Paolo Francesco Ambrico,
Aldo Amodeo,
Paolo Di Girolamo,
and Nicola Spinelli
P. F. Ambrico (ambrico@imaaa.pz.cnr.it) and A. Amodeo are with the Istituto di Metodologie Avanzate di Analisi Ambientale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area della Ricerca di Potenza, Contrada S. Loja, I-85050 Tito Scalo (PZ), Italy.
P. Di Girolamo is with the Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Fisica dell’Ambiente, Università della Basilicata, Contrada Macchia Romana, I-85100 Potenza, Italy.
N. Spinelli is with the Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche and Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia, Università di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, I-80100 Naples, Italy.
Paolo Francesco Ambrico, Aldo Amodeo, Paolo Di Girolamo, and Nicola Spinelli, "Sensitivity analysis of differential absorption lidar measurements in the mid-infrared region," Appl. Opt. 39, 6847-6865 (2000)
The availability of new laser sources that are tunable in the IR
spectral region opens new perspectives for differential absorption
lidar (DIAL) measurements. A region of particular interest is
located in the near IR, where some of the atmospheric pollutants have
absorption lines that permit monitoring of emissions from industrial
plants and in urban areas. In DIAL measurements, the absorption
lines for the species to be measured must be carefully chosen to
prevent interference from other molecules, to minimize the dependence
of the absorption cross section on temperature, and to optimize the
measurements with respect to the optical depth. We analyze the
influence of these factors and discuss a set of criteria for selecting
the best pairs of wavelengths (λon and
λoff) to be used in DIAL measurements of
several molecular species (HCl, CO, CO2, NO2,
CH4, H2O, and O2). Moreover,
a sensitivity study has been carried out for selected lines in three
different regimes: clean air, urban polluted air, and emission from
an incinerator stack.
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P/
P0, pressure ratio
values; P0, ground-level pressure;
γLaser, laser line half-width; γ, absorption line
half-width.
Table 2
Effective Cross-Section Percentage Variability Caused by
the Dependence of Absorption Line Half-Width on
Pressurea
Height (km)
P (atm)
γLaser = 0.02 cm-1 (%)
γLaser = 0.06 cm-1 (%)
γ = 0.04 cm-1
γ = 0.05 cm-1
γ = 0.09 cm-1
γ = 0.04 cm-1
γ = 0.05 cm-1
γ = 0.09 cm-1
1
0.8873
8
9
10
5
5
7
2
0.7848
16
18
21
9
11
15
3
0.6922
26
28
34
14
16
23
4
0.6087
35
39
47
18
22
31
5
0.5336
45
50
62
23
27
39
The dependence of the absorption
linewidth on pressure used is expressed by Eq. (7). The five
pressures that correspond to the five heights are from the standard
model of atmospheric pressure given by the HITRAN database;
γLaser, laser line half-width; γ, absorption line
half-width.
Table 3
Molecular Concentrations for the Molecules Used in the
Calculations
Molecule
Clean Air (ppm)
Urban Polluted Air (ppm)
Stack Emission (ppm)
H2O
6,600
6,600
6,600
O2
210,000
210,000
210,000
CO2
330
400
400
HCl
10-3
10-3
4.12
CO
0.15
70
6.25
NO2
2.3 × 10-5
0.2
10.9
CH4
1.7
2.5
Table 4
Line Selected for DIAL Measurements of CO2 in
Clean Aira
λon
λoff
σon
σoff
Optical Depth
Δ
Θ
Most-Interfering Molecule
Sensitivity (ppm)
cm-1
µm
cm-1
µm
cm2
cm2
1 km
2 km
1 km
2 km
4 835.515 36
2.067 460
4 834.80
2.067 768
9.03 × 10-22
3.60 × 10-23
0.633
1.204
0.949
1.90 × 10-2
H2O
6.43
15.04
4 837.243 89
2.066 725
4 838.06
2.066 375
9.38 × 10-22
3.47 × 10-23
0.659
1.256
0.968
1.39 × 10-3
H2O
2.71
13.86
4 870.436 61
2.052 637
4 871.12
2.052 351
1.00 × 10-21
4.44 × 10-23
0.700
1.332
0.975
7.34 × 10-3
CO2
3.44
14.24
4 960.829 80
2.015 241
4 960.02
2.015 566
4.14 × 10-21
1.44 × 10-22
2.914
5.548
0.982
1.30 × 10-2
CO2
7.13
514.07
6 209.124 42
1.610 091
6 210.42
1.609 754
5.45 × 10-23
3.57 × 10-24
0.037
0.071
0.921
1.19 × 10-2
H2O
30.79
96.06
6 210.974 12
1.609 608
6 211.88
1.609 375
5.49 × 10-23
2.63 × 10-24
0.038
0.073
0.962
1.15 × 10-2
H2O
29.97
93.59
6 242.672 62
1.601 435
6 243.30
1.601 276
6.28 × 10-23
4.10 × 10-24
0.043
0.082
0.962
1.69 × 10-2
H2O
27.14
83.96
6 243.912 83
1.601 117
6 243.30
1.601 276
5.97 × 10-23
4.10 × 10-24
0.041
0.077
0.961
2.25 × 10-2
H2O
28.98
88.63
6 328.956 10
1.579 603
6 329.78
1.579 399
5.18 × 10-23
2.34 × 10-24
0.036
0.069
0.967
7.86 × 10-3
H2O
31.52
98.62
6 330.821 75
1.579 139
6 331.66
1.578 930
5.48 × 10-23
2.44 × 10-24
0.038
0.073
0.968
8.22 × 10-3
H2O
29.80
93.36
6 362.504 30
1.571 276
6 361.86
1.571 434
6.36 × 10-23
4.56 × 10-24
0.043
0.082
0.957
1.79 × 10-2
CO2
27.08
83.53
6 363.728 12
1.570 975
6 364.30
1.570 832
6.18 × 10-23
4.77 × 10-24
0.042
0.079
0.930
4.46 × 10-3
CO2
27.37
86.05
Standard concentration at 1 and 2 km, 330
ppm.
Table 5
Line Selected for DIAL Measurements of CH4 in
Clean Aira
λon
λoff
σon
σoff
Optical Depth
Δ
Θ
Most-Interfering Molecule
Sensitivity (ppm)
cm-1
µm
cm-1
µm
cm2
cm2
1 km
2 km
1 km
2 km
2 756.879 00
3.626 290
2 756.20
3.627 184
1.41 × 10-20
6.13 × 10-21
0.033
0.063
0.457
7.64 × 10-2
H2O
0.25
0.64
2 757.586 30
3.625 369
2 757.28
3.625 764
9.21 × 10-21
5.71 × 10-21
0.014
0.028
0.380
2.10 × 10-2
CO2
0.44
1.37
2 758.133 20
3.624 633
2 758.70
3.623 897
1.11 × 10-20
4.96 × 10-21
0.025
0.048
0.515
6.85 × 10-3
CO2
0.25
0.78
2 809.030 00
3.558 980
2 808.32
3.559 867
9.47 × 10-21
4.86 × 10-21
0.019
0.036
0.366
8.47 × 10-2
H2O
0.38
1.07
2 824.162 40
3.539 901
2 824.56
3.539 399
1.26 × 10-20
5.07 × 10-21
0.031
0.059
0.549
2.95 × 10-2
CO2
0.21
0.65
2 825.294 70
3.538 472
2 824.60
3.539 349
1.39 × 10-20
5.11 × 10-21
0.036
0.069
0.580
1.64 × 10-2
CO2
0.18
0.56
2 833.761 90
3.527 908
2 834.12
3.527 460
7.74 × 10-21
4.27 × 10-21
0.014
0.027
0.391
3.13 × 10-2
CO2
0.45
1.38
2 862.134 50
3.492 927
2 861.44
3.493 781
9.86 × 10-21
4.86 × 10-21
0.021
0.039
0.453
2.39 × 10-2
H2O
0.31
0.96
2 898.695 30
3.448 872
2 898.96
3.448 563
8.72 × 10-21
5.21 × 10-21
0.014
0.028
0.425
2.36 × 10-2
H2O
0.44
1.36
2 931.744 61
3.410 004
2 931.38
3.410 423
2.08 × 10-20
1.24 × 10-20
0.035
0.066
0.394
1.79 × 10-2
H2O
0.19
0.58
2 968.736 10
3.367 482
2 968.20
3.368 117
4.14 × 10-19
1.45 × 10-19
1.103
2.116
0.645
2.76 × 10-2
CH4
0.05
0.12
2 968.855 40
3.367 482
2 968.20
3.368 117
4.14 × 10-19
1.45 × 10-19
1.103
2.116
0.672
1.08 × 10-2
CH4
0.02
0.11
3 017.163 20
3.313 418
3 017.58
3.313 001
1.05 × 10-18
6.63 × 10-19
1.575
3.022
0.374
5.40 × 10-2
CH4
0.10
0.23
4 212.987 20
2.372 952
4 213.34
2.372 760
1.66 × 10-20
8.73 × 10-21
0.032
0.062
0.444
5.07 × 10-2
H2O
0.22
0.63
4 215.627 40
2.371 477
4 215.24
2.371 691
2.31 × 10-20
1.30 × 10-20
0.041
0.079
0.461
9.07 × 10-3
H2O
0.16
0.49
4 218.684 70
2.369 757
4 217.72
2.370 296
4.67 × 10-20
2.89 × 10-20
0.073
0.141
0.390
8.86 × 10-3
H2O
0.09
0.29
4 242.180 70
2.356 618
4 242.38
2.356 518
1.49 × 10-20
1.04 × 10-20
0.018
0.035
0.347
1.30 × 10-2
H2O
0.34
1.07
4 248.788 40
2.352 969
4 247.72
2.353 556
2.51 × 10-20
7.50 × 10-21
0.072
0.139
0.698
1.52 × 10-3
H2O
0.09
0.29
4 249.438 10
2.352 603
4 249.66
2.352 481
1.99 × 10-20
1.16 × 10-20
0.034
0.065
0.521
4.42 × 10-2
H2O
0.21
0.60
4 262.646 10
2.345 318
4 262.36
2.345 472
9.69 × 10-21
6.15 × 10-21
0.015
0.028
0.342
4.45 × 10-2
H2O
0.44
1.35
4 311.841 40
2.318 546
4 312.30
2.318 309
8.76 × 10-21
5.85 × 10-21
0.012
0.023
0.362
2.49 × 10-2
H2O
0.53
1.64
4 317.328 90
2.315 614
4 317.16
2.315 700
1.06 × 10-20
8.17 × 10-21
0.010
0.019
0.418
9.97 × 10-2
H2O
0.67
1.98
4 343.735 10
2.301 530
4 343.34
2.301 741
8.24 × 10-21
4.54 × 10-21
0.015
0.029
0.419
4.00 × 10-2
H2O
0.42
1.30
4 376.372 50
2.284 364
4 376.84
2.284 124
5.71 × 10-21
3.22 × 10-21
0.010
0.020
0.430
1.93 × 10-2
H2O
0.62
1.91
4 377.840 40
2.283 602
4 378.92
2.283 039
6.44 × 10-21
3.55 × 10-21
0.012
0.023
0.405
4.42 × 10-2
H2O
0.54
1.65
4 404.403 90
2.269 831
4 405.22
2.269 409
1.17 × 10-20
3.21 × 10-21
0.035
0.067
0.628
9.89 × 10-2
H2O
0.27
0.62
4 407.266 00
2.268 359
4 406.78
2.268 606
8.83 × 10-21
3.24 × 10-21
0.023
0.044
0.605
4.01 × 10-2
H2O
0.29
0.87
4 407.580 30
2.268 194
4 408.30
2.267 823
6.90 × 10-21
4.60 × 10-21
0.009
0.018
0.371
3.63 × 10-2
H2O
0.67
2.07
4 408.715 70
2.267 607
4 409.78
2.267 062
1.14 × 10-20
3.41 × 10-21
0.033
0.063
0.680
2.11 × 10-2
H2O
0.20
0.61
4 410.316 50
2.266 795
4 409.78
2.267 062
5.51 × 10-21
3.41 × 10-21
0.009
0.017
0.368
1.82 × 10-2
H2O
0.73
2.26
5 795.558 70
1.724 984
5 795.12
1.725 115
1.91 × 10-21
1.17 × 10-21
0.003
0.006
0.334
4.02 × 10-2
H2O
2.08
6.41
5 864.078 50
1.704 833
5 862.72
1.705 223
2.24 × 10-21
1.12 × 10-21
0.005
0.009
0.432
6.20 × 10-2
H2O
1.37
4.23
Standard concentration at 1 and 2 km, 1.7
ppm.
Table 6
Line Selected for DIAL Measurements of O2 in
Clean Aira
λon
λoff
σon
σoff
Optical Depth
Δ
Θ
Most-Interfering Molecule
Sensitivity (ppm)
cm-1
µm
cm-1
µm
cm2
cm2
1 km
2 km
1 km
2 km
7 822.221 60
1.278 057
7 820.28
1.278 374
4.05 × 10-26
2.83 × 10-27
0.018
0.035
0.925
5.27 × 10-3
H2O
40 905.00
127 260.00
7 848.636 30
1.273 755
7 847.32
1.273 969
9.12 × 10-26
2.85 × 10-27
0.043
0.081
0.972
4.29 × 10-3
H2O
17 669.00
55 625.00
7 850.558 00
1.273 444
7 849.52
1.273 612
1.12 × 10-25
3.65 × 10-27
0.052
0.100
0.963
7.26 × 10-3
H2O
14 591.00
45 976.00
7 879.801 60
1.268 718
7 880.20
1.268 654
2.83 × 10-25
2.42 × 10-26
0.125
0.238
0.875
6.89 × 10-2
O2
16 135.00
26 072.00
7 913.794 50
1.263 267
7 912.64
1.263 453
1.74 × 10-25
4.15 × 10-27
0.082
0.157
0.947
2.63 × 10-2
H2O
10 883.00
30 765.00
7 915.855 90
1.262 939
7 917.24
1.262 719
1.44 × 10-25
3.27 × 10-27
0.068
0.130
0.982
6.83 × 10-3
H2O
11 324.00
35 886.00
7 952.674 90
1.257 091
7 954.34
1.256 829
9.49 × 10-26
1.83 × 10-27
0.045
0.086
0.979
1.02 × 10-3
H2O
16 782.00
52 899.00
14 486.934 00
0.690 087
14 483.42
0.690 255
1.75 × 10-24
2.48 × 10-27
0.846
1.613
0.998
5.71 × 10-3
O2
2 002.00
10 206.00
14 488.856 00
0.689 995
14 491.82
0.689 854
1.61 × 10-24
3.17 × 10-27
0.775
1.478
0.996
5.62 × 10-5
O2
1 660.30
9 679.50
14 550.025 00
0.687 095
14 551.04
0.687 047
1.65 × 10-24
3.16 × 10-26
0.779
1.486
0.982
5.56 × 10-4
O2
1 660.30
9 700.50
14 552.087 00
0.686 997
14 553.24
0.686 943
2.09 × 10-24
4.04 × 10-26
0.989
1.885
0.892
7.95 × 10-2
O2
17 301.00
21 009.00
15 861.670 00
0.630 277
15 859.02
0.630 382
5.38 × 10-26
1.21 × 10-28
0.026
0.049
0.998
1.49 × 10-2
O2
28 969.00
90 020.00
15 863.591 00
0.630 200
15 866.68
0.630 078
4.93 × 10-26
1.11 × 10-28
0.024
0.045
0.998
1.58 × 10-2
O2
31 584.00
98 060.00
15 925.976 00
0.627 732
15 922.66
0.627 863
6.43 × 10-26
2.51 × 10-27
0.030
0.057
0.907
4.78 × 10-2
O2
27 287.00
79 550.00
Standard concentration at 1 and 2 km,
2 × 105 ppm.
Table 7
Line Selected for DIAL Measurements of H2O in
Clean Aira
λon
λoff
σon
σoff
Optical Depth
Δ
Θ
Sensitivity (ppm)
cm-1
µm
cm-1
µm
cm2
cm2
1 km
2 km
1 km
2 km
4 631.548 00
2.158 514
4 632.68
2.157 983
7.88 × 10-24
4.86 × 10-25
0.105
0.176
0.944
4.08 × 10-3
2.20 × 102
7.02 × 102
4 644.761 00
2.152 371
4 644.10
2.152 677
6.73 × 10-24
7.40 × 10-25
0.085
0.142
0.926
1.51 × 10-2
2.79 × 102
8.52 × 102
4 757.906 00
2.101 189
4 759.08
2.100 668
1.85 × 10-23
5.81 × 10-25
0.254
0.427
0.943
2.36 × 10-2
1.59 × 102
3.55 × 102
4 853.300 00
2.059 886
4 853.92
2.059 623
1.17 × 10-23
9.61 × 10-25
0.151
0.254
0.926
3.58 × 10-3
1.57 × 102
5.09 × 102
5 125.709 00
1.950 408
5 124.44
1.950 895
1.71 × 10-22
8.91 × 10-24
2.292
3.846
0.936
1.28 × 10-2
9.96 × 101
1.09 × 103
5 635.703 00
1.773 914
5 634.96
1.774 147
8.61 × 10-23
3.69 × 10-24
1.166
1.957
0.972
1.54 × 10-4
4.62 × 101
3.01 × 102
6 701.956 72
1.491 690
6 701.22
1.491 855
3.79 × 10-23
3.59 × 10-24
0.486
0.816
0.913
1.42 × 10-2
9.59 × 101
2.50 × 102
6 722.612 38
1.487 106
6 721.84
1.487 278
8.33 × 10-23
6.70 × 10-24
1.084
1.820
0.956
1.94 × 10-2
1.11 × 102
2.93 × 102
6 852.297 24
1.458 962
6 851.54
1.459 124
2.98 × 10-23
3.82 × 10-24
0.368
0.618
0.906
1.66 × 10-2
1.14 × 102
2.80 × 102
6 863.689 56
1.456 539
6 865.24
1.456 212
1.06 × 10-22
5.27 × 10-24
1.427
2.394
0.950
3.26 × 10-4
4.88 × 101
3.83 × 102
7 558.938 10
1.322 572
7 560.44
1.322 310
7.06 × 10-23
1.78 × 10-24
0.975
1.636
0.982
1.46 × 10-3
4.67 × 101
2.61 × 102
7 600.773 26
1.315 292
7 598.88
1.315 621
4.25 × 10-23
8.14 × 10-25
0.590
0.991
0.984
4.70 × 10-3
5.96 × 101
2.34 × 102
7 607.188 02
1.314 186
7 608.04
1.314 037
1.61 × 10-23
1.30 × 10-24
0.210
0.352
0.937
4.83 × 10-3
1.19 × 102
3.92 × 102
8 200.903 70
1.219 040
8 201.76
1.218 915
5.96 × 10-24
3.40 × 10-25
0.080
0.134
0.901
5.61 × 10-2
4.20 × 102
9.39 × 102
8 227.296 90
1.215 131
8 225.26
1.215 432
1.42 × 10-23
1.12 × 10-25
0.199
0.335
0.994
8.52 × 10-4
1.22 × 102
4.07 × 102
8 236.237 90
1.213 812
8 235.32
1.213 947
1.21 × 10-23
5.74 × 10-25
0.163
0.274
0.975
6.54 × 10-3
1.49 × 102
4.79 × 102
8 306.887 00
1.203 490
8 308.94
1.203 191
6.43 × 10-23
1.19 × 10-24
0.894
1.500
0.956
2.36 × 10-2
1.33 × 102
2.67 × 102
8 307.474 20
1.203 403
8 306.20
1.203 588
6.03 × 10-23
3.89 × 10-24
0.799
1.341
0.926
1.31 × 10-2
8.35 × 101
2.45 × 102
8 324.006 90
1.201 015
8 324.94
1.200 879
1.49 × 10-23
5.13 × 10-25
0.203
0.341
0.982
4.71 × 10-3
1.22 × 102
4.02 × 102
8 343.664 00
1.198 185
8 345.32
1.197 946
1.19 × 10-23
2.72 × 10-25
0.164
0.276
0.970
1.04 × 10-2
1.55 × 102
4.78 × 102
8 352.387 10
1.196 934
8 353.32
1.196 799
3.47 × 10-24
2.24 × 10-25
0.046
0.077
0.936
6.85 × 10-3
4.83 × 102
1.51 × 103
8 358.757 80
1.196 020
8 356.68
1.196 318
1.67 × 10-23
2.20 × 10-25
0.233
0.391
0.991
2.87 × 10-3
1.07 × 102
3.63 × 102
8 367.609 50
1.194 757
8 365.76
1.195 019
1.31 × 10-23
3.50 × 10-25
0.181
0.304
0.903
7.19 × 10-2
4.19 × 102
5.40 × 102
8 416.122 50
1.187 869
8 417.20
1.187 716
9.05 × 10-23
1.58 × 10-24
1.259
2.114
0.996
3.81 × 10-3
5.09 × 101
3.27 × 102
8 486.051 20
1.178 079
8 487.92
1.177 820
4.57 × 10-23
4.61 × 10-25
0.641
1.076
0.996
1.07 × 10-2
7.67 × 101
2.36 × 102
8 490.739 10
1.177 429
8 488.62
1.177 723
7.36 × 10-23
5.94 × 10-25
1.033
1.734
0.975
1.86 × 10-2
1.07 × 102
2.82 × 102
8 508.308 90
1.174 999
8 506.18
1.175 292
2.10 × 10-23
9.50 × 10-25
0.283
0.476
0.960
9.44 × 10-3
1.03 × 102
3.20 × 102
8 842.896 50
1.130 539
8 841.66
1.130 698
6.31 × 10-23
4.68 × 10-24
0.827
1.388
0.942
7.84 × 10-3
6.27 × 101
2.44 × 102
8 887.787 80
1.124 830
8 889.18
1.124 653
1.72 × 10-22
1.04 × 10-23
2.282
3.830
0.929
1.40 × 10-2
1.04 × 102
1.08 × 103
9 021.165 50
1.108 200
9 022.06
1.108 089
4.75 × 10-23
1.89 × 10-24
0.646
1.084
0.981
7.21 × 10-3
6.43 × 101
2.34 × 102
9 035.747 90
1.106 411
9 033.50
1.106 686
4.04 × 10-23
3.46 × 10-25
0.567
0.952
0.989
3.18 × 10-3
5.81 × 101
2.35 × 102
9 039.105 00
1.106 000
9 040.12
1.105 875
4.31 × 10-23
2.73 × 10-24
0.572
0.960
0.957
1.05 × 10-2
7.78 × 101
2.38 × 102
9 063.691 00
1.102 998
9 064.58
1.102 891
1.06 × 10-23
8.81 × 10-25
0.138
0.231
0.905
2.53 × 10-2
2.17 × 102
5.63 × 102
9 080.904 20
1.100 909
9 078.68
1.101 178
6.63 × 10-24
2.07 × 10-25
0.091
0.153
0.935
3.49 × 10-2
3.13 × 102
8.13 × 102
9 082.098 20
1.100 764
9 080.14
1.101 001
2.22 × 10-23
6.24 × 10-25
0.305
0.512
0.962
1.31 × 10-2
1.09 × 102
3.08 × 102
9 124.846 80
1.095 608
9 127.12
1.095 334
1.85 × 10-23
2.12 × 10-25
0.259
0.435
0.979
8.70 × 10-3
1.07 × 102
3.39 × 102
9 178.348 80
1.089 222
9 176.06
1.089 492
8.71 × 10-24
7.68 × 10-26
0.122
0.205
0.987
2.42 × 10-3
1.89 × 102
6.12 × 102
10 254.320 70
0.974 930
10 251.90
0.975 160
1.11 × 10-22
5.43 × 10-25
1.562
2.622
0.990
6.62 × 10-3
6.17 × 101
4.43 × 102
10 260.453 10
0.974 347
10 257.90
0.974 590
1.20 × 10-22
5.75 × 10-25
1.684
2.826
0.999
4.53 × 10-3
5.86 × 101
5.07 × 102
10 267.953 40
0.973 635
10 265.40
0.973 878
4.04 × 10-23
1.24 × 10-24
0.555
0.931
0.936
3.04 × 10-2
1.70 × 102
2.66 × 102
10 274.019 20
0.973 061
10 275.22
0.972 947
2.90 × 10-23
5.61 × 10-25
0.402
0.675
0.922
6.62 × 10-2
3.69 × 102
3.82 × 102
10 346.653 00
0.966 229
10 348.90
0.966 020
1.65 × 10-22
2.99 × 10-24
2.287
3.839
0.993
1.29 × 10-2
1.00 × 102
1.09 × 103
10 349.421 40
0.965 972
10 350.64
0.965 858
2.51 × 10-23
9.01 × 10-25
0.343
0.575
0.962
9.91 × 10-3
9.33 × 101
2.86 × 102
10 407.123 00
0.960 616
10 409.66
0.960 382
5.81 × 10-23
3.16 × 10-24
0.778
1.306
0.953
6.58 × 10-3
5.91 × 101
2.39 × 102
10 415.042 30
0.959 885
10 413.80
0.960 000
7.93 × 10-23
2.30 × 10-24
1.090
1.830
0.974
4.36 × 10-3
5.14 × 101
2.84 × 102
10 573.895 20
0.945 464
10 573.22
0.945 525
2.09 × 10-22
1.89 × 10-23
2.688
4.512
0.937
3.77 × 10-4
9.54 × 101
1.96 × 103
10 625.162 20
0.940 903
10 626.70
0.940 767
7.72 × 10-23
2.76 × 10-24
1.054
1.769
0.955
1.39 × 10-2
8.55 × 101
2.81 × 102
10 627.586 40
0.940 689
10 628.78
0.940 583
5.51 × 10-23
2.14 × 10-24
0.749
1.257
0.978
9.87 × 10-3
7.10 × 101
2.39 × 102
10 635.280 50
0.940 008
10 634.44
0.940 082
5.39 × 10-23
3.85 × 10-24
0.708
1.188
0.943
6.24 × 10-3
5.96 × 101
2.35 × 102
10 635.280 50
0.940 008
10 634.44
0.940 082
5.39 × 10-23
3.85 × 10-24
0.708
1.188
0.943
6.24 × 10-3
5.96 × 101
2.35 × 102
10 793.542 20
0.926 225
10 790.96
0.926 446
1.24 × 10-23
2.40 × 10-25
0.172
0.289
0.970
1.24 × 10-2
1.53 × 102
4.60 × 102
10 795.751 20
0.926 034
10 798.16
0.925 829
2.35 × 10-23
7.21 × 10-25
0.323
0.541
0.971
6.57 × 10-3
8.87 × 101
2.94 × 102
10 806.562 40
0.925 109
10 805.54
0.925 196
2.78 × 10-23
7.14 × 10-25
0.384
0.645
0.993
5.73 × 10-3
7.78 × 101
2.68 × 102
10 822.755 40
0.923 724
10 823.92
0.923 625
4.19 × 10-24
4.82 × 10-25
0.052
0.088
0.901
8.78 × 10-3
4.26 × 102
1.33 × 103
10 825.656 20
0.923 477
10 823.92
0.923 625
1.47 × 10-23
4.82 × 10-25
0.201
0.338
0.975
4.61 × 10-3
1.23 × 102
4.05 × 102
10 937.375 80
0.914 044
10 935.48
0.914 203
7.34 × 10-24
4.28 × 10-25
0.098
0.164
0.943
4.54 × 10-4
2.33 × 102
7.45 × 102
10 944.762 70
0.913 428
10 946.12
0.913 314
2.27 × 10-23
1.02 × 10-24
0.308
0.516
0.950
1.26 × 10-2
1.07 × 102
3.05 × 102
10 946.969 60
0.913 244
10 946.12
0.913 314
1.84 × 10-23
1.02 × 10-24
0.247
0.414
0.965
1.00 × 10-2
1.14 × 102
3.51 × 102
10 949.201 50
0.913 057
10 946.48
0.913 284
1.08 × 10-22
1.51 × 10-24
1.513
2.539
0.985
2.87 × 10-3
5.24 × 101
4.19 × 102
10 963.211 80
0.911 890
10 960.48
0.912 118
1.28 × 10-22
5.35 × 10-25
1.808
3.034
0.994
6.91 × 10-4
5.70 × 101
5.85 × 102
10 964.304 90
0.911 800
10 961.56
0.912 028
3.99 × 10-23
1.43 × 10-24
0.544
0.914
0.952
1.21 × 10-2
8.50 × 101
2.41 × 102
11 019.966 90
0.907 194
11 021.56
0.907 063
1.50 × 10-22
1.90 × 10-24
2.092
3.511
0.996
8.33 × 10-3
7.88 × 101
8.36 × 102
11 103.617 50
0.900 359
11 105.20
0.900 231
6.12 × 10-23
1.00 × 10-24
0.852
1.430
0.924
6.29 × 10-2
3.46 × 102
3.59 × 102
11 123.380 20
0.898 760
11 120.60
0.898 984
1.35 × 10-22
2.87 × 10-24
1.868
3.135
0.979
1.27 × 10-3
5.86 × 101
6.29 × 102
11 210.819 30
0.891 750
11 209.30
0.891 871
4.16 × 10-24
5.24 × 10-26
0.058
0.098
0.992
1.85 × 10-4
3.83 × 102
1.21 × 103
12 071.034 15
0.828 201
12 068.04
0.828 407
7.19 × 10-23
1.85 × 10-25
1.015
1.703
0.999
3.08 × 10-3
4.88 × 101
2.68 × 102
12 082.223 00
0.827 435
12 080.10
0.827 580
6.59 × 10-23
6.79 × 10-25
0.923
1.549
0.997
4.21 × 10-3
5.14 × 101
2.54 × 102
12 085.602 00
0.827 203
12 088.56
0.827 001
2.60 × 10-23
1.19 × 10-25
0.367
0.616
0.995
2.00 × 10-3
7.46 × 101
2.73 × 102
12 113.882 90
0.825 272
12 116.90
0.825 066
1.56 × 10-23
6.89 × 10-26
0.220
0.370
0.996
1.43 × 10-4
1.12 × 102
3.78 × 102
12 151.823 50
0.822 695
12 154.78
0.822 495
1.04 × 10-22
7.33 × 10-25
1.461
2.452
0.992
1.42 × 10-3
4.98 × 101
3.97 × 102
12 153.702 20
0.822 568
12 154.78
0.822 495
1.58 × 10-23
7.33 × 10-25
0.213
0.358
0.958
5.68 × 10-3
1.18 × 102
3.88 × 102
12 177.578 80
0.820 955
12 179.76
0.820 808
5.78 × 10-24
7.05 × 10-26
0.081
0.136
0.984
7.38 × 10-3
2.82 × 102
8.87 × 102
12 218.829 64
0.818 184
12 215.84
0.818 384
4.87 × 10-23
2.91 × 10-25
0.685
1.150
0.994
5.75 × 10-3
5.91 × 101
2.33 × 102
12 223.004 70
0.817 904
12 220.76
0.818 054
3.83 × 10-23
4.51 × 10-25
0.536
0.900
0.981
8.17 × 10-3
7.15 × 101
2.39 × 102
12 347.501 10
0.809 657
12 348.84
0.809 570
3.31 × 10-24
1.12 × 10-25
0.045
0.076
0.964
8.84 × 10-3
4.91 × 102
1.53 × 103
12 496.105 60
0.800 029
12 493.20
0.800 215
6.06 × 10-24
3.37 × 10-26
0.085
0.143
0.996
1.99 × 10-3
2.65 × 102
8.44 × 102
12 561.749 20
0.795 849
12 564.24
0.795 690
7.27 × 10-24
3.67 × 10-26
0.102
0.172
0.997
6.67 × 10-3
2.26 × 102
7.16 × 102
12 629.759 70
0.791 563
12 632.76
0.791 375
3.74 × 10-24
1.74 × 10-26
0.053
0.088
0.996
1.00 × 10-3
4.21 × 102
1.32 × 103
12 661.110 20
0.789 602
12 657.96
0.789 799
6.38 × 10-24
2.39 × 10-26
0.090
0.151
0.985
4.64 × 10-3
2.53 × 102
8.05 × 102
13 576.314 00
0.736 374
13 577.46
0.736 312
8.29 × 10-24
1.40 × 10-25
0.115
0.194
0.996
6.22 × 10-3
2.02 × 102
6.44 × 102
13 582.570 20
0.736 034
13 584.04
0.735 955
6.76 × 10-24
1.02 × 10-25
0.094
0.158
0.990
2.73 × 10-3
2.42 × 102
7.70 × 102
13 665.820 10
0.731 551
13 668.74
0.731 395
1.35 × 10-23
2.08 × 10-25
0.188
0.316
0.987
4.03 × 10-4
1.28 × 102
4.27 × 102
13 726.425 90
0.728 321
13 724.00
0.728 450
4.37 × 10-24
1.12 × 10-25
0.060
0.101
0.965
1.06 × 10-2
3.74 × 102
1.17 × 103
13 733.071 30
0.727 968
13 732.24
0.728 013
6.06 × 10-24
3.57 × 10-25
0.081
0.136
0.969
1.63 × 10-2
2.93 × 102
8.91 × 102
13 745.785 30
0.727 296
13 742.90
0.727 448
7.29 × 10-23
5.71 × 10-25
1.024
1.719
0.955
3.73 × 10-2
2.04 × 102
3.11 × 102
13 759.714 80
0.726 559
13 763.08
0.726 381
7.27 × 10-23
7.74 × 10-25
1.019
1.710
0.977
1.27 × 10-2
8.03 × 101
2.74 × 102
13 761.587 80
0.726 460
13 758.16
0.726 641
2.87 × 10-23
5.94 × 10-25
0.398
0.667
0.941
2.98 × 10-2
1.72 × 102
2.89 × 102
13 764.674 70
0.726 297
13 765.54
0.726 252
9.96 × 10-24
5.00 × 10-25
0.134
0.225
0.972
5.61 × 10-3
1.76 × 102
5.66 × 102
13 788.889 20
0.725 022
13 792.32
0.724 841
1.35 × 10-23
3.02 × 10-25
0.186
0.313
0.986
1.28 × 10-2
1.46 × 102
4.33 × 102
13 818.408 30
0.723 473
13 820.40
0.723 369
9.87 × 10-23
1.06 × 10-24
1.383
2.320
0.992
6.22 × 10-3
5.81 × 101
3.67 × 102
13 850.393 00
0.721 802
13 847.10
0.721 974
5.01 × 10-24
9.58 × 10-26
0.070
0.117
0.973
4.07 × 10-3
3.23 × 102
1.02 × 103
13 884.036 50
0.720 053
13 881.08
0.720 207
4.85 × 10-23
8.75 × 10-25
0.675
1.132
0.945
3.68 × 10-2
2.02 × 102
2.77 × 102
13 897.106 20
0.719 376
13 898.72
0.719 293
3.69 × 10-23
1.02 × 10-24
0.507
0.852
0.928
4.10 × 10-2
2.27 × 102
2.94 × 102
13 899.604 50
0.719 247
13 903.06
0.719 068
1.17 × 10-23
8.33 × 10-25
0.153
0.257
0.933
5.11 × 10-3
1.56 × 102
5.04 × 102
14 233.991 20
0.702 350
14 230.46
0.702 524
1.18 × 10-23
8.51 × 10-26
0.166
0.279
0.995
7.86 × 10-3
1.49 × 102
4.73 × 102
14 248.284 90
0.701 646
14 251.84
0.701 471
1.32 × 10-23
1.25 × 10-25
0.185
0.311
0.989
1.97 × 10-3
1.30 × 102
4.32 × 102
14 249.335 40
0.701 594
14 245.80
0.701 768
3.97 × 10-24
2.04 × 10-25
0.053
0.090
0.914
3.24 × 10-2
4.54 × 102
1.32 × 103
14 304.286 70
0.698 899
14 302.76
0.698 973
1.64 × 10-23
1.63 × 10-25
0.230
0.387
0.997
5.17 × 10-3
1.11 × 102
3.66 × 102
14 404.866 30
0.694 019
14 407.70
0.693 882
1.50 × 10-23
1.54 × 10-25
0.210
0.353
0.986
2.34 × 10-3
1.17 × 102
3.91 × 102
15 266.181 80
0.654 862
15 263.32
0.654 985
5.30 × 10-24
2.08 × 10-26
0.075
0.126
0.997
2.68 × 10-4
3.00 × 102
9.53 × 102
15 277.185 90
0.654 391
15 273.90
0.654 531
6.63 × 10-24
3.52 × 10-26
0.093
0.157
0.999
3.40 × 10-3
2.44 × 102
7.78 × 102
15 345.598 40
0.651 473
15 344.16
0.651 534
7.52 × 10-24
1.06 × 10-25
0.105
0.176
0.995
1.46 × 10-3
2.18 × 102
6.99 × 102
15 411.731 90
0.648 677
15 412.90
0.648 628
3.18 × 10-24
7.05 × 10-26
0.044
0.074
0.992
9.30 × 10-3
5.05 × 102
1.58 × 103
15 437.812 30
0.647 581
15 436.62
0.647 632
5.36 × 10-24
1.13 × 10-25
0.074
0.125
0.990
8.78 × 10-3
3.06 × 102
9.61 × 102
Most-interfering molecule,
H2O. Only lines with Δ ≥ 0.9 are
listed. Standard concentration, 5108 ppm at 1 km and 3823 ppm at 2
km.
Table 8
Line Selected for DIAL Measurements of CO2 in
Polluted Urban Aira
λon
λoff
σon
σoff
Optical Depth
Δ
Θ
Sensitivity (ppm)
cm-1
µm
cm-1
µm
cm2
cm2
1 km
2 km
1 km
2 km
4 835.515 36
2.067 460
4 834.78
2.067 777
8.97 × 10-22
3.43 × 10-23
0.763
1.449
0.956
1.40 × 10-2
6.03
18.34
4 837.243 89
2.066 725
4 838.06
2.066 375
9.35 × 10-22
3.34 × 10-23
0.798
1.515
0.972
5.04 × 10-4
3.05
17.88
4 870.436 61
2.052 637
4 871.12
2.052 351
1.00 × 10-21
4.36 × 10-23
0.848
1.609
0.977
8.02 × 10-3
4.19
18.72
6 209.124 42
1.610 091
6 210.42
1.609 754
5.40 × 10-23
3.39 × 10-24
0.045
0.085
0.930
5.81 × 10-3
30.94
97.35
6 210.974 12
1.609 608
6 211.88
1.609 375
5.48 × 10-23
2.45 × 10-24
0.046
0.088
0.966
1.14 × 10-2
30.23
94.39
6 242.672 62
1.601 435
6 243.30
1.601 276
6.26 × 10-23
3.91 × 10-24
0.052
0.099
0.966
1.71 × 10-2
27.56
84.89
6 243.912 83
1.601 117
6 243.30
1.601 276
5.95 × 10-23
3.91 × 10-24
0.049
0.093
0.965
2.27 × 10-2
29.56
89.61
6 328.956 10
1.579 603
6 327.92
1.579 863
5.17 × 10-23
2.14 × 10-24
0.044
0.083
0.970
1.06 × 10-2
31.77
99.30
6 330.821 75
1.579 139
6 331.66
1.578 930
5.49 × 10-23
2.32 × 10-24
0.047
0.088
0.968
5.66 × 10-3
29.84
93.88
6 362.504 30
1.571 276
6 362.94
1.571 168
6.35 × 10-23
5.75 × 10-24
0.051
0.097
0.960
1.78 × 10-2
28.03
86.20
6 363.728 12
1.570 975
6 364.28
1.570 837
6.16 × 10-23
4.91 × 10-24
0.050
0.095
0.933
1.24 × 10-3
27.60
87.29
Standard concentration at 1 and 2 km, 400
ppm.
Table 9
Line Selected for DIAL Measurements of CH4 in
Polluted Urban Aira
λon
λoff
σon
σoff
Optical Depth
Δ
Θ
Most-Interfering Molecule
Sensitivity (ppm)
cm-1
µm
cm-1
µm
cm2
cm2
1 km
2 km
1 km
2 km
2 756.879 00
3.626 290
2 756.20
3.627 184
1.26 × 10-20
5.04 × 10-21
0.047
0.090
0.520
5.57 × 10-2
CO2
0.26
0.68
2 757.586 30
3.625 369
2 757.28
3.625 764
8.30 × 10-21
4.75 × 10-21
0.022
0.042
0.433
1.67 × 10-2
CO2
0.44
1.36
2 758.133 20
3.624 633
2 758.70
3.623 897
1.02 × 10-20
4.05 × 10-21
0.038
0.073
0.574
4.86 × 10-3
CO2
0.25
0.79
2 809.030 00
3.558 980
2 808.32
3.559 867
8.28 × 10-21
3.83 × 10-21
0.027
0.052
0.428
7.60 × 10-2
CO2
0.42
1.13
2 824.162 40
3.539 901
2 824.56
3.539 399
1.17 × 10-20
4.15 × 10-21
0.046
0.089
0.605
3.00 × 10-2
CO2
0.22
0.66
2 825.294 70
3.538 472
2 824.60
3.539 349
1.30 × 10-20
4.18 × 10-21
0.054
0.105
0.630
2.28 × 10-2
CO2
0.19
0.57
2 833.761 90
3.527 908
2 834.14
3.527 435
6.85 × 10-21
3.44 × 10-21
0.021
0.040
0.455
2.33 × 10-2
CO2
0.46
1.41
2 862.134 50
3.492 927
2 861.44
3.493 781
9.24 × 10-21
4.49 × 10-21
0.029
0.056
0.494
2.28 × 10-3
H2O
0.33
1.02
2 931.744 61
3.410 004
2 931.34
3.410 470
1.87 × 10-20
1.02 × 10-20
0.053
0.101
0.442
2.41 × 10-2
H2O
0.19
0.58
2 936.239 40
3.404 778
2 936.12
3.404 917
3.15 × 10-20
2.56 × 10-20
0.036
0.070
0.341
5.11 × 10-2
H2O
0.30
0.84
2 968.736 10
3.367 482
2 968.18
3.368 140
4.07 × 10-19
1.19 × 10-19
1.769
3.400
0.656
7.53 × 10-2
CH4
0.21
0.46
2 968.855 40
3.367 482
2 968.18
3.368 140
4.07 × 10-19
1.19 × 10-19
1.769
3.400
0.684
5.82 × 10-2
CH4
0.16
0.43
3 017.163 20
3.313 418
3 017.58
3.313 001
1.03 × 10-18
6.54 × 10-19
2.337
4.491
0.379
5.19 × 10-2
CH4
0.14
1.01
4 212.987 20
2.372 952
4 213.24
2.372 817
1.62 × 10-20
9.88 × 10-21
0.039
0.075
0.456
1.72 × 10-2
H2O
0.25
0.77
4 215.627 40
2.371 477
4 215.24
2.371 691
2.06 × 10-20
1.14 × 10-20
0.057
0.109
0.517
5.20 × 10-2
H2O
0.22
0.57
4 242.180 70
2.356 629
4 242.40
2.356 507
1.37 × 10-20
8.66 × 10-21
0.031
0.059
0.380
3.20 × 10-2
H2O
0.32
0.98
4 248.788 40
2.352 969
4 247.72
2.353 556
2.99 × 10-20
9.68 × 10-21
0.124
0.239
0.593
8.52 × 10-2
CO
0.25
0.37
4 249.438 10
2.352 603
4 249.68
2.352 470
1.87 × 10-20
9.59 × 10-21
0.056
0.107
0.556
1.49 × 10-2
H2O
0.18
0.55
4 262.646 10
2.345 318
4 262.14
2.345 593
8.66 × 10-21
4.83 × 10-21
0.023
0.045
0.384
6.03 × 10-2
H2O
0.44
1.28
4 343.528 00
2.301 635
4 343.34
2.301 741
5.07 × 10-21
3.42 × 10-21
0.010
0.019
0.351
2.64 × 10-2
H2O
0.93
2.88
4 343.735 10
2.301 530
4 343.34
2.301 741
7.50 × 10-21
3.42 × 10-21
0.025
0.048
0.464
9.51 × 10-2
H2O
0.48
1.24
4 376.372 50
2.284 364
4 376.86
2.284 114
4.80 × 10-21
2.29 × 10-21
0.015
0.030
0.514
2.37 × 10-2
H2O
0.62
1.91
4 377.840 40
2.283 602
4 378.92
2.283 039
5.52 × 10-21
2.62 × 10-21
0.018
0.034
0.473
5.33 × 10-2
H2O
0.56
1.67
4 402.314 30
2.270 914
4 401.88
2.271 131
4.64 × 10-21
2.56 × 10-21
0.013
0.025
0.374
8.86 × 10-2
H2O
0.80
2.33
4 404.403 90
2.269 831
4 405.24
2.269 399
1.06 × 10-20
2.31 × 10-21
0.051
0.098
0.693
9.19 × 10-2
H2O
0.33
0.67
4 407.266 00
2.268 359
4 406.78
2.268 606
7.91 × 10-21
2.38 × 10-21
0.034
0.065
0.677
3.82 × 10-2
H2O
0.30
0.89
4 407.580 30
2.268 194
4 408.32
2.267 813
6.01 × 10-21
3.64 × 10-21
0.015
0.028
0.427
3.02 × 10-2
H2O
0.66
2.02
4 408.715 70
2.267 607
4 409.78
2.267 062
1.05 × 10-20
2.56 × 10-21
0.049
0.094
0.735
2.21 × 10-2
H2O
0.21
0.62
4 410.316 50
2.266 785
4 409.78
2.267 062
4.53 × 10-21
2.56 × 10-21
0.012
0.023
0.448
8.21 × 10-3
H2O
0.78
2.42
4 615.048 00
2.166 222
4 615.46
2.166 035
2.63 × 10-21
1.75 × 10-21
0.005
0.010
0.369
2.55 × 10-2
H2O
1.74
5.37
4 615.197 60
2.166 166
4 615.46
2.166 035
2.63 × 10-21
1.75 × 10-21
0.005
0.010
0.375
1.82 × 10-2
H2O
1.74
5.39
5 764.478 20
1.734 284
5 764.86
1.734 170
1.41 × 10-21
8.78 × 10-22
0.003
0.006
0.349
1.87 × 10-2
H2O
2.88
8.90
5 795.558 70
1.724 984
5 795.14
1.725 109
1.53 × 10-21
8.20 × 10-22
0.004
0.008
0.422
3.41 × 10-2
H2O
2.16
6.66
5 864.078 50
1.704 833
5 862.70
1.705 229
1.98 × 10-21
8.38 × 10-22
0.007
0.013
0.492
7.90 × 10-2
H2O
1.38
4.19
5 882.649 10
1.699 449
5 881.76
1.699 703
1.03 × 10-21
5.71 × 10-22
0.003
0.005
0.384
4.58 × 10-2
H2O
3.34
10.31
6 118.256 80
1.634 001
6 117.64
1.634 167
3.59 × 10-22
1.75 × 10-22
0.001
0.002
0.384
9.47 × 10-2
H2O
8.35
25.72
Standard concentration at 1 and 2 km, 2.5
ppm.
Table 10
Line Selected for DIAL Measurements of NO2 in
Polluted Urban Aira
λon
λoff
σon
σoff
Optical Depth
Δ
Θ
Most-Interfering Molecule
Sensitivity (ppm)
cm-1
µm
cm-1
µm
cm × 10-19
cm × 10-20
1 km
2 km
1 km
2 km
2 888.286 70
3.461 315
2 888.40
3.461 171
1.18
9.25
0.012
0.023
0.331
2.14 × 10-2
H2O
0.06
0.19
2 891.002 80
3.458 058
2 890.52
3.458 632
1.83
8.71
0.046
0.089
0.533
8.96 × 10-3
H2O
0.02
0.05
2 891.331 70
3.457 675
2 891.50
3.457 460
1.13
7.60
0.018
0.034
0.372
1.15 × 10-3
H2O
0.04
0.13
2 914.648 90
3.430 011
2 914.26
3.430 458
1.92
9.62
0.047
0.089
0.424
8.12 × 10-2
NO2
0.02
0.06
2 914.799 00
3.429 822
2 914.26
3.430 458
1.79
9.62
0.040
0.077
0.373
8.67 × 10-2
NO2
0.03
0.06
Maximum σon
temperature sensitivity, 5‰/K. Standard concentration at 1 and
2 km, 0.2 ppm.
Table 11
Line Selected for DIAL Measurements of CO2 at
the Incinerator Stacka
λon
λoff
σon
σoff
Plume Optical Depth
Δ
Θ
Most- Interfering Molecule
Sensitivity (ppm)
cm-1
µm
cm-1
µm
cm2
cm2
4 835.515 36
2.067 460
4 834.78
2.067 777
8.83 × 10-22
2.98 × 10-23
3.70 × 10-3
0.973
3.20 × 10-3
H2O
2.278
4 837.243 89
2.066 725
4 838.08
2.066 366
9.27 × 10-22
3.01 × 10-23
3.89 × 10-3
0.982
5.87 × 10-3
CO2
2.777
4 870.436 61
2.052 637
4 871.12
2.052 351
9.97 × 10-22
4.14 × 10-23
4.15 × 10-3
0.982
9.79 × 10-3
CO2
3.777
4 960.829 80
2.015 241
4 960.02
2.015 566
4.13 × 10-21
1.26 × 10-22
1.74 × 10-2
0.985
1.11 × 10-2
CO2
3.978
4 992.516 18
2.002 445
4 991.88
2.002 702
4.47 × 10-21
2.46 × 10-22
1.83 × 10-2
0.967
3.46 × 10-3
CO2
1.879
4 993.743 61
2.001 956
4 993.28
2.002 140
4.16 × 10-21
3.41 × 10-22
1.66 × 10-2
0.976
2.09 × 10-2
CO2
7.202
5 116.114 28
1.954 068
5 115.58
1.954 274
1.53 × 10-21
1.98 × 10-22
5.79 × 10-3
0.838
5.43 × 10-2
H2O
19.012
6 209.124 42
1.610 091
6 209.74
1.609 930
5.26 × 10-23
2.77 × 10-24
2.16 × 10-4
0.956
8.08 × 10-3
H2O
28.139
6 210.974 12
1.609 608
6 211.90
1.609 370
5.43 × 10-23
1.97 × 10-24
2.27 × 10-4
0.977
1.18 × 10-2
CO2
27.030
6 242.672 62
1.601 435
6 243.30
1.601 276
6.20 × 10-23
3.41 × 10-24
2.54 × 10-4
0.976
1.80 × 10-2
CO2
24.680
6 243.912 83
1.601 117
6 244.46
1.600 978
5.90 × 10-23
3.79 × 10-24
2.39 × 10-4
0.975
2.32 × 10-2
CO2
26.637
6 328.956 10
1.579 603
6 329.78
1.579 399
5.12 × 10-23
1.74 × 10-24
2.15 × 10-4
0.982
8.38 × 10-3
H2O
28.390
6 330.821 75
1.579 139
6 331.66
1.578 930
5.42 × 10-23
1.83 × 10-24
2.27 × 10-4
0.981
8.07 × 10-3
CO2
26.816
6 362.504 30
1.571 276
6 361.88
1.571 429
6.29 × 10-23
3.85 × 10-24
2.56 × 10-4
0.970
1.60 × 10-2
CO2
24.325
6 363.728 12
1.570 975
6 364.28
1.570 837
6.09 × 10-23
4.00 × 10-24
2.47 × 10-4
0.947
3.86 × 10-3
CO2
24.609
6 953.467 28
1.437 733
6 953.58
1.437 712
4.87 × 10-22
4.26 × 10-22
2.64 × 10-4
0.388
8.56 × 10-2
H2O
39.091
Plume reference concentration, 400 ppm.
Table 12
Line Selected for DIAL Measurements of HCl at the
Incinerator Stacka
λon
λoff
σon
σoff
Plume Optical Depth
Δ
Θ
Most-Interfering Molecule
Sensitivity (ppm)
cm-1
µm
cm-1
µm
cm2
cm2
2 798.943 11
3.571 797
2 799.62
3.570 930
1.45 × 10-18
5.83 × 10-20
4.02 × 10-3
0.973
1.55 × 10-3
CO2
9.89 × 10-4
2 981.001 66
3.353 633
2 980.76
3.353 925
2.31 × 10-18
5.49 × 10-19
5.06 × 10-3
0.740
7.56 × 10-2
H2O
7.97 × 10-4
5 753.966 48
1.737 455
5 752.96
1.737 757
5.01 × 10-20
5.81 × 10-21
1.28 × 10-4
0.816
5.49 × 10-2
H2O
3.12 × 10-2
Plume reference concentration, 4.12 ppm.
Table 13
Line Selected for DIAL Measurements of NO2 in
the Incinerator Stacka
λon
λoff
σon
σoff
Plume Optical Depth
Δ
Θ
Sensitivity (ppm)
cm-1
µm
cm-1
µm
cm2
cm2 × 10-20
2 876.319 90
3.475 828
2 875.68
3.476 481
4.07 × 10-20
2.31
9.41 × 10-4
0.585
8.83 × 10-2
0.079
2 878.118 40
3.473 533
2 878.76
3.472 761
4.94 × 10-20
2.35
1.38 × 10-3
0.490
4.29 × 10-2
0.053
2 879.529 70
3.471 941
2 878.76
3.472 761
4.31 × 10-20
2.35
1.05 × 10-3
0.422
4.77 × 10-2
0.070
2 881.611 10
3.469 290
2 881.06
3.469 989
4.88 × 10-20
2.42
1.31 × 10-3
0.505
1.28 × 10-2
0.056
2 882.273 70
3.468 544
2 882.12
3.468 713
5.02 × 10-20
3.08
1.04 × 10-3
0.578
4.46 × 10-2
0.071
2 882.996 00
3.467 654
2 883.22
3.467 389
5.78 × 10-20
2.72
1.64 × 10-3
0.591
1.31 × 10-2
0.045
2 883.842 40
3.466 692
2 884.26
3.466 139
5.73 × 10-20
3.49
1.19 × 10-3
0.408
2.06 × 10-2
0.062
2 886.207 70
3.463 809
2 886.40
3.463 569
6.42 × 10-20
2.77
1.95 × 10-3
0.600
5.80 × 10-2
0.038
2 887.667 60
3.462 034
2 888.40
3.461 171
6.67 × 10-20
3.07
1.92 × 10-3
0.559
7.21 × 10-3
0.038
2 888.286 70
3.461 315
2 888.46
3.461 099
6.02 × 10-20
2.63
1.81 × 10-3
0.684
7.47 × 10-4
0.041
2 889.720 50
3.459 590
2 890.44
3.458 728
6.75 × 10-20
3.29
1.85 × 10-3
0.566
4.42 × 10-2
0.040
2 890.002 20
3.459 255
2 889.50
3.459 853
7.77 × 10-20
2.51
2.81 × 10-3
0.705
9.67 × 10-3
0.026
2 890.323 60
3.458 872
2 890.50
3.458 656
6.09 × 10-20
2.93
1.69 × 10-3
0.704
6.25 × 10-2
0.044
2 891.002 80
3.458 058
2 891.50
3.457 460
1.24 × 10-19
2.88
5.07 × 10-3
0.818
1.94 × 10-2
0.015
2 891.331 70
3.457 675
2 891.50
3.457 460
6.24 × 10-20
2.88
1.80 × 10-3
0.708
4.87 × 10-2
0.041
2 892.317 90
3.456 480
2 892.48
3.456 289
6.07 × 10-20
3.22
1.53 × 10-3
0.713
9.18 × 10-2
0.048
2 895.855 40
3.452 302
2 895.48
3.452 708
6.90 × 10-20
3.90
1.60 × 10-3
0.409
6.82 × 10-2
0.046
2 896.180 50
3.451 849
2 896.02
3.452 064
7.33 × 10-20
3.70
1.93 × 10-3
0.535
5.38 × 10-2
0.038
2 896.906 60
3.450 991
2 896.42
3.451 587
7.88 × 10-20
4.32
1.90 × 10-3
0.481
1.67 × 10-2
0.039
2 897.518 30
3.450 277
2 897.36
3.450 467
5.46 × 10-20
3.10
1.26 × 10-3
0.567
1.19 × 10-2
0.058
2 898.048 20
3.449 658
2 897.88
3.449 848
5.63 × 10-20
3.02
1.39 × 10-3
0.621
2.92 × 10-2
0.053
2 898.791 50
3.448 777
2 898.20
3.449 467
6.78 × 10-20
3.53
1.73 × 10-3
0.485
1.19 × 10-2
0.043
2 899.026 70
3.448 492
2 899.20
3.448 277
5.52 × 10-20
2.73
1.49 × 10-3
0.620
7.55 × 10-3
0.050
2 899.363 80
3.448 087
2 899.20
3.448 277
4.78 × 10-20
2.73
1.09 × 10-3
0.543
4.90 × 10-3
0.068
2 899.873 50
3.447 469
2 900.02
3.447 302
5.20 × 10-20
3.20
1.06 × 10-3
0.587
5.18 × 10-2
0.069
2 900.269 10
3.446 993
2 901.00
3.446 138
5.33 × 10-20
3.08
1.20 × 10-3
0.401
3.38 × 10-2
0.061
2 901.654 90
3.445 354
2 901.44
3.445 615
5.00 × 10-20
2.58
1.29 × 10-3
0.485
5.91 × 10-2
0.057
2 902.630 50
3.444 214
2 902.76
3.444 048
3.92 × 10-20
2.63
6.89 × 10-4
0.475
2.35 × 10-2
0.107
2 908.538 80
3.437 204
2 909.00
3.436 661
3.91 × 10-20
2.68
6.55 × 10-4
0.373
4.72 × 10-2
0.113
2 909.148 40
3.436 495
2 909.26
3.436 354
3.80 × 10-20
2.75
5.60 × 10-4
0.446
2.01 × 10-2
0.132
2 910.050 10
3.435 385
2 910.58
3.434 795
6.21 × 10-20
3.62
1.39 × 10-3
0.379
8.42 × 10-2
0.053
2 912.197 50
3.432 884
2 912.82
3.432 154
6.21 × 10-20
3.26
1.57 × 10-3
0.534
4.67 × 10-2
0.047
2 912.626 90
3.432 389
2 912.08
3.433 026
8.34 × 10-20
4.16
2.23 × 10-3
0.544
2.70 × 10-2
0.033
2 914.090 90
3.430 646
2 913.52
3.431 329
9.05 × 10-20
5.04
2.14 × 10-3
0.549
9.03 × 10-2
0.035
2 914.648 90
3.430 011
2 915.36
3.429 163
1.32 × 10-19
4.87
4.45 × 10-3
0.635
3.79 × 10-3
0.017
2 914.799 00
3.429 940
2 915.36
3.429 163
1.17 × 10-19
4.87
3.67 × 10-3
0.610
5.99 × 10-3
0.020
2 917.175 30
3.427 024
2 917.28
3.426 907
8.31 × 10-20
6.66
8.81 × 10-4
0.364
1.24 × 10-2
0.084
2 918.180 40
3.425 803
2 918.00
3.426 061
8.14 × 10-20
5.25
1.54 × 10-3
0.427
9.34 × 10-4
0.048
2 919.459 20
3.424 324
2 919.32
3.424 512
7.11 × 10-20
4.18
1.56 × 10-3
0.465
5.99 × 10-2
0.047
2 920.696 80
3.422 870
2 921.06
3.422 472
7.15 × 10-20
4.32
1.51 × 10-3
0.429
2.04 × 10-3
0.049
2 921.892 20
3.421 488
2 922.26
3.421 067
6.88 × 10-20
4.38
1.34 × 10-3
0.396
9.69 × 10-3
0.055
2 924.155 80
3.418 844
2 924.06
3.418 961
4.75 × 10-20
3.89
4.58 × 10-4
0.444
8.13 × 10-2
0.161
Most-interfering molecule,
NO2; Maximum σon temperature
sensitivity, 5‰/K. Plume reference concentration, 10.9 ppm.
Tables (13)
Table 1
Effective Cross-Sectional Percentage Variability Caused by
Pressure Shift of the Absorption Line Center
Positiona
P/
P0, pressure ratio
values; P0, ground-level pressure;
γLaser, laser line half-width; γ, absorption line
half-width.
Table 2
Effective Cross-Section Percentage Variability Caused by
the Dependence of Absorption Line Half-Width on
Pressurea
Height (km)
P (atm)
γLaser = 0.02 cm-1 (%)
γLaser = 0.06 cm-1 (%)
γ = 0.04 cm-1
γ = 0.05 cm-1
γ = 0.09 cm-1
γ = 0.04 cm-1
γ = 0.05 cm-1
γ = 0.09 cm-1
1
0.8873
8
9
10
5
5
7
2
0.7848
16
18
21
9
11
15
3
0.6922
26
28
34
14
16
23
4
0.6087
35
39
47
18
22
31
5
0.5336
45
50
62
23
27
39
The dependence of the absorption
linewidth on pressure used is expressed by Eq. (7). The five
pressures that correspond to the five heights are from the standard
model of atmospheric pressure given by the HITRAN database;
γLaser, laser line half-width; γ, absorption line
half-width.
Table 3
Molecular Concentrations for the Molecules Used in the
Calculations
Molecule
Clean Air (ppm)
Urban Polluted Air (ppm)
Stack Emission (ppm)
H2O
6,600
6,600
6,600
O2
210,000
210,000
210,000
CO2
330
400
400
HCl
10-3
10-3
4.12
CO
0.15
70
6.25
NO2
2.3 × 10-5
0.2
10.9
CH4
1.7
2.5
Table 4
Line Selected for DIAL Measurements of CO2 in
Clean Aira
λon
λoff
σon
σoff
Optical Depth
Δ
Θ
Most-Interfering Molecule
Sensitivity (ppm)
cm-1
µm
cm-1
µm
cm2
cm2
1 km
2 km
1 km
2 km
4 835.515 36
2.067 460
4 834.80
2.067 768
9.03 × 10-22
3.60 × 10-23
0.633
1.204
0.949
1.90 × 10-2
H2O
6.43
15.04
4 837.243 89
2.066 725
4 838.06
2.066 375
9.38 × 10-22
3.47 × 10-23
0.659
1.256
0.968
1.39 × 10-3
H2O
2.71
13.86
4 870.436 61
2.052 637
4 871.12
2.052 351
1.00 × 10-21
4.44 × 10-23
0.700
1.332
0.975
7.34 × 10-3
CO2
3.44
14.24
4 960.829 80
2.015 241
4 960.02
2.015 566
4.14 × 10-21
1.44 × 10-22
2.914
5.548
0.982
1.30 × 10-2
CO2
7.13
514.07
6 209.124 42
1.610 091
6 210.42
1.609 754
5.45 × 10-23
3.57 × 10-24
0.037
0.071
0.921
1.19 × 10-2
H2O
30.79
96.06
6 210.974 12
1.609 608
6 211.88
1.609 375
5.49 × 10-23
2.63 × 10-24
0.038
0.073
0.962
1.15 × 10-2
H2O
29.97
93.59
6 242.672 62
1.601 435
6 243.30
1.601 276
6.28 × 10-23
4.10 × 10-24
0.043
0.082
0.962
1.69 × 10-2
H2O
27.14
83.96
6 243.912 83
1.601 117
6 243.30
1.601 276
5.97 × 10-23
4.10 × 10-24
0.041
0.077
0.961
2.25 × 10-2
H2O
28.98
88.63
6 328.956 10
1.579 603
6 329.78
1.579 399
5.18 × 10-23
2.34 × 10-24
0.036
0.069
0.967
7.86 × 10-3
H2O
31.52
98.62
6 330.821 75
1.579 139
6 331.66
1.578 930
5.48 × 10-23
2.44 × 10-24
0.038
0.073
0.968
8.22 × 10-3
H2O
29.80
93.36
6 362.504 30
1.571 276
6 361.86
1.571 434
6.36 × 10-23
4.56 × 10-24
0.043
0.082
0.957
1.79 × 10-2
CO2
27.08
83.53
6 363.728 12
1.570 975
6 364.30
1.570 832
6.18 × 10-23
4.77 × 10-24
0.042
0.079
0.930
4.46 × 10-3
CO2
27.37
86.05
Standard concentration at 1 and 2 km, 330
ppm.
Table 5
Line Selected for DIAL Measurements of CH4 in
Clean Aira
λon
λoff
σon
σoff
Optical Depth
Δ
Θ
Most-Interfering Molecule
Sensitivity (ppm)
cm-1
µm
cm-1
µm
cm2
cm2
1 km
2 km
1 km
2 km
2 756.879 00
3.626 290
2 756.20
3.627 184
1.41 × 10-20
6.13 × 10-21
0.033
0.063
0.457
7.64 × 10-2
H2O
0.25
0.64
2 757.586 30
3.625 369
2 757.28
3.625 764
9.21 × 10-21
5.71 × 10-21
0.014
0.028
0.380
2.10 × 10-2
CO2
0.44
1.37
2 758.133 20
3.624 633
2 758.70
3.623 897
1.11 × 10-20
4.96 × 10-21
0.025
0.048
0.515
6.85 × 10-3
CO2
0.25
0.78
2 809.030 00
3.558 980
2 808.32
3.559 867
9.47 × 10-21
4.86 × 10-21
0.019
0.036
0.366
8.47 × 10-2
H2O
0.38
1.07
2 824.162 40
3.539 901
2 824.56
3.539 399
1.26 × 10-20
5.07 × 10-21
0.031
0.059
0.549
2.95 × 10-2
CO2
0.21
0.65
2 825.294 70
3.538 472
2 824.60
3.539 349
1.39 × 10-20
5.11 × 10-21
0.036
0.069
0.580
1.64 × 10-2
CO2
0.18
0.56
2 833.761 90
3.527 908
2 834.12
3.527 460
7.74 × 10-21
4.27 × 10-21
0.014
0.027
0.391
3.13 × 10-2
CO2
0.45
1.38
2 862.134 50
3.492 927
2 861.44
3.493 781
9.86 × 10-21
4.86 × 10-21
0.021
0.039
0.453
2.39 × 10-2
H2O
0.31
0.96
2 898.695 30
3.448 872
2 898.96
3.448 563
8.72 × 10-21
5.21 × 10-21
0.014
0.028
0.425
2.36 × 10-2
H2O
0.44
1.36
2 931.744 61
3.410 004
2 931.38
3.410 423
2.08 × 10-20
1.24 × 10-20
0.035
0.066
0.394
1.79 × 10-2
H2O
0.19
0.58
2 968.736 10
3.367 482
2 968.20
3.368 117
4.14 × 10-19
1.45 × 10-19
1.103
2.116
0.645
2.76 × 10-2
CH4
0.05
0.12
2 968.855 40
3.367 482
2 968.20
3.368 117
4.14 × 10-19
1.45 × 10-19
1.103
2.116
0.672
1.08 × 10-2
CH4
0.02
0.11
3 017.163 20
3.313 418
3 017.58
3.313 001
1.05 × 10-18
6.63 × 10-19
1.575
3.022
0.374
5.40 × 10-2
CH4
0.10
0.23
4 212.987 20
2.372 952
4 213.34
2.372 760
1.66 × 10-20
8.73 × 10-21
0.032
0.062
0.444
5.07 × 10-2
H2O
0.22
0.63
4 215.627 40
2.371 477
4 215.24
2.371 691
2.31 × 10-20
1.30 × 10-20
0.041
0.079
0.461
9.07 × 10-3
H2O
0.16
0.49
4 218.684 70
2.369 757
4 217.72
2.370 296
4.67 × 10-20
2.89 × 10-20
0.073
0.141
0.390
8.86 × 10-3
H2O
0.09
0.29
4 242.180 70
2.356 618
4 242.38
2.356 518
1.49 × 10-20
1.04 × 10-20
0.018
0.035
0.347
1.30 × 10-2
H2O
0.34
1.07
4 248.788 40
2.352 969
4 247.72
2.353 556
2.51 × 10-20
7.50 × 10-21
0.072
0.139
0.698
1.52 × 10-3
H2O
0.09
0.29
4 249.438 10
2.352 603
4 249.66
2.352 481
1.99 × 10-20
1.16 × 10-20
0.034
0.065
0.521
4.42 × 10-2
H2O
0.21
0.60
4 262.646 10
2.345 318
4 262.36
2.345 472
9.69 × 10-21
6.15 × 10-21
0.015
0.028
0.342
4.45 × 10-2
H2O
0.44
1.35
4 311.841 40
2.318 546
4 312.30
2.318 309
8.76 × 10-21
5.85 × 10-21
0.012
0.023
0.362
2.49 × 10-2
H2O
0.53
1.64
4 317.328 90
2.315 614
4 317.16
2.315 700
1.06 × 10-20
8.17 × 10-21
0.010
0.019
0.418
9.97 × 10-2
H2O
0.67
1.98
4 343.735 10
2.301 530
4 343.34
2.301 741
8.24 × 10-21
4.54 × 10-21
0.015
0.029
0.419
4.00 × 10-2
H2O
0.42
1.30
4 376.372 50
2.284 364
4 376.84
2.284 124
5.71 × 10-21
3.22 × 10-21
0.010
0.020
0.430
1.93 × 10-2
H2O
0.62
1.91
4 377.840 40
2.283 602
4 378.92
2.283 039
6.44 × 10-21
3.55 × 10-21
0.012
0.023
0.405
4.42 × 10-2
H2O
0.54
1.65
4 404.403 90
2.269 831
4 405.22
2.269 409
1.17 × 10-20
3.21 × 10-21
0.035
0.067
0.628
9.89 × 10-2
H2O
0.27
0.62
4 407.266 00
2.268 359
4 406.78
2.268 606
8.83 × 10-21
3.24 × 10-21
0.023
0.044
0.605
4.01 × 10-2
H2O
0.29
0.87
4 407.580 30
2.268 194
4 408.30
2.267 823
6.90 × 10-21
4.60 × 10-21
0.009
0.018
0.371
3.63 × 10-2
H2O
0.67
2.07
4 408.715 70
2.267 607
4 409.78
2.267 062
1.14 × 10-20
3.41 × 10-21
0.033
0.063
0.680
2.11 × 10-2
H2O
0.20
0.61
4 410.316 50
2.266 795
4 409.78
2.267 062
5.51 × 10-21
3.41 × 10-21
0.009
0.017
0.368
1.82 × 10-2
H2O
0.73
2.26
5 795.558 70
1.724 984
5 795.12
1.725 115
1.91 × 10-21
1.17 × 10-21
0.003
0.006
0.334
4.02 × 10-2
H2O
2.08
6.41
5 864.078 50
1.704 833
5 862.72
1.705 223
2.24 × 10-21
1.12 × 10-21
0.005
0.009
0.432
6.20 × 10-2
H2O
1.37
4.23
Standard concentration at 1 and 2 km, 1.7
ppm.
Table 6
Line Selected for DIAL Measurements of O2 in
Clean Aira
λon
λoff
σon
σoff
Optical Depth
Δ
Θ
Most-Interfering Molecule
Sensitivity (ppm)
cm-1
µm
cm-1
µm
cm2
cm2
1 km
2 km
1 km
2 km
7 822.221 60
1.278 057
7 820.28
1.278 374
4.05 × 10-26
2.83 × 10-27
0.018
0.035
0.925
5.27 × 10-3
H2O
40 905.00
127 260.00
7 848.636 30
1.273 755
7 847.32
1.273 969
9.12 × 10-26
2.85 × 10-27
0.043
0.081
0.972
4.29 × 10-3
H2O
17 669.00
55 625.00
7 850.558 00
1.273 444
7 849.52
1.273 612
1.12 × 10-25
3.65 × 10-27
0.052
0.100
0.963
7.26 × 10-3
H2O
14 591.00
45 976.00
7 879.801 60
1.268 718
7 880.20
1.268 654
2.83 × 10-25
2.42 × 10-26
0.125
0.238
0.875
6.89 × 10-2
O2
16 135.00
26 072.00
7 913.794 50
1.263 267
7 912.64
1.263 453
1.74 × 10-25
4.15 × 10-27
0.082
0.157
0.947
2.63 × 10-2
H2O
10 883.00
30 765.00
7 915.855 90
1.262 939
7 917.24
1.262 719
1.44 × 10-25
3.27 × 10-27
0.068
0.130
0.982
6.83 × 10-3
H2O
11 324.00
35 886.00
7 952.674 90
1.257 091
7 954.34
1.256 829
9.49 × 10-26
1.83 × 10-27
0.045
0.086
0.979
1.02 × 10-3
H2O
16 782.00
52 899.00
14 486.934 00
0.690 087
14 483.42
0.690 255
1.75 × 10-24
2.48 × 10-27
0.846
1.613
0.998
5.71 × 10-3
O2
2 002.00
10 206.00
14 488.856 00
0.689 995
14 491.82
0.689 854
1.61 × 10-24
3.17 × 10-27
0.775
1.478
0.996
5.62 × 10-5
O2
1 660.30
9 679.50
14 550.025 00
0.687 095
14 551.04
0.687 047
1.65 × 10-24
3.16 × 10-26
0.779
1.486
0.982
5.56 × 10-4
O2
1 660.30
9 700.50
14 552.087 00
0.686 997
14 553.24
0.686 943
2.09 × 10-24
4.04 × 10-26
0.989
1.885
0.892
7.95 × 10-2
O2
17 301.00
21 009.00
15 861.670 00
0.630 277
15 859.02
0.630 382
5.38 × 10-26
1.21 × 10-28
0.026
0.049
0.998
1.49 × 10-2
O2
28 969.00
90 020.00
15 863.591 00
0.630 200
15 866.68
0.630 078
4.93 × 10-26
1.11 × 10-28
0.024
0.045
0.998
1.58 × 10-2
O2
31 584.00
98 060.00
15 925.976 00
0.627 732
15 922.66
0.627 863
6.43 × 10-26
2.51 × 10-27
0.030
0.057
0.907
4.78 × 10-2
O2
27 287.00
79 550.00
Standard concentration at 1 and 2 km,
2 × 105 ppm.
Table 7
Line Selected for DIAL Measurements of H2O in
Clean Aira
λon
λoff
σon
σoff
Optical Depth
Δ
Θ
Sensitivity (ppm)
cm-1
µm
cm-1
µm
cm2
cm2
1 km
2 km
1 km
2 km
4 631.548 00
2.158 514
4 632.68
2.157 983
7.88 × 10-24
4.86 × 10-25
0.105
0.176
0.944
4.08 × 10-3
2.20 × 102
7.02 × 102
4 644.761 00
2.152 371
4 644.10
2.152 677
6.73 × 10-24
7.40 × 10-25
0.085
0.142
0.926
1.51 × 10-2
2.79 × 102
8.52 × 102
4 757.906 00
2.101 189
4 759.08
2.100 668
1.85 × 10-23
5.81 × 10-25
0.254
0.427
0.943
2.36 × 10-2
1.59 × 102
3.55 × 102
4 853.300 00
2.059 886
4 853.92
2.059 623
1.17 × 10-23
9.61 × 10-25
0.151
0.254
0.926
3.58 × 10-3
1.57 × 102
5.09 × 102
5 125.709 00
1.950 408
5 124.44
1.950 895
1.71 × 10-22
8.91 × 10-24
2.292
3.846
0.936
1.28 × 10-2
9.96 × 101
1.09 × 103
5 635.703 00
1.773 914
5 634.96
1.774 147
8.61 × 10-23
3.69 × 10-24
1.166
1.957
0.972
1.54 × 10-4
4.62 × 101
3.01 × 102
6 701.956 72
1.491 690
6 701.22
1.491 855
3.79 × 10-23
3.59 × 10-24
0.486
0.816
0.913
1.42 × 10-2
9.59 × 101
2.50 × 102
6 722.612 38
1.487 106
6 721.84
1.487 278
8.33 × 10-23
6.70 × 10-24
1.084
1.820
0.956
1.94 × 10-2
1.11 × 102
2.93 × 102
6 852.297 24
1.458 962
6 851.54
1.459 124
2.98 × 10-23
3.82 × 10-24
0.368
0.618
0.906
1.66 × 10-2
1.14 × 102
2.80 × 102
6 863.689 56
1.456 539
6 865.24
1.456 212
1.06 × 10-22
5.27 × 10-24
1.427
2.394
0.950
3.26 × 10-4
4.88 × 101
3.83 × 102
7 558.938 10
1.322 572
7 560.44
1.322 310
7.06 × 10-23
1.78 × 10-24
0.975
1.636
0.982
1.46 × 10-3
4.67 × 101
2.61 × 102
7 600.773 26
1.315 292
7 598.88
1.315 621
4.25 × 10-23
8.14 × 10-25
0.590
0.991
0.984
4.70 × 10-3
5.96 × 101
2.34 × 102
7 607.188 02
1.314 186
7 608.04
1.314 037
1.61 × 10-23
1.30 × 10-24
0.210
0.352
0.937
4.83 × 10-3
1.19 × 102
3.92 × 102
8 200.903 70
1.219 040
8 201.76
1.218 915
5.96 × 10-24
3.40 × 10-25
0.080
0.134
0.901
5.61 × 10-2
4.20 × 102
9.39 × 102
8 227.296 90
1.215 131
8 225.26
1.215 432
1.42 × 10-23
1.12 × 10-25
0.199
0.335
0.994
8.52 × 10-4
1.22 × 102
4.07 × 102
8 236.237 90
1.213 812
8 235.32
1.213 947
1.21 × 10-23
5.74 × 10-25
0.163
0.274
0.975
6.54 × 10-3
1.49 × 102
4.79 × 102
8 306.887 00
1.203 490
8 308.94
1.203 191
6.43 × 10-23
1.19 × 10-24
0.894
1.500
0.956
2.36 × 10-2
1.33 × 102
2.67 × 102
8 307.474 20
1.203 403
8 306.20
1.203 588
6.03 × 10-23
3.89 × 10-24
0.799
1.341
0.926
1.31 × 10-2
8.35 × 101
2.45 × 102
8 324.006 90
1.201 015
8 324.94
1.200 879
1.49 × 10-23
5.13 × 10-25
0.203
0.341
0.982
4.71 × 10-3
1.22 × 102
4.02 × 102
8 343.664 00
1.198 185
8 345.32
1.197 946
1.19 × 10-23
2.72 × 10-25
0.164
0.276
0.970
1.04 × 10-2
1.55 × 102
4.78 × 102
8 352.387 10
1.196 934
8 353.32
1.196 799
3.47 × 10-24
2.24 × 10-25
0.046
0.077
0.936
6.85 × 10-3
4.83 × 102
1.51 × 103
8 358.757 80
1.196 020
8 356.68
1.196 318
1.67 × 10-23
2.20 × 10-25
0.233
0.391
0.991
2.87 × 10-3
1.07 × 102
3.63 × 102
8 367.609 50
1.194 757
8 365.76
1.195 019
1.31 × 10-23
3.50 × 10-25
0.181
0.304
0.903
7.19 × 10-2
4.19 × 102
5.40 × 102
8 416.122 50
1.187 869
8 417.20
1.187 716
9.05 × 10-23
1.58 × 10-24
1.259
2.114
0.996
3.81 × 10-3
5.09 × 101
3.27 × 102
8 486.051 20
1.178 079
8 487.92
1.177 820
4.57 × 10-23
4.61 × 10-25
0.641
1.076
0.996
1.07 × 10-2
7.67 × 101
2.36 × 102
8 490.739 10
1.177 429
8 488.62
1.177 723
7.36 × 10-23
5.94 × 10-25
1.033
1.734
0.975
1.86 × 10-2
1.07 × 102
2.82 × 102
8 508.308 90
1.174 999
8 506.18
1.175 292
2.10 × 10-23
9.50 × 10-25
0.283
0.476
0.960
9.44 × 10-3
1.03 × 102
3.20 × 102
8 842.896 50
1.130 539
8 841.66
1.130 698
6.31 × 10-23
4.68 × 10-24
0.827
1.388
0.942
7.84 × 10-3
6.27 × 101
2.44 × 102
8 887.787 80
1.124 830
8 889.18
1.124 653
1.72 × 10-22
1.04 × 10-23
2.282
3.830
0.929
1.40 × 10-2
1.04 × 102
1.08 × 103
9 021.165 50
1.108 200
9 022.06
1.108 089
4.75 × 10-23
1.89 × 10-24
0.646
1.084
0.981
7.21 × 10-3
6.43 × 101
2.34 × 102
9 035.747 90
1.106 411
9 033.50
1.106 686
4.04 × 10-23
3.46 × 10-25
0.567
0.952
0.989
3.18 × 10-3
5.81 × 101
2.35 × 102
9 039.105 00
1.106 000
9 040.12
1.105 875
4.31 × 10-23
2.73 × 10-24
0.572
0.960
0.957
1.05 × 10-2
7.78 × 101
2.38 × 102
9 063.691 00
1.102 998
9 064.58
1.102 891
1.06 × 10-23
8.81 × 10-25
0.138
0.231
0.905
2.53 × 10-2
2.17 × 102
5.63 × 102
9 080.904 20
1.100 909
9 078.68
1.101 178
6.63 × 10-24
2.07 × 10-25
0.091
0.153
0.935
3.49 × 10-2
3.13 × 102
8.13 × 102
9 082.098 20
1.100 764
9 080.14
1.101 001
2.22 × 10-23
6.24 × 10-25
0.305
0.512
0.962
1.31 × 10-2
1.09 × 102
3.08 × 102
9 124.846 80
1.095 608
9 127.12
1.095 334
1.85 × 10-23
2.12 × 10-25
0.259
0.435
0.979
8.70 × 10-3
1.07 × 102
3.39 × 102
9 178.348 80
1.089 222
9 176.06
1.089 492
8.71 × 10-24
7.68 × 10-26
0.122
0.205
0.987
2.42 × 10-3
1.89 × 102
6.12 × 102
10 254.320 70
0.974 930
10 251.90
0.975 160
1.11 × 10-22
5.43 × 10-25
1.562
2.622
0.990
6.62 × 10-3
6.17 × 101
4.43 × 102
10 260.453 10
0.974 347
10 257.90
0.974 590
1.20 × 10-22
5.75 × 10-25
1.684
2.826
0.999
4.53 × 10-3
5.86 × 101
5.07 × 102
10 267.953 40
0.973 635
10 265.40
0.973 878
4.04 × 10-23
1.24 × 10-24
0.555
0.931
0.936
3.04 × 10-2
1.70 × 102
2.66 × 102
10 274.019 20
0.973 061
10 275.22
0.972 947
2.90 × 10-23
5.61 × 10-25
0.402
0.675
0.922
6.62 × 10-2
3.69 × 102
3.82 × 102
10 346.653 00
0.966 229
10 348.90
0.966 020
1.65 × 10-22
2.99 × 10-24
2.287
3.839
0.993
1.29 × 10-2
1.00 × 102
1.09 × 103
10 349.421 40
0.965 972
10 350.64
0.965 858
2.51 × 10-23
9.01 × 10-25
0.343
0.575
0.962
9.91 × 10-3
9.33 × 101
2.86 × 102
10 407.123 00
0.960 616
10 409.66
0.960 382
5.81 × 10-23
3.16 × 10-24
0.778
1.306
0.953
6.58 × 10-3
5.91 × 101
2.39 × 102
10 415.042 30
0.959 885
10 413.80
0.960 000
7.93 × 10-23
2.30 × 10-24
1.090
1.830
0.974
4.36 × 10-3
5.14 × 101
2.84 × 102
10 573.895 20
0.945 464
10 573.22
0.945 525
2.09 × 10-22
1.89 × 10-23
2.688
4.512
0.937
3.77 × 10-4
9.54 × 101
1.96 × 103
10 625.162 20
0.940 903
10 626.70
0.940 767
7.72 × 10-23
2.76 × 10-24
1.054
1.769
0.955
1.39 × 10-2
8.55 × 101
2.81 × 102
10 627.586 40
0.940 689
10 628.78
0.940 583
5.51 × 10-23
2.14 × 10-24
0.749
1.257
0.978
9.87 × 10-3
7.10 × 101
2.39 × 102
10 635.280 50
0.940 008
10 634.44
0.940 082
5.39 × 10-23
3.85 × 10-24
0.708
1.188
0.943
6.24 × 10-3
5.96 × 101
2.35 × 102
10 635.280 50
0.940 008
10 634.44
0.940 082
5.39 × 10-23
3.85 × 10-24
0.708
1.188
0.943
6.24 × 10-3
5.96 × 101
2.35 × 102
10 793.542 20
0.926 225
10 790.96
0.926 446
1.24 × 10-23
2.40 × 10-25
0.172
0.289
0.970
1.24 × 10-2
1.53 × 102
4.60 × 102
10 795.751 20
0.926 034
10 798.16
0.925 829
2.35 × 10-23
7.21 × 10-25
0.323
0.541
0.971
6.57 × 10-3
8.87 × 101
2.94 × 102
10 806.562 40
0.925 109
10 805.54
0.925 196
2.78 × 10-23
7.14 × 10-25
0.384
0.645
0.993
5.73 × 10-3
7.78 × 101
2.68 × 102
10 822.755 40
0.923 724
10 823.92
0.923 625
4.19 × 10-24
4.82 × 10-25
0.052
0.088
0.901
8.78 × 10-3
4.26 × 102
1.33 × 103
10 825.656 20
0.923 477
10 823.92
0.923 625
1.47 × 10-23
4.82 × 10-25
0.201
0.338
0.975
4.61 × 10-3
1.23 × 102
4.05 × 102
10 937.375 80
0.914 044
10 935.48
0.914 203
7.34 × 10-24
4.28 × 10-25
0.098
0.164
0.943
4.54 × 10-4
2.33 × 102
7.45 × 102
10 944.762 70
0.913 428
10 946.12
0.913 314
2.27 × 10-23
1.02 × 10-24
0.308
0.516
0.950
1.26 × 10-2
1.07 × 102
3.05 × 102
10 946.969 60
0.913 244
10 946.12
0.913 314
1.84 × 10-23
1.02 × 10-24
0.247
0.414
0.965
1.00 × 10-2
1.14 × 102
3.51 × 102
10 949.201 50
0.913 057
10 946.48
0.913 284
1.08 × 10-22
1.51 × 10-24
1.513
2.539
0.985
2.87 × 10-3
5.24 × 101
4.19 × 102
10 963.211 80
0.911 890
10 960.48
0.912 118
1.28 × 10-22
5.35 × 10-25
1.808
3.034
0.994
6.91 × 10-4
5.70 × 101
5.85 × 102
10 964.304 90
0.911 800
10 961.56
0.912 028
3.99 × 10-23
1.43 × 10-24
0.544
0.914
0.952
1.21 × 10-2
8.50 × 101
2.41 × 102
11 019.966 90
0.907 194
11 021.56
0.907 063
1.50 × 10-22
1.90 × 10-24
2.092
3.511
0.996
8.33 × 10-3
7.88 × 101
8.36 × 102
11 103.617 50
0.900 359
11 105.20
0.900 231
6.12 × 10-23
1.00 × 10-24
0.852
1.430
0.924
6.29 × 10-2
3.46 × 102
3.59 × 102
11 123.380 20
0.898 760
11 120.60
0.898 984
1.35 × 10-22
2.87 × 10-24
1.868
3.135
0.979
1.27 × 10-3
5.86 × 101
6.29 × 102
11 210.819 30
0.891 750
11 209.30
0.891 871
4.16 × 10-24
5.24 × 10-26
0.058
0.098
0.992
1.85 × 10-4
3.83 × 102
1.21 × 103
12 071.034 15
0.828 201
12 068.04
0.828 407
7.19 × 10-23
1.85 × 10-25
1.015
1.703
0.999
3.08 × 10-3
4.88 × 101
2.68 × 102
12 082.223 00
0.827 435
12 080.10
0.827 580
6.59 × 10-23
6.79 × 10-25
0.923
1.549
0.997
4.21 × 10-3
5.14 × 101
2.54 × 102
12 085.602 00
0.827 203
12 088.56
0.827 001
2.60 × 10-23
1.19 × 10-25
0.367
0.616
0.995
2.00 × 10-3
7.46 × 101
2.73 × 102
12 113.882 90
0.825 272
12 116.90
0.825 066
1.56 × 10-23
6.89 × 10-26
0.220
0.370
0.996
1.43 × 10-4
1.12 × 102
3.78 × 102
12 151.823 50
0.822 695
12 154.78
0.822 495
1.04 × 10-22
7.33 × 10-25
1.461
2.452
0.992
1.42 × 10-3
4.98 × 101
3.97 × 102
12 153.702 20
0.822 568
12 154.78
0.822 495
1.58 × 10-23
7.33 × 10-25
0.213
0.358
0.958
5.68 × 10-3
1.18 × 102
3.88 × 102
12 177.578 80
0.820 955
12 179.76
0.820 808
5.78 × 10-24
7.05 × 10-26
0.081
0.136
0.984
7.38 × 10-3
2.82 × 102
8.87 × 102
12 218.829 64
0.818 184
12 215.84
0.818 384
4.87 × 10-23
2.91 × 10-25
0.685
1.150
0.994
5.75 × 10-3
5.91 × 101
2.33 × 102
12 223.004 70
0.817 904
12 220.76
0.818 054
3.83 × 10-23
4.51 × 10-25
0.536
0.900
0.981
8.17 × 10-3
7.15 × 101
2.39 × 102
12 347.501 10
0.809 657
12 348.84
0.809 570
3.31 × 10-24
1.12 × 10-25
0.045
0.076
0.964
8.84 × 10-3
4.91 × 102
1.53 × 103
12 496.105 60
0.800 029
12 493.20
0.800 215
6.06 × 10-24
3.37 × 10-26
0.085
0.143
0.996
1.99 × 10-3
2.65 × 102
8.44 × 102
12 561.749 20
0.795 849
12 564.24
0.795 690
7.27 × 10-24
3.67 × 10-26
0.102
0.172
0.997
6.67 × 10-3
2.26 × 102
7.16 × 102
12 629.759 70
0.791 563
12 632.76
0.791 375
3.74 × 10-24
1.74 × 10-26
0.053
0.088
0.996
1.00 × 10-3
4.21 × 102
1.32 × 103
12 661.110 20
0.789 602
12 657.96
0.789 799
6.38 × 10-24
2.39 × 10-26
0.090
0.151
0.985
4.64 × 10-3
2.53 × 102
8.05 × 102
13 576.314 00
0.736 374
13 577.46
0.736 312
8.29 × 10-24
1.40 × 10-25
0.115
0.194
0.996
6.22 × 10-3
2.02 × 102
6.44 × 102
13 582.570 20
0.736 034
13 584.04
0.735 955
6.76 × 10-24
1.02 × 10-25
0.094
0.158
0.990
2.73 × 10-3
2.42 × 102
7.70 × 102
13 665.820 10
0.731 551
13 668.74
0.731 395
1.35 × 10-23
2.08 × 10-25
0.188
0.316
0.987
4.03 × 10-4
1.28 × 102
4.27 × 102
13 726.425 90
0.728 321
13 724.00
0.728 450
4.37 × 10-24
1.12 × 10-25
0.060
0.101
0.965
1.06 × 10-2
3.74 × 102
1.17 × 103
13 733.071 30
0.727 968
13 732.24
0.728 013
6.06 × 10-24
3.57 × 10-25
0.081
0.136
0.969
1.63 × 10-2
2.93 × 102
8.91 × 102
13 745.785 30
0.727 296
13 742.90
0.727 448
7.29 × 10-23
5.71 × 10-25
1.024
1.719
0.955
3.73 × 10-2
2.04 × 102
3.11 × 102
13 759.714 80
0.726 559
13 763.08
0.726 381
7.27 × 10-23
7.74 × 10-25
1.019
1.710
0.977
1.27 × 10-2
8.03 × 101
2.74 × 102
13 761.587 80
0.726 460
13 758.16
0.726 641
2.87 × 10-23
5.94 × 10-25
0.398
0.667
0.941
2.98 × 10-2
1.72 × 102
2.89 × 102
13 764.674 70
0.726 297
13 765.54
0.726 252
9.96 × 10-24
5.00 × 10-25
0.134
0.225
0.972
5.61 × 10-3
1.76 × 102
5.66 × 102
13 788.889 20
0.725 022
13 792.32
0.724 841
1.35 × 10-23
3.02 × 10-25
0.186
0.313
0.986
1.28 × 10-2
1.46 × 102
4.33 × 102
13 818.408 30
0.723 473
13 820.40
0.723 369
9.87 × 10-23
1.06 × 10-24
1.383
2.320
0.992
6.22 × 10-3
5.81 × 101
3.67 × 102
13 850.393 00
0.721 802
13 847.10
0.721 974
5.01 × 10-24
9.58 × 10-26
0.070
0.117
0.973
4.07 × 10-3
3.23 × 102
1.02 × 103
13 884.036 50
0.720 053
13 881.08
0.720 207
4.85 × 10-23
8.75 × 10-25
0.675
1.132
0.945
3.68 × 10-2
2.02 × 102
2.77 × 102
13 897.106 20
0.719 376
13 898.72
0.719 293
3.69 × 10-23
1.02 × 10-24
0.507
0.852
0.928
4.10 × 10-2
2.27 × 102
2.94 × 102
13 899.604 50
0.719 247
13 903.06
0.719 068
1.17 × 10-23
8.33 × 10-25
0.153
0.257
0.933
5.11 × 10-3
1.56 × 102
5.04 × 102
14 233.991 20
0.702 350
14 230.46
0.702 524
1.18 × 10-23
8.51 × 10-26
0.166
0.279
0.995
7.86 × 10-3
1.49 × 102
4.73 × 102
14 248.284 90
0.701 646
14 251.84
0.701 471
1.32 × 10-23
1.25 × 10-25
0.185
0.311
0.989
1.97 × 10-3
1.30 × 102
4.32 × 102
14 249.335 40
0.701 594
14 245.80
0.701 768
3.97 × 10-24
2.04 × 10-25
0.053
0.090
0.914
3.24 × 10-2
4.54 × 102
1.32 × 103
14 304.286 70
0.698 899
14 302.76
0.698 973
1.64 × 10-23
1.63 × 10-25
0.230
0.387
0.997
5.17 × 10-3
1.11 × 102
3.66 × 102
14 404.866 30
0.694 019
14 407.70
0.693 882
1.50 × 10-23
1.54 × 10-25
0.210
0.353
0.986
2.34 × 10-3
1.17 × 102
3.91 × 102
15 266.181 80
0.654 862
15 263.32
0.654 985
5.30 × 10-24
2.08 × 10-26
0.075
0.126
0.997
2.68 × 10-4
3.00 × 102
9.53 × 102
15 277.185 90
0.654 391
15 273.90
0.654 531
6.63 × 10-24
3.52 × 10-26
0.093
0.157
0.999
3.40 × 10-3
2.44 × 102
7.78 × 102
15 345.598 40
0.651 473
15 344.16
0.651 534
7.52 × 10-24
1.06 × 10-25
0.105
0.176
0.995
1.46 × 10-3
2.18 × 102
6.99 × 102
15 411.731 90
0.648 677
15 412.90
0.648 628
3.18 × 10-24
7.05 × 10-26
0.044
0.074
0.992
9.30 × 10-3
5.05 × 102
1.58 × 103
15 437.812 30
0.647 581
15 436.62
0.647 632
5.36 × 10-24
1.13 × 10-25
0.074
0.125
0.990
8.78 × 10-3
3.06 × 102
9.61 × 102
Most-interfering molecule,
H2O. Only lines with Δ ≥ 0.9 are
listed. Standard concentration, 5108 ppm at 1 km and 3823 ppm at 2
km.
Table 8
Line Selected for DIAL Measurements of CO2 in
Polluted Urban Aira
λon
λoff
σon
σoff
Optical Depth
Δ
Θ
Sensitivity (ppm)
cm-1
µm
cm-1
µm
cm2
cm2
1 km
2 km
1 km
2 km
4 835.515 36
2.067 460
4 834.78
2.067 777
8.97 × 10-22
3.43 × 10-23
0.763
1.449
0.956
1.40 × 10-2
6.03
18.34
4 837.243 89
2.066 725
4 838.06
2.066 375
9.35 × 10-22
3.34 × 10-23
0.798
1.515
0.972
5.04 × 10-4
3.05
17.88
4 870.436 61
2.052 637
4 871.12
2.052 351
1.00 × 10-21
4.36 × 10-23
0.848
1.609
0.977
8.02 × 10-3
4.19
18.72
6 209.124 42
1.610 091
6 210.42
1.609 754
5.40 × 10-23
3.39 × 10-24
0.045
0.085
0.930
5.81 × 10-3
30.94
97.35
6 210.974 12
1.609 608
6 211.88
1.609 375
5.48 × 10-23
2.45 × 10-24
0.046
0.088
0.966
1.14 × 10-2
30.23
94.39
6 242.672 62
1.601 435
6 243.30
1.601 276
6.26 × 10-23
3.91 × 10-24
0.052
0.099
0.966
1.71 × 10-2
27.56
84.89
6 243.912 83
1.601 117
6 243.30
1.601 276
5.95 × 10-23
3.91 × 10-24
0.049
0.093
0.965
2.27 × 10-2
29.56
89.61
6 328.956 10
1.579 603
6 327.92
1.579 863
5.17 × 10-23
2.14 × 10-24
0.044
0.083
0.970
1.06 × 10-2
31.77
99.30
6 330.821 75
1.579 139
6 331.66
1.578 930
5.49 × 10-23
2.32 × 10-24
0.047
0.088
0.968
5.66 × 10-3
29.84
93.88
6 362.504 30
1.571 276
6 362.94
1.571 168
6.35 × 10-23
5.75 × 10-24
0.051
0.097
0.960
1.78 × 10-2
28.03
86.20
6 363.728 12
1.570 975
6 364.28
1.570 837
6.16 × 10-23
4.91 × 10-24
0.050
0.095
0.933
1.24 × 10-3
27.60
87.29
Standard concentration at 1 and 2 km, 400
ppm.
Table 9
Line Selected for DIAL Measurements of CH4 in
Polluted Urban Aira
λon
λoff
σon
σoff
Optical Depth
Δ
Θ
Most-Interfering Molecule
Sensitivity (ppm)
cm-1
µm
cm-1
µm
cm2
cm2
1 km
2 km
1 km
2 km
2 756.879 00
3.626 290
2 756.20
3.627 184
1.26 × 10-20
5.04 × 10-21
0.047
0.090
0.520
5.57 × 10-2
CO2
0.26
0.68
2 757.586 30
3.625 369
2 757.28
3.625 764
8.30 × 10-21
4.75 × 10-21
0.022
0.042
0.433
1.67 × 10-2
CO2
0.44
1.36
2 758.133 20
3.624 633
2 758.70
3.623 897
1.02 × 10-20
4.05 × 10-21
0.038
0.073
0.574
4.86 × 10-3
CO2
0.25
0.79
2 809.030 00
3.558 980
2 808.32
3.559 867
8.28 × 10-21
3.83 × 10-21
0.027
0.052
0.428
7.60 × 10-2
CO2
0.42
1.13
2 824.162 40
3.539 901
2 824.56
3.539 399
1.17 × 10-20
4.15 × 10-21
0.046
0.089
0.605
3.00 × 10-2
CO2
0.22
0.66
2 825.294 70
3.538 472
2 824.60
3.539 349
1.30 × 10-20
4.18 × 10-21
0.054
0.105
0.630
2.28 × 10-2
CO2
0.19
0.57
2 833.761 90
3.527 908
2 834.14
3.527 435
6.85 × 10-21
3.44 × 10-21
0.021
0.040
0.455
2.33 × 10-2
CO2
0.46
1.41
2 862.134 50
3.492 927
2 861.44
3.493 781
9.24 × 10-21
4.49 × 10-21
0.029
0.056
0.494
2.28 × 10-3
H2O
0.33
1.02
2 931.744 61
3.410 004
2 931.34
3.410 470
1.87 × 10-20
1.02 × 10-20
0.053
0.101
0.442
2.41 × 10-2
H2O
0.19
0.58
2 936.239 40
3.404 778
2 936.12
3.404 917
3.15 × 10-20
2.56 × 10-20
0.036
0.070
0.341
5.11 × 10-2
H2O
0.30
0.84
2 968.736 10
3.367 482
2 968.18
3.368 140
4.07 × 10-19
1.19 × 10-19
1.769
3.400
0.656
7.53 × 10-2
CH4
0.21
0.46
2 968.855 40
3.367 482
2 968.18
3.368 140
4.07 × 10-19
1.19 × 10-19
1.769
3.400
0.684
5.82 × 10-2
CH4
0.16
0.43
3 017.163 20
3.313 418
3 017.58
3.313 001
1.03 × 10-18
6.54 × 10-19
2.337
4.491
0.379
5.19 × 10-2
CH4
0.14
1.01
4 212.987 20
2.372 952
4 213.24
2.372 817
1.62 × 10-20
9.88 × 10-21
0.039
0.075
0.456
1.72 × 10-2
H2O
0.25
0.77
4 215.627 40
2.371 477
4 215.24
2.371 691
2.06 × 10-20
1.14 × 10-20
0.057
0.109
0.517
5.20 × 10-2
H2O
0.22
0.57
4 242.180 70
2.356 629
4 242.40
2.356 507
1.37 × 10-20
8.66 × 10-21
0.031
0.059
0.380
3.20 × 10-2
H2O
0.32
0.98
4 248.788 40
2.352 969
4 247.72
2.353 556
2.99 × 10-20
9.68 × 10-21
0.124
0.239
0.593
8.52 × 10-2
CO
0.25
0.37
4 249.438 10
2.352 603
4 249.68
2.352 470
1.87 × 10-20
9.59 × 10-21
0.056
0.107
0.556
1.49 × 10-2
H2O
0.18
0.55
4 262.646 10
2.345 318
4 262.14
2.345 593
8.66 × 10-21
4.83 × 10-21
0.023
0.045
0.384
6.03 × 10-2
H2O
0.44
1.28
4 343.528 00
2.301 635
4 343.34
2.301 741
5.07 × 10-21
3.42 × 10-21
0.010
0.019
0.351
2.64 × 10-2
H2O
0.93
2.88
4 343.735 10
2.301 530
4 343.34
2.301 741
7.50 × 10-21
3.42 × 10-21
0.025
0.048
0.464
9.51 × 10-2
H2O
0.48
1.24
4 376.372 50
2.284 364
4 376.86
2.284 114
4.80 × 10-21
2.29 × 10-21
0.015
0.030
0.514
2.37 × 10-2
H2O
0.62
1.91
4 377.840 40
2.283 602
4 378.92
2.283 039
5.52 × 10-21
2.62 × 10-21
0.018
0.034
0.473
5.33 × 10-2
H2O
0.56
1.67
4 402.314 30
2.270 914
4 401.88
2.271 131
4.64 × 10-21
2.56 × 10-21
0.013
0.025
0.374
8.86 × 10-2
H2O
0.80
2.33
4 404.403 90
2.269 831
4 405.24
2.269 399
1.06 × 10-20
2.31 × 10-21
0.051
0.098
0.693
9.19 × 10-2
H2O
0.33
0.67
4 407.266 00
2.268 359
4 406.78
2.268 606
7.91 × 10-21
2.38 × 10-21
0.034
0.065
0.677
3.82 × 10-2
H2O
0.30
0.89
4 407.580 30
2.268 194
4 408.32
2.267 813
6.01 × 10-21
3.64 × 10-21
0.015
0.028
0.427
3.02 × 10-2
H2O
0.66
2.02
4 408.715 70
2.267 607
4 409.78
2.267 062
1.05 × 10-20
2.56 × 10-21
0.049
0.094
0.735
2.21 × 10-2
H2O
0.21
0.62
4 410.316 50
2.266 785
4 409.78
2.267 062
4.53 × 10-21
2.56 × 10-21
0.012
0.023
0.448
8.21 × 10-3
H2O
0.78
2.42
4 615.048 00
2.166 222
4 615.46
2.166 035
2.63 × 10-21
1.75 × 10-21
0.005
0.010
0.369
2.55 × 10-2
H2O
1.74
5.37
4 615.197 60
2.166 166
4 615.46
2.166 035
2.63 × 10-21
1.75 × 10-21
0.005
0.010
0.375
1.82 × 10-2
H2O
1.74
5.39
5 764.478 20
1.734 284
5 764.86
1.734 170
1.41 × 10-21
8.78 × 10-22
0.003
0.006
0.349
1.87 × 10-2
H2O
2.88
8.90
5 795.558 70
1.724 984
5 795.14
1.725 109
1.53 × 10-21
8.20 × 10-22
0.004
0.008
0.422
3.41 × 10-2
H2O
2.16
6.66
5 864.078 50
1.704 833
5 862.70
1.705 229
1.98 × 10-21
8.38 × 10-22
0.007
0.013
0.492
7.90 × 10-2
H2O
1.38
4.19
5 882.649 10
1.699 449
5 881.76
1.699 703
1.03 × 10-21
5.71 × 10-22
0.003
0.005
0.384
4.58 × 10-2
H2O
3.34
10.31
6 118.256 80
1.634 001
6 117.64
1.634 167
3.59 × 10-22
1.75 × 10-22
0.001
0.002
0.384
9.47 × 10-2
H2O
8.35
25.72
Standard concentration at 1 and 2 km, 2.5
ppm.
Table 10
Line Selected for DIAL Measurements of NO2 in
Polluted Urban Aira
λon
λoff
σon
σoff
Optical Depth
Δ
Θ
Most-Interfering Molecule
Sensitivity (ppm)
cm-1
µm
cm-1
µm
cm × 10-19
cm × 10-20
1 km
2 km
1 km
2 km
2 888.286 70
3.461 315
2 888.40
3.461 171
1.18
9.25
0.012
0.023
0.331
2.14 × 10-2
H2O
0.06
0.19
2 891.002 80
3.458 058
2 890.52
3.458 632
1.83
8.71
0.046
0.089
0.533
8.96 × 10-3
H2O
0.02
0.05
2 891.331 70
3.457 675
2 891.50
3.457 460
1.13
7.60
0.018
0.034
0.372
1.15 × 10-3
H2O
0.04
0.13
2 914.648 90
3.430 011
2 914.26
3.430 458
1.92
9.62
0.047
0.089
0.424
8.12 × 10-2
NO2
0.02
0.06
2 914.799 00
3.429 822
2 914.26
3.430 458
1.79
9.62
0.040
0.077
0.373
8.67 × 10-2
NO2
0.03
0.06
Maximum σon
temperature sensitivity, 5‰/K. Standard concentration at 1 and
2 km, 0.2 ppm.
Table 11
Line Selected for DIAL Measurements of CO2 at
the Incinerator Stacka
λon
λoff
σon
σoff
Plume Optical Depth
Δ
Θ
Most- Interfering Molecule
Sensitivity (ppm)
cm-1
µm
cm-1
µm
cm2
cm2
4 835.515 36
2.067 460
4 834.78
2.067 777
8.83 × 10-22
2.98 × 10-23
3.70 × 10-3
0.973
3.20 × 10-3
H2O
2.278
4 837.243 89
2.066 725
4 838.08
2.066 366
9.27 × 10-22
3.01 × 10-23
3.89 × 10-3
0.982
5.87 × 10-3
CO2
2.777
4 870.436 61
2.052 637
4 871.12
2.052 351
9.97 × 10-22
4.14 × 10-23
4.15 × 10-3
0.982
9.79 × 10-3
CO2
3.777
4 960.829 80
2.015 241
4 960.02
2.015 566
4.13 × 10-21
1.26 × 10-22
1.74 × 10-2
0.985
1.11 × 10-2
CO2
3.978
4 992.516 18
2.002 445
4 991.88
2.002 702
4.47 × 10-21
2.46 × 10-22
1.83 × 10-2
0.967
3.46 × 10-3
CO2
1.879
4 993.743 61
2.001 956
4 993.28
2.002 140
4.16 × 10-21
3.41 × 10-22
1.66 × 10-2
0.976
2.09 × 10-2
CO2
7.202
5 116.114 28
1.954 068
5 115.58
1.954 274
1.53 × 10-21
1.98 × 10-22
5.79 × 10-3
0.838
5.43 × 10-2
H2O
19.012
6 209.124 42
1.610 091
6 209.74
1.609 930
5.26 × 10-23
2.77 × 10-24
2.16 × 10-4
0.956
8.08 × 10-3
H2O
28.139
6 210.974 12
1.609 608
6 211.90
1.609 370
5.43 × 10-23
1.97 × 10-24
2.27 × 10-4
0.977
1.18 × 10-2
CO2
27.030
6 242.672 62
1.601 435
6 243.30
1.601 276
6.20 × 10-23
3.41 × 10-24
2.54 × 10-4
0.976
1.80 × 10-2
CO2
24.680
6 243.912 83
1.601 117
6 244.46
1.600 978
5.90 × 10-23
3.79 × 10-24
2.39 × 10-4
0.975
2.32 × 10-2
CO2
26.637
6 328.956 10
1.579 603
6 329.78
1.579 399
5.12 × 10-23
1.74 × 10-24
2.15 × 10-4
0.982
8.38 × 10-3
H2O
28.390
6 330.821 75
1.579 139
6 331.66
1.578 930
5.42 × 10-23
1.83 × 10-24
2.27 × 10-4
0.981
8.07 × 10-3
CO2
26.816
6 362.504 30
1.571 276
6 361.88
1.571 429
6.29 × 10-23
3.85 × 10-24
2.56 × 10-4
0.970
1.60 × 10-2
CO2
24.325
6 363.728 12
1.570 975
6 364.28
1.570 837
6.09 × 10-23
4.00 × 10-24
2.47 × 10-4
0.947
3.86 × 10-3
CO2
24.609
6 953.467 28
1.437 733
6 953.58
1.437 712
4.87 × 10-22
4.26 × 10-22
2.64 × 10-4
0.388
8.56 × 10-2
H2O
39.091
Plume reference concentration, 400 ppm.
Table 12
Line Selected for DIAL Measurements of HCl at the
Incinerator Stacka
λon
λoff
σon
σoff
Plume Optical Depth
Δ
Θ
Most-Interfering Molecule
Sensitivity (ppm)
cm-1
µm
cm-1
µm
cm2
cm2
2 798.943 11
3.571 797
2 799.62
3.570 930
1.45 × 10-18
5.83 × 10-20
4.02 × 10-3
0.973
1.55 × 10-3
CO2
9.89 × 10-4
2 981.001 66
3.353 633
2 980.76
3.353 925
2.31 × 10-18
5.49 × 10-19
5.06 × 10-3
0.740
7.56 × 10-2
H2O
7.97 × 10-4
5 753.966 48
1.737 455
5 752.96
1.737 757
5.01 × 10-20
5.81 × 10-21
1.28 × 10-4
0.816
5.49 × 10-2
H2O
3.12 × 10-2
Plume reference concentration, 4.12 ppm.
Table 13
Line Selected for DIAL Measurements of NO2 in
the Incinerator Stacka
λon
λoff
σon
σoff
Plume Optical Depth
Δ
Θ
Sensitivity (ppm)
cm-1
µm
cm-1
µm
cm2
cm2 × 10-20
2 876.319 90
3.475 828
2 875.68
3.476 481
4.07 × 10-20
2.31
9.41 × 10-4
0.585
8.83 × 10-2
0.079
2 878.118 40
3.473 533
2 878.76
3.472 761
4.94 × 10-20
2.35
1.38 × 10-3
0.490
4.29 × 10-2
0.053
2 879.529 70
3.471 941
2 878.76
3.472 761
4.31 × 10-20
2.35
1.05 × 10-3
0.422
4.77 × 10-2
0.070
2 881.611 10
3.469 290
2 881.06
3.469 989
4.88 × 10-20
2.42
1.31 × 10-3
0.505
1.28 × 10-2
0.056
2 882.273 70
3.468 544
2 882.12
3.468 713
5.02 × 10-20
3.08
1.04 × 10-3
0.578
4.46 × 10-2
0.071
2 882.996 00
3.467 654
2 883.22
3.467 389
5.78 × 10-20
2.72
1.64 × 10-3
0.591
1.31 × 10-2
0.045
2 883.842 40
3.466 692
2 884.26
3.466 139
5.73 × 10-20
3.49
1.19 × 10-3
0.408
2.06 × 10-2
0.062
2 886.207 70
3.463 809
2 886.40
3.463 569
6.42 × 10-20
2.77
1.95 × 10-3
0.600
5.80 × 10-2
0.038
2 887.667 60
3.462 034
2 888.40
3.461 171
6.67 × 10-20
3.07
1.92 × 10-3
0.559
7.21 × 10-3
0.038
2 888.286 70
3.461 315
2 888.46
3.461 099
6.02 × 10-20
2.63
1.81 × 10-3
0.684
7.47 × 10-4
0.041
2 889.720 50
3.459 590
2 890.44
3.458 728
6.75 × 10-20
3.29
1.85 × 10-3
0.566
4.42 × 10-2
0.040
2 890.002 20
3.459 255
2 889.50
3.459 853
7.77 × 10-20
2.51
2.81 × 10-3
0.705
9.67 × 10-3
0.026
2 890.323 60
3.458 872
2 890.50
3.458 656
6.09 × 10-20
2.93
1.69 × 10-3
0.704
6.25 × 10-2
0.044
2 891.002 80
3.458 058
2 891.50
3.457 460
1.24 × 10-19
2.88
5.07 × 10-3
0.818
1.94 × 10-2
0.015
2 891.331 70
3.457 675
2 891.50
3.457 460
6.24 × 10-20
2.88
1.80 × 10-3
0.708
4.87 × 10-2
0.041
2 892.317 90
3.456 480
2 892.48
3.456 289
6.07 × 10-20
3.22
1.53 × 10-3
0.713
9.18 × 10-2
0.048
2 895.855 40
3.452 302
2 895.48
3.452 708
6.90 × 10-20
3.90
1.60 × 10-3
0.409
6.82 × 10-2
0.046
2 896.180 50
3.451 849
2 896.02
3.452 064
7.33 × 10-20
3.70
1.93 × 10-3
0.535
5.38 × 10-2
0.038
2 896.906 60
3.450 991
2 896.42
3.451 587
7.88 × 10-20
4.32
1.90 × 10-3
0.481
1.67 × 10-2
0.039
2 897.518 30
3.450 277
2 897.36
3.450 467
5.46 × 10-20
3.10
1.26 × 10-3
0.567
1.19 × 10-2
0.058
2 898.048 20
3.449 658
2 897.88
3.449 848
5.63 × 10-20
3.02
1.39 × 10-3
0.621
2.92 × 10-2
0.053
2 898.791 50
3.448 777
2 898.20
3.449 467
6.78 × 10-20
3.53
1.73 × 10-3
0.485
1.19 × 10-2
0.043
2 899.026 70
3.448 492
2 899.20
3.448 277
5.52 × 10-20
2.73
1.49 × 10-3
0.620
7.55 × 10-3
0.050
2 899.363 80
3.448 087
2 899.20
3.448 277
4.78 × 10-20
2.73
1.09 × 10-3
0.543
4.90 × 10-3
0.068
2 899.873 50
3.447 469
2 900.02
3.447 302
5.20 × 10-20
3.20
1.06 × 10-3
0.587
5.18 × 10-2
0.069
2 900.269 10
3.446 993
2 901.00
3.446 138
5.33 × 10-20
3.08
1.20 × 10-3
0.401
3.38 × 10-2
0.061
2 901.654 90
3.445 354
2 901.44
3.445 615
5.00 × 10-20
2.58
1.29 × 10-3
0.485
5.91 × 10-2
0.057
2 902.630 50
3.444 214
2 902.76
3.444 048
3.92 × 10-20
2.63
6.89 × 10-4
0.475
2.35 × 10-2
0.107
2 908.538 80
3.437 204
2 909.00
3.436 661
3.91 × 10-20
2.68
6.55 × 10-4
0.373
4.72 × 10-2
0.113
2 909.148 40
3.436 495
2 909.26
3.436 354
3.80 × 10-20
2.75
5.60 × 10-4
0.446
2.01 × 10-2
0.132
2 910.050 10
3.435 385
2 910.58
3.434 795
6.21 × 10-20
3.62
1.39 × 10-3
0.379
8.42 × 10-2
0.053
2 912.197 50
3.432 884
2 912.82
3.432 154
6.21 × 10-20
3.26
1.57 × 10-3
0.534
4.67 × 10-2
0.047
2 912.626 90
3.432 389
2 912.08
3.433 026
8.34 × 10-20
4.16
2.23 × 10-3
0.544
2.70 × 10-2
0.033
2 914.090 90
3.430 646
2 913.52
3.431 329
9.05 × 10-20
5.04
2.14 × 10-3
0.549
9.03 × 10-2
0.035
2 914.648 90
3.430 011
2 915.36
3.429 163
1.32 × 10-19
4.87
4.45 × 10-3
0.635
3.79 × 10-3
0.017
2 914.799 00
3.429 940
2 915.36
3.429 163
1.17 × 10-19
4.87
3.67 × 10-3
0.610
5.99 × 10-3
0.020
2 917.175 30
3.427 024
2 917.28
3.426 907
8.31 × 10-20
6.66
8.81 × 10-4
0.364
1.24 × 10-2
0.084
2 918.180 40
3.425 803
2 918.00
3.426 061
8.14 × 10-20
5.25
1.54 × 10-3
0.427
9.34 × 10-4
0.048
2 919.459 20
3.424 324
2 919.32
3.424 512
7.11 × 10-20
4.18
1.56 × 10-3
0.465
5.99 × 10-2
0.047
2 920.696 80
3.422 870
2 921.06
3.422 472
7.15 × 10-20
4.32
1.51 × 10-3
0.429
2.04 × 10-3
0.049
2 921.892 20
3.421 488
2 922.26
3.421 067
6.88 × 10-20
4.38
1.34 × 10-3
0.396
9.69 × 10-3
0.055
2 924.155 80
3.418 844
2 924.06
3.418 961
4.75 × 10-20
3.89
4.58 × 10-4
0.444
8.13 × 10-2
0.161
Most-interfering molecule,
NO2; Maximum σon temperature
sensitivity, 5‰/K. Plume reference concentration, 10.9 ppm.