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Tilted Fiber Bragg Grating photowritten in microstructured optical fiber for improved refractive index measurement

Minh Châu Phan Huy, Guillaume Laffont, Véronique Dewynter, Pierre Ferdinand, Laurent Labonté, Dominique Pagnoux, Philippe Roy, Wilfried Blanc, and Bernard Dussardier

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Abstract

We report what we believe to be the first Tilted short-period Fiber Bragg Grating photowritten in a microstructured optical fiber for refractive index measurement. We investigate the spectral sensitivity of Tilted Fiber Bragg Grating to refractive index liquid inserted into the holes of a multimode microstructured fiber. We measure the wavelength shift of the first four modes experimentally observed when calibrated oils are inserted into the fiber holes, and thus we determine the refractive index resolution for each of these modes. Moreover, a cross comparison between experimental and simulation results of a modal analysis is performed. Two simulation tools are used, respectively based on the localized functions method and on a finite element method. All results are in very good agreement.

©2006 Optical Society of America

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Figures (10)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Optical microscope image of the manufactured six-hole MOF.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Lloyd mirror interferometer setup used for TFBG photowriting.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Transmission spectra of (a) non-tilted, (b) 4°-tilted, (c) 8°-tilted, (d) 12°-tilted and (e) 16°-tilted FBGs photowritten in classical single-mode fiber with the Lloyd interferometer setup [23].

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Coupling between the fundamental mode (forward propagating guided mode) and backward cladding modes induced by TFBG [23]: on the right, coupling diagram showing the fundamental forward-propagating mode coupled to a backward-propagating cladding mode through the coupling vector (Λeff is the effective period of the grating, that is Λ – the fringe’s period – divided by cos θ – the tilt angle).

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Transmission spectrum of a 16°-tilted FBG photowritten in a standard singlemode fiber and for two distinct values of the surrounding refractive index [12].

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Transmission spectrum of (a) non-tilted, (b) 3°-tilted, (c) 4°-tilted, (d) 6°-tilted FBG photowritten in the six-hole fiber.

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Near-IR modal imaging setup.

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Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Experimental TFBG transmission spectrum with corresponding experimental (top line), LFM-simulated (middle line) and FEM-simulated (bottom line, with commercial software Femlab) modal field pattern for the six-holes fiber

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Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. Transmission spectrum of two 6°-tilted TFBGs photowritten in the core of two different sections of the six-holes fiber, revealing a) modes E and F or b) modes D, E, and F

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Fig. 10.
Fig. 10. Wavelength shift of the first four resonances versus the refractive index of the fluid inserted into the holes.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1. Refractive index resolution of the first four modes (based on a 1 pm spectral resolution, [24]).

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