field missions: the Joint Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment—Phase B (INTEX-B)/Megacity Aerosol Experiment—Mexico City (MAX-Mex)/Megacities Impacts on Regional and Global Environment (MILAGRO) field mission (hereafter MILAGRO) and the Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study/Texas Air Quality Study II (hereafter GoMACCS/TexAQS II).

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Parameter	Value
Pulsed Laser Transmitter
Manufacturer	Fibertek, Inc.
Type	Custom Seeded Nd:YAG
Laser Repetition Rate	$200 Hz$
Wavelengths	$532 nm$ , $1064 nm$
Energy (after transmit optics)	$2.5 mJ$ @ $532 nm$
	$1.1 mJ$ @ $1064 nm$
Polarization @ $532 nm$ and $1064 nm$	Linear ( $> 100 ∶ 1$ )
Spectral Purity Ratio^a	$> 5000 ∶ 1$ @ $532 nm$
Pulse Temporal Width	$15 ns$ @ $532 nm$
Pulse Spectral Width	$38 MHz$ @ $532 nm$
Laser Divergence @ $532 nm$ and $1064 nm$	$0.8 mrad$ (nominal)
Beam Diameter @ $532 nm$ and $1064 nm$	$3 mm$ , $6 mm$ (nominal)
Seed Laser
Manufacturer	Innolight, GmbH
Type	Prometheus, Nd:YAG
Wavelengths	$532 nm$ , $1064 nm$
Power	$30 mW$ @ $532 nm$
	$> 750 mW$ @ $1064 nm$
Tuning Range	$> 90 GHz$ @ $532 nm$
Continuous Tuning Range	$10 - 12 GHz$ @ $532 nm$

Parameter	Value
Telescope
Manufacturer	Welch Mechanical Designs, LLC.
Clear Aperture, $F / #$	$40 cm$ , $F / # 2.3$
Type	Newtonian
Full Field of View	$0.25 - 1.0 mrad$ (adjustable)
Receiver Optics
Etalon Filter Manufacturer	Coronado
Etalon Filter Bandpass	$60 pm$ FWHM @ $532 nm$
Etalon Filter Efficiency	82% @ $532 nm$
Interference Filter Manufacturer	Barr Associates
Interference Filter Bandpass	$0.75 nm$ FWHM @ $532 nm$ $0.4 nm$ FWHM @ $1064 nm$
Interference Filter Efficiency (with blocking filter)	89% @ $532 nm$ 79% @ $1064 nm$
Detectors	PMT, Hamamatsu R7400U-20 $QE = 18 %$ @ $532 nm$ APD, EG&G C30955E-TC $QE = 40 %$ @ $1064 nm$
Overall Optical Efficiency (excluding detectors)	57% @ $532 nm$ 54% @ $1064 nm$

Date	Molecular Transmission ( $275 K$ , $0.75 atm$ )	Difference Relative to Mean
15 September 2004	28.9%	0.3%
14 October 2005	28.4%	$- 0.2 %$
24 April 2006	28.5%	$- 0.1 %$
18 August 2006	28.5%	$- 0.1 %$
Average	28.6%	N/A

Data Product	Mean Value	Standard Deviation	Percent Error
Aerosol backscatter $532 nm$ ( ${Mm}^{- 1} {sr}^{- 1}$ )	3.32	0.16	4.8%
Aerosol extinction $532 nm$ ( ${km}^{- 1}$ )	0.11	0.01	9%
Aerosol depolarization ratio $532 nm$	0.21	0.004	2%
Aerosol depolarization ratio $1064 nm$	0.31	0.01	3%
Extinction/backscatter ratio $532 nm$	28	2.6	9%
Aerosol wavelength dependence ( $1064 nm / 532 nm$ )	0.0	0.003	N/A^b

Parameter	Value
Pulsed Laser Transmitter
Manufacturer	Fibertek, Inc.
Type	Custom Seeded Nd:YAG
Laser Repetition Rate	$200 Hz$
Wavelengths	$532 nm$ , $1064 nm$
Energy (after transmit optics)	$2.5 mJ$ @ $532 nm$
	$1.1 mJ$ @ $1064 nm$
Polarization @ $532 nm$ and $1064 nm$	Linear ( $> 100 ∶ 1$ )
Spectral Purity Ratio^a	$> 5000 ∶ 1$ @ $532 nm$
Pulse Temporal Width	$15 ns$ @ $532 nm$
Pulse Spectral Width	$38 MHz$ @ $532 nm$
Laser Divergence @ $532 nm$ and $1064 nm$	$0.8 mrad$ (nominal)
Beam Diameter @ $532 nm$ and $1064 nm$	$3 mm$ , $6 mm$ (nominal)
Seed Laser
Manufacturer	Innolight, GmbH
Type	Prometheus, Nd:YAG
Wavelengths	$532 nm$ , $1064 nm$
Power	$30 mW$ @ $532 nm$
	$> 750 mW$ @ $1064 nm$
Tuning Range	$> 90 GHz$ @ $532 nm$
Continuous Tuning Range	$10 - 12 GHz$ @ $532 nm$

Abstract

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Tables (4)

Equations (16)

Applied Optics