Abstract
A broad stripe waveguide of width W and length L acts as a self-imaging 4 × 4 directional coupler if L = NW2/λ, where N is the effective index. When the arms of a fiber-optic Mach–Zehnder interferometer are connected to two input ports of this coupler, the powers at the four output ports vary in phase quadrature.
© 1986 Optical Society of America
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