The Preparation and Optical Properties of Gold Blacks*†

Louis Harris; Rosemary T. McGinnies; Benjamin M. Siegel

doi:10.1364/JOSA.38.000582

Journal of the Optical Society of America
Vol. 38,
Issue 7,
pp. 582-589
(1948)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.38.000582

The Preparation and Optical Properties of Gold Blacks

Louis Harris, Rosemary T. McGinnies, and Benjamin M. Siegel

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Louis Harris, Rosemary T. McGinnies, and Benjamin M. Siegel, "The Preparation and Optical Properties of Gold Blacks*†," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 38, 582-589 (1948)

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Abstract

The optical properties of gold smokes deposited on cellulose nitrate films under different experimental conditions have been studied. The conditions of pressure of the inert atmosphere, purity of the gas, rate of evaporation, and the distance between source and deposition surface giving the highest infra-red absorption per unit mass have been found. The thermal mass required for high infra-red absorption is small compared to the thermal masses of other receivers used for infra-red measurements. The gold “blacks” turn yellow and have lower infra-red absorption when heated above 110°C.

Gold “blacks” with very high infra-red transmission (3–15μ) and low transmission at shorter wave-lengths are prepared when oxygen is present in the “inert” atmosphere.

The particle size and particle distribution of the gold smokes deposited under different experimental conditions have been investigated with the electron microscope at high resolution.

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Filament current (amperes)	Approx. rate of evaporation of gold (gram/sec.)	Time (seconds)	Infra-red (BB) transmission, T fraction	Infra-red 45° reflection fraction	weight of gold (gram/cm²)	k*
21.2	0.5×10⁻³	300	0.08	<0.01	83×10⁻⁶	13,000
23	0.9×10⁻³	160	0.19	<0.01	58×10⁻⁶	12,000
25	1.5×10⁻³	120	0.21	0.03	56×10⁻⁶	12,000
27	2.3×10⁻³	60	0.21	0.03	57×10⁻⁶	12,000
30	3.3×10⁻³	50	0.225	0.04	55×10⁻⁶	12,000

			Before heating			After heating
Pressure	Rate of evaporation (g/sec.)	Density of gold “black” (g/cm²)	T	R*	A=1 −(T+R*)	T	R*	A=1 −(T+R*)^a
0.5 mm	3.3×10⁻³	41×10⁻⁶	0.52	0.13	0.35	0.31	0.35	0.34
0.5	10.0×10⁻³	66×10⁻⁶	0.37	0.15	0.48	0.14	0.45	0.41
1.0	3.3×10⁻³	106×10⁻⁶	0.06	0.03	0.91	0.03	0.09	0.88

Rate of gold evaporation	Nitrogen pressure	Size of unit colloid particle		Number of particles in initial aggregates	Type of aggregation
Rate of gold evaporation	Nitrogen pressure	limits	average	Number of particles in initial aggregates	Type of aggregation
0.5 to 3.3×10⁻³ gram/sec.	0.5 to 1.0 mm*	10–150A	50A	many	open network
	3.0 mm*	250A		many	open network
3.3×10⁻³ gram/sec.	0.3 mm	15 to 100A	50A	few	uniform
	0.5 mm	25 to 200A	100A	intermediate	sponge-like
	1.0 mm	75 to 250A	150A		sponge-like
10×10⁻³ gram/sec.	0.5 to 1.0 mm	10 to 200A	40A	few	uniform

	Percent absorption	Mass	Thermal mass
Gold “black”	80	56×10⁻⁶ g/cm²	1.7×10⁻⁶ cal./°C/cm²
Carbon†	72	180×10⁻⁶ g/cm²	36×10⁻⁶ cal./°C/cm²

Filament current (amperes)	Approx. rate of evaporation of gold (gram/sec.)	Time (seconds)	Infra-red (BB) transmission, T fraction	Infra-red 45° reflection fraction	weight of gold (gram/cm²)	k*
21.2	0.5×10⁻³	300	0.08	<0.01	83×10⁻⁶	13,000
23	0.9×10⁻³	160	0.19	<0.01	58×10⁻⁶	12,000
25	1.5×10⁻³	120	0.21	0.03	56×10⁻⁶	12,000
27	2.3×10⁻³	60	0.21	0.03	57×10⁻⁶	12,000
30	3.3×10⁻³	50	0.225	0.04	55×10⁻⁶	12,000

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Journal of the Optical Society of America