Optical evaluation on Nd<sup>3+</sup>-doped phosphate glasses for O-band amplification

Weihong Lei; Baojie Chen; Xiangling Zhang; Edwin Yun Bun Pun; Hai Lin

doi:10.1364/AO.50.000835

Applied Optics
Vol. 50,
Issue 6,
pp. 835-841
(2011)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.50.000835

Optical evaluation on ${Nd}^{3 +}$ -doped phosphate glasses for O-band amplification

Weihong Lei, Baojie Chen, Xiangling Zhang, Edwin Yun Bun Pun, and Hai Lin

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Weihong Lei, Baojie Chen, Xiangling Zhang, Edwin Yun Bun Pun, and Hai Lin, "Optical evaluation on Nd³⁺-doped phosphate glasses for O-band amplification," Appl. Opt. 50, 835-841 (2011)

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Abstract

We have fabricated and characterized optically ${Nd}^{3 +}$ -doped phosphate [ ${Li}_{2} O - CaO - BaO - {Al}_{2} O_{3} - {La}_{2} O_{3} - P_{2} O_{5}$ (LCBALP)] glasses for drawing single-mode glass fiber. The ${}^{4}{F_{3 / 2}} \to {}^{4}{I_{13 / 2}}$ transition emission from the ${Nd}^{3 +}$ is at the $1.327 μm$ wavelength with a full width at half-maximum of $43 nm$ , and the spontaneous transition probability and quantum efficiency are calculated to be $1836 s^{- 1}$ and 52%, respectively. The maximum stimulated emission cross sections for ${}^{4}{F_{3 / 2}} \to {}^{4}{I_{11 / 2}}$ and ${}^{4}{F_{3 / 2}} \to {}^{4}{I_{13 / 2}}$ transitions are derived to be $1.82 \times 10^{- 20} {cm}^{2}$ and $6.97 \times 10^{- 21} {cm}^{2}$ , respectively, and the theoretical gain coefficient at the $1.327 μm$ wavelength is evaluated to be $0.182 dB / cm$ when the fractional factor of the excited neodymium ions equals 0.6, which indicates that ${Nd}^{3 +}$ -doped LCBALP phosphate glasses are potential candidates in developing O-band optical fiber amplifiers.

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Absorption	Energy ( ${cm}^{- 1}$ )	$P_{\exp} (10^{- 6})$	$P_{md-cal} (10^{- 6})$	$P_{ed-cal} (10^{- 6})$
${}^{4}{I_{9 / 2}} \to {}^{4}{F_{3 / 2}}$	11442	1.512		1.452
${}^{4}{I_{9 / 2}} \to {}^{4}{F_{5 / 2}}$ , ${}^{2}{H_{9 / 2}}$	12469	4.721	0.01722	4.725
${}^{4}{I_{9 / 2}} \to {}^{4}{F_{7 / 2}}$ , ${}^{4}{S_{3 / 2}}$	13442	4.813		4.896
${}^{4}{I_{9 / 2}} \to {}^{4}{F_{9 / 2}}$	14663	0.377	0.00308	0.386
${}^{4}{I_{9 / 2}} \to {}^{2}{H_{11 / 2}}$	15949	0.104		0.107
${}^{4}{I_{9 / 2}} \to {}^{4}{G_{5 / 2}}$ , ${}^{2}{G_{7 / 2}}$	17153	15.897	0.00031	15.941
${}^{4}{I_{9 / 2}} \to {}^{2}{K_{13 / 2}}$ , ${}^{4}{G_{7 / 2}}$ , ${}^{4}{G_{9 / 2}}$	19048	4.651		3.907
${}^{4}{I_{9 / 2}} \to {}^{2}{K_{15 / 2}}$ , ${}^{2}{G_{9 / 2}}$ , $({}^{2}D, {}^{2}P)_{3 / 2}$ , ${}^{4}{G_{11 / 2}}$	21008	1.216		0.822
${}^{4}{I_{9 / 2}} \to {}^{2}{P_{1 / 2}}$	23256	0.302		0.374
${}^{4}{I_{9 / 2}} \to {}^{4}{D_{3 / 2}}$ , ${}^{4}{D_{5 / 2}}$ , ${}^{2}{I_{11 / 2}}$ , ${}^{4}{D_{1 / 2}}$	28090	6.919	0.00079	7.367
Root-mean-square deviation	$3.6 \times 10^{- 7}$

Glass	$Ω_{2} (10^{- 20} {cm}^{2})$	$Ω_{4} (10^{- 20} {cm}^{2})$	$Ω_{6} (10^{- 20} {cm}^{2})$	$R = Ω_{4} / Ω_{6}$	Ref.
${AlF}_{3} - {MgF}_{2} - {CaF}_{2} - {SrF}_{2} - {BaF}_{2} - LiF - 1 mol . % {NdF}_{3}$	1.0	4.0	5.4	0.74	[41]
${MgF}_{2} - {BaF}_{2} - Al ({PO}_{3})_{3} - Ba ({PO}_{3})_{2} - 2 wt . % {Nd}_{2} O_{3}$	1.83	4.73	4.19	1.13	[42]
${ZrF}_{4} - {BaF}_{2} - {LaF}_{3} - {AlF}_{3} - NaF - 0.6 mol . % {NdF}_{3}$	2.37	3.77	4.85	0.78	[43]
${Ga}_{2} O_{3} - {Bi}_{2} O_{3} - PbO - 0.2 mol . % {Nd}_{2} O_{3}$	3.72	4.48	4.33	1.03	[43]
${TeO}_{2} - ZnO - 1 mol . % {Nd}_{2} O_{3}$	3.80	4.94	4.54	1.09	[44]
${SiO}_{2} - K_{2} O - CaO - 1 wt . % {Nd}_{2} O_{3}$	4.61	3.63	2.91	1.25	[45]
$B_{2} O_{3} - BaO - {TiO}_{2} - 1 wt . % {Nd}_{2} O_{3}$	6.64	1.52	6.12	0.25	[33]
LCBALP- $1 wt . % {Nd}_{2} O_{3}$	4.35	2.87	3.49	0.82	This work

Transition	Energy ( ${cm}^{- 1}$ )	$[U^{(4)}]^{2}$	$[U^{(6)}]^{2}$	$A_{ed} (s^{- 1})$	β	$τ_{rad} (μs)$
${}^{4}{F_{3 / 2}} \to {}^{4}{I_{15 / 2}}$	5530	0	0.0288	9.83	0.005	544.5
${}^{4}{F_{3 / 2}} \to {}^{4}{I_{13 / 2}}$	7578	0	0.2085	183.8	0.100
${}^{4}{F_{3 / 2}} \to {}^{4}{I_{11 / 2}}$	9560	0.1136	0.4104	896.1	0.488
${}^{4}{F_{3 / 2}} \to {}^{4}{I_{9 / 2}}$	11442	0.2293	0.0548	746.7	0.407

Absorption	Energy ( ${cm}^{- 1}$ )	$P_{\exp} (10^{- 6})$	$P_{md-cal} (10^{- 6})$	$P_{ed-cal} (10^{- 6})$
${}^{4}{I_{9 / 2}} \to {}^{4}{F_{3 / 2}}$	11442	1.512		1.452
${}^{4}{I_{9 / 2}} \to {}^{4}{F_{5 / 2}}$ , ${}^{2}{H_{9 / 2}}$	12469	4.721	0.01722	4.725
${}^{4}{I_{9 / 2}} \to {}^{4}{F_{7 / 2}}$ , ${}^{4}{S_{3 / 2}}$	13442	4.813		4.896
${}^{4}{I_{9 / 2}} \to {}^{4}{F_{9 / 2}}$	14663	0.377	0.00308	0.386
${}^{4}{I_{9 / 2}} \to {}^{2}{H_{11 / 2}}$	15949	0.104		0.107
${}^{4}{I_{9 / 2}} \to {}^{4}{G_{5 / 2}}$ , ${}^{2}{G_{7 / 2}}$	17153	15.897	0.00031	15.941
${}^{4}{I_{9 / 2}} \to {}^{2}{K_{13 / 2}}$ , ${}^{4}{G_{7 / 2}}$ , ${}^{4}{G_{9 / 2}}$	19048	4.651		3.907
${}^{4}{I_{9 / 2}} \to {}^{2}{K_{15 / 2}}$ , ${}^{2}{G_{9 / 2}}$ , $({}^{2}D, {}^{2}P)_{3 / 2}$ , ${}^{4}{G_{11 / 2}}$	21008	1.216		0.822
${}^{4}{I_{9 / 2}} \to {}^{2}{P_{1 / 2}}$	23256	0.302		0.374
${}^{4}{I_{9 / 2}} \to {}^{4}{D_{3 / 2}}$ , ${}^{4}{D_{5 / 2}}$ , ${}^{2}{I_{11 / 2}}$ , ${}^{4}{D_{1 / 2}}$	28090	6.919	0.00079	7.367
Root-mean-square deviation	$3.6 \times 10^{- 7}$

Glass	$Ω_{2} (10^{- 20} {cm}^{2})$	$Ω_{4} (10^{- 20} {cm}^{2})$	$Ω_{6} (10^{- 20} {cm}^{2})$	$R = Ω_{4} / Ω_{6}$	Ref.
${AlF}_{3} - {MgF}_{2} - {CaF}_{2} - {SrF}_{2} - {BaF}_{2} - LiF - 1 mol . % {NdF}_{3}$	1.0	4.0	5.4	0.74	[41]
${MgF}_{2} - {BaF}_{2} - Al ({PO}_{3})_{3} - Ba ({PO}_{3})_{2} - 2 wt . % {Nd}_{2} O_{3}$	1.83	4.73	4.19	1.13	[42]
${ZrF}_{4} - {BaF}_{2} - {LaF}_{3} - {AlF}_{3} - NaF - 0.6 mol . % {NdF}_{3}$	2.37	3.77	4.85	0.78	[43]
${Ga}_{2} O_{3} - {Bi}_{2} O_{3} - PbO - 0.2 mol . % {Nd}_{2} O_{3}$	3.72	4.48	4.33	1.03	[43]
${TeO}_{2} - ZnO - 1 mol . % {Nd}_{2} O_{3}$	3.80	4.94	4.54	1.09	[44]
${SiO}_{2} - K_{2} O - CaO - 1 wt . % {Nd}_{2} O_{3}$	4.61	3.63	2.91	1.25	[45]
$B_{2} O_{3} - BaO - {TiO}_{2} - 1 wt . % {Nd}_{2} O_{3}$	6.64	1.52	6.12	0.25	[33]
LCBALP- $1 wt . % {Nd}_{2} O_{3}$	4.35	2.87	3.49	0.82	This work

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Applied Optics