Abstract
Second-order pumping has been investigated in distributed fiber Raman amplifiers (FRAs).1,2 In distributed Raman amplifiers, the signal typically experiences loss at the beginning of the fiber, which is later compensated by Raman gain to obtain overall transparency. In second-order-pumped configurations the second-order Raman pump is generally launched into the beginning of the fiber co-directionally with the signal and is counter-propagated with the first-order pump. The second-order pump amplifies the first-order pump at the beginning of the fiber so that signal degradation due to fiber loss is reduced. As a consequence, this configuration may yield additional gain,2 but is primarily advantageous in reducing the noise figure and improving the bit-error rate.
© 2002 Optical Society of America
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