Yoen-Joo Kim, Sangjoon Hahn, and Gilwon Yoon, "Determination of glucose in whole blood samples by mid-infrared spectroscopy," Appl. Opt. 42, 745-749 (2003)
We have determined the glucose concentration of whole blood from mid-infrared spectra without sample preparation or use of chemical reagents. We selected 1119–1022 cm-1 as the optimal wavelength range for our measurement by making a first-loading vector analysis based on partial least-squares regression. We examined the influence of hemoglobin on samples by using different calibration right prediction sets. The accuracy of glucose prediction depended on the hemoglobin level in the calibration model; the sample set should represent the entire range of hemoglobin concentration. We obtained an accuracy of 5.9% in glucose prediction, and this value is well within a clinically acceptable range.
Annika M. K. Enejder, Tae-Woong Koo, Jeankun Oh, Martin Hunter, Slobodan Sasic, Michael S. Feld, and Gary L. Horowitz Opt. Lett. 27(22) 2004-2006 (2002)
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All 78 spectra were used.
Number of variables used for PLSR analysis.
Optimal number of factors.
SECV [mg/dl], standard error of cross validation; (rCVal), correlation coefficient of cross validation.
SEC [mg/dl], standard error of calibration; (rCal), correlation coefficient of calibration.
Coefficient of variation in cross validation, SECV/mean ×100.
Table 2
Number of Samples, Concentration Distributions, and Coefficients of Correlation between Hemoglobin and Glucose for Each Set
Number of samples.
The units are grams per deciliter for hemoglobin and milligrams per deciliter for glucose.
Coefficient of correlation between hemoglobin and glucose.
Table 3
Calibration Analysis of Glucose for Four Calibration Sets of Different Hemoglobin Levelsa
PLSRs were made at the 1119–1022-cm-1 band.
Number of samples.
Optimal number of factors.
SECV [mg/dl], Standard error of cross validation; (rCVal), correlation coefficient of cross validation.
SEC [mg/dl], Standard error of calibration; (rCal), correlation coefficient of calibration.
Coefficient of variation in cross validation, SECV/mean × 100.
Table 4
Results of Predictions for the Four Calibration Models Summarized in Table
3
All 78 spectra were used.
Number of variables used for PLSR analysis.
Optimal number of factors.
SECV [mg/dl], standard error of cross validation; (rCVal), correlation coefficient of cross validation.
SEC [mg/dl], standard error of calibration; (rCal), correlation coefficient of calibration.
Coefficient of variation in cross validation, SECV/mean ×100.
Table 2
Number of Samples, Concentration Distributions, and Coefficients of Correlation between Hemoglobin and Glucose for Each Set
Number of samples.
The units are grams per deciliter for hemoglobin and milligrams per deciliter for glucose.
Coefficient of correlation between hemoglobin and glucose.
Table 3
Calibration Analysis of Glucose for Four Calibration Sets of Different Hemoglobin Levelsa
PLSRs were made at the 1119–1022-cm-1 band.
Number of samples.
Optimal number of factors.
SECV [mg/dl], Standard error of cross validation; (rCVal), correlation coefficient of cross validation.
SEC [mg/dl], Standard error of calibration; (rCal), correlation coefficient of calibration.
Coefficient of variation in cross validation, SECV/mean × 100.
Table 4
Results of Predictions for the Four Calibration Models Summarized in Table
3