Optical design of airport control tower cabs

P. D. Carman; H. W. Budde

doi:10.1364/AO.19.000490

Applied Optics
Vol. 19,
Issue 4,
pp. 490-498
(1980)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.19.000490

Optical design of airport control tower cabs

P. D. Carman and H. W. Budde

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P. D. Carman and H. W. Budde, "Optical design of airport control tower cabs," Appl. Opt. 19, 490-498 (1980)

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Abstract

A study has been made of optical aspects of airport control towers as part of a planned general optimization of control towers by Transport Canada. Problems found were reflections, glare, visual obstructions, identification of distant objects, and excessive solar heat. The study makes recommendations on cab shape, tower height, glazing, shades, sunglasses, binoculars, and internal lighting. Proper choice of cab shape (e.g., 30° window inclination and 12–28 sides) provided effective control of reflections. Some plastic shades were found to increase the risk of eye damage. Two tower cabs incorporating the recommendations have been built and were found to be satisfactory.

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Number of Sides			7					8					9					10					12					14					16					20					24					28					32

Angle of Windows			15	20	25	30	35	15	20	25	30	35	15	20	25	30	35	15	20	25	30	35	15	20	25	30	35	15	20	25	30	35	15	20	25	30	35	15	20	25	30	35	15	20	25	30	35	15	20	25	30	35	15	20	25	30	35

Radius to Sill	Celling Height	Eye Distance

		36	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+5	+2	−2		+7	+4	0			+4	0	−4			+3	−2				+1	−4				−1					−1					−2
	96	48	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9			+5	+1	−3			+4	0				+1					−1					−2					−4					−4
		60	+9	+9	+9			+2	−2				+2	−3				−1					−3
		36	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+5	+1	13	+9	+7	+3	−2		+7	+3	−1			+6	+1	−4			+4	−1				+2	−3				+1	−4				+1	−4
96	108	48	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	−3		+9	+4	0			+7	+3	−1			+4	−1				+2	−4				+1					−1					−2					−3					−3
		60	+9	+ 9	+9			+6	+ 1				+4	−1				+2					0					−2					−3
		36	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+8	+3	−1	+9	+9	+5	+1		+9	+6	+1	−3		+9	+4	−1			+6	+1	−4			+5	−1				+4	−1				+3	−2
	120	48	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	−1		+9	+7	+2	−2		+9	+6	+1			+6	+1	−4			+5	−1				+3	−2				+1					0					0					−1
		60	+9	+ 9	+9			+8	+3	−2			+7	+2				+5	−1				+2					0					−1					−2					−3					−3					−4
Sill length			92					80					70					62					51					44					38					30					25					22					19

		36	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+6	+3	0	−2	+6	+4	+2	−1		+5	+2	−1			+2	+1				+1	−2				0					−1
	96	48	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	−3		+4	+1	−2			+2	−1				+1	−3				−2					−3					−3
		60	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9			+2	−1				+1					−2
		36	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+6	+3	0	+9	+7	+4	+2	−1	+8	+5	+2	−2		+5	+1	−2			+3	0				+2	−1				+2	−2
144	108	48	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	−1		+7	+4	+1			+5	+1				+3	−1				+1					−1					−1					−2
		60	+ 9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9			+5	+1	−2			+1					−1
		36	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+6	+3	+9	+9	+7	+4	+1	+9	+7	+4	0	−3	+8	+4	0	−4		+6	+2	−2			+5	+1				+4	0
	129	48	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+2	−2	+9	+6	+3	+0		+7	+3	−1			+5	+1	−3			+3	−1				+2	−3				+1					0
		60	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	−2		+8	+4	0			+5	+1				+3	−1				+1					−1					−2					−3					−3
Sill length			139					119					105					94					77					66					57					46					38					32					28

		36	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+5	+3	+1	−1	+6	+4	+2	0	−2	+3	+1	−1			+2	−1				+1	−2				0
	96	48	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	0	−3		+4	+1	−1			+2	0				0					−1					−2
		60	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+2	+2	0				+1					−1
		36	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+6	+4	+1	+9	+6	+4	+2	0	+6	+3	+1	−2		+4	+1	−2			+3	0				+2	−1
192	198	48	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+3	0	−3	+6	+4	+1	−1		+5	+2	−1			+2	−2				0					−1					−1
		60	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+4	+2	−1			+3	0				+1	−2				−1					−2
		36	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+6	+4	+9	+9	+6	+4	+2	+8	+5	+3	0	−2	+6	+3	0	−3		+5	+2	−1			+4	+1	−2
	120	48	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+5	+2	−1	+8	+6	+3	+1	−2	+7	+4	+1	−2		+4	0	−3			+2	−1				+1	−2				+1
		60	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+9	+6	+3	+1			+5	+2	−1		43	+3	−1				0					−1					−2					−2
Sill length			185					159					140					125					103					88					76					61					51					43					38

			Maximum upward viewing angle (deg)			Maximum down view angle (deg)

Window angle (deg)	Eye height (in.)	Eye distance (in.)	Ceiling height (in.)			Sill height (in.)
Window angle (deg)	Eye height (in.)	Eye distance (in.)	96	108	120	42
15	48	36	44	48	52	9
		48	38	42	46	7
		60	33	38	42	6
	66	36	31	38	44	34
		48	26	33	38	27
		60	22	28	34	22
20	48	36	41	45	48	9
		48	35	40	43	7
		60	31	36	39	6
	66	36	28	35	40	34
		48	24	30	35	27
		60	21	27	31	22
25	48	36	38	42	45	9
		48	33	37	41	7
		60	29	33	37	6
	66	36	26	32	37	34
		48	22	28	33	27
		60	19	25	29	22
30	48	36	36	39	42	9
		48	31	35	38	7
		60	28	31	34	6
	66	36	24	30	34	34
		48	21	26	30	27
		60	18	23	27	22
35	48	36	33	36	38	9
		48	29	32	35	7
		60	26	29	32	6
	66	36	22	27	31	34
		48	19	24	28	27
		60	17	22	25	22

		Maximum values of

				Diameter of Image blur
		Deviation	Change of deviation	for 50-mm beam diam	for 25-mm beam diam
		s	s	s	s
Tolerances for use with binoculars	12 × 50	60	60	5	—
Tolerances for use with binoculars	6 × 25	120	120	—	10

No. Sample	Radiation incident on side	Reflectance			Transmittance
No. Sample	Radiation incident on side	Lum (%)	Tot (%)	IR (%)	Lum (%)	IR (%)
1 Mylar 0.005 W					3.5	75
2 Mylar 3 W					6.5	79
Reflecto-Shield
3 SSL-300-10 G/S	dark	12	59	64	6	10
	metal	52	64	62
4 SSL-300-10 GO/S/G	dark	12	39	46	11	20
	metal	28	40	44
5 RSL-100-30 gray	dark	10	40	46	12	21
	metal	33	43	44
6 RSL-100-30 gray	dark	9	40	45	11	19
	metal	36	42	46
Plastic View
7 Mylar 0.003 dusk	dark	12	45	51	10	16
	metal	41	50	51
8 Mylar 0.004 eclipse	dark A	16	60	67	2	6
	dark B	15	58	63
9 Mylar 0.004 bronze	dark	11	45	51	7	16
	metal	32	47	51
10 Mylar 0.004 onyx	dark	13	46	50	6	15
	metal	15	44	50
American Cyanamid
11 DSM-180					9–16	2–10
12 Color code 585-1					25–34	14–35

	Luminous transmittance (CIE source C)	Average IR transmittance (700–1300 nm)
AO Sunvogue	12.7	5.2
B & L Ray Ban	13.1	7.3

Abstract

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Tables (5)

Applied Optics