A technique to measure optical properties of brownout clouds for modeling terahertz propagation

doi:10.1364/AO.51.003605

A technique to measure optical properties of brownout clouds for modeling terahertz propagation

Steven T. Fiorino, Jason A. Deibel, Phillip M. Grice, Markus H. Novak, Julian Spinoza, Lindsay Owens, and Satya Ganti »View Author Affiliations

Applied Optics, Vol. 51, Issue 16, pp. 3605-3613 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/AO.51.003605

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Abstract

Brownout, the loss of visibility caused by dust resultant of helicopter downwash, is a factor in the large majority of military helicopter accidents. As terahertz radiation readily propagates through the associated dust aerosols and is attenuated by atmospheric water vapor within short distances, it can provide low-profile imaging that improves effective pilot visibility. In order to model this application of terahertz imaging, it is necessary to determine the optical properties of obscurants at these frequencies. We present here a method of empirical calculation and experimental measurement of the complex refractive index of the obscuring aerosols. Results derived from terahertz time-domain spectral measurements are incorporated into the AFIT CDE Laser Environmental Effects Definition and Reference (LEEDR) software.

OCIS Codes
(010.1110) Atmospheric and oceanic optics : Aerosols
(290.5820) Scattering : Scattering measurements
(040.2235) Detectors : Far infrared or terahertz

ToC Category:
Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics

History
Original Manuscript: January 3, 2012
Revised Manuscript: March 11, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: March 23, 2012
Published: June 1, 2012

Citation
Steven T. Fiorino, Jason A. Deibel, Phillip M. Grice, Markus H. Novak, Julian Spinoza, Lindsay Owens, and Satya Ganti, "A technique to measure optical properties of brownout clouds for modeling terahertz propagation," Appl. Opt. 51, 3605-3613 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ao/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-51-16-3605

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References

S. T. Fiorino, R. J. Bartell, M. J. Krizo, G. L. Caylor, K. P. Moore, and S. J. Cusumano, “Validation of a worldwide physics-based high-spectral resolution atmospheric characterization and propagation package for UV to RF wavelengths,” Proc. SPIE 7090, 70900I (2008). [CrossRef]
D. Mittleman, Sensing with Terahertz Radiation (Springer, 2002), pp. 1–145.
T. W. Crowe, D. W. Porterfield, J. L. Hesler, W. L. Bishop, D. S. Kurtz, and K. Hui, “Terahertz sources and detectors,” in Terahertz for Military and Security Applications III, R. J. Hwu, D. L. Woolard, and M. J. Rosker, eds., SPIE International Society for Optical Engineering (Bellingham, WA, 2005), pp. 271–280.
P. H. Siegel, “Terahertz technology,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 50, 910–928 (2002). [CrossRef]
S. L. Marek, “A computational tool for evaluating THz imaging performance in brownout conditions at land sites throughout the world,” Master’s thesis (Air Force Institute of Technology, 2009).
S. T. Fiorino, R. J. Bartell, M. J. Krizo, S. L. Marek, M. J. Bohn, R. M. Randall, and S. J. Cusumano, “A computational tool for evaluating THz imaging performance in brownout conditions at land sites throughout the world,” Proc. SPIE 7324, 732410 (2009). [CrossRef]
M. Hess, P. Koepke, and I. Schult, “Optical properties of aerosols and clouds: the software package OPAC,” Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 79, 831–844 (1998). [CrossRef]
M. Naftaly and R. E. Miles, “Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy of silicate glasses and the relationship to material properties,” J. Appl. Phys. 102, 043517 (2007). [CrossRef]
W. J. Wiscombe, “Improved Mie scattering algorithms,” Appl. Opt., 19, 1505–1510 (1980). [CrossRef]
S. T. Fiorino, P. M. Grice, M. J. Krizo, R. J. Bartell, J. D. Haiducek, and S. J. Cusumano, “Lab measurements to support modeling terahertz propagation in brownout conditions,” Proc. SPIE 7671, 767131 (2010). [CrossRef]
M. Van exter and D. R. Grischkowsky, “Characterization of an optoelectronic terahertz beam system,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 38, 1684–1691 (1990). [CrossRef]
C. D. Stoik, “Nondestructive evaluation of aircraft composites using terahertz time domain spectroscopy,” Ph.D. dissertation (Air Force Institute of Technology, 2008).
C. D. Stoik, M. J. Bohn, and J. L. Blackshire, “Nondestructive evaluation of aircraft composites using transmissive terahertz time domain spectroscopy,” Opt. Express 16, 17039–17051 (2008). [CrossRef]
J. V. Rudd, J. L. Johnson, and D. M. Mittleman, “Quadrupole radiation from terahertz dipole antennas,” Opt. Lett. 25, 1556–1558 (2000). [CrossRef]
C. Emde, R. Buras, B. Mayer, and M. Blumthaler, “The impact of aerosols on polarized sky radiance: model development, validation, and applications,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 383–396 (2010). [CrossRef]
W. Withayachumnankul, B. M. Fischer, H. Lin, and D. Abbott, “Uncertainty in terahertz time-domain spectroscopy measurement,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25, 1059–1072 (2008). [CrossRef]

Abbott, D.
Bartell, R. J.
Bishop, W. L.
Blackshire, J. L.
Blumthaler, M.
Bohn, M. J.
Buras, R.
Caylor, G. L.
Crowe, T. W.
Cusumano, S. J.
Emde, C.
Fiorino, S. T.
Fischer, B. M.
Grice, P. M.
Grischkowsky, D. R.
Haiducek, J. D.
Hesler, J. L.
Hess, M.
Hui, K.
Johnson, J. L.
Koepke, P.
Krizo, M. J.
Kurtz, D. S.
Lin, H.
Marek, S. L.
Mayer, B.
Miles, R. E.
Mittleman, D.
Mittleman, D. M.
Moore, K. P.
Naftaly, M.
Porterfield, D. W.
Randall, R. M.
Rudd, J. V.
Schult, I.
Siegel, P. H.
Stoik, C. D.
Van exter, M.
Wiscombe, W. J.
Withayachumnankul, W.

Appl. Opt.

W. J. Wiscombe, “Improved Mie scattering algorithms,” Appl. Opt., 19, 1505–1510 (1980). [CrossRef]

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

C. Emde, R. Buras, B. Mayer, and M. Blumthaler, “The impact of aerosols on polarized sky radiance: model development, validation, and applications,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 383–396 (2010). [CrossRef]

Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.

M. Hess, P. Koepke, and I. Schult, “Optical properties of aerosols and clouds: the software package OPAC,” Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 79, 831–844 (1998). [CrossRef]

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.

P. H. Siegel, “Terahertz technology,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 50, 910–928 (2002). [CrossRef]
M. Van exter and D. R. Grischkowsky, “Characterization of an optoelectronic terahertz beam system,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 38, 1684–1691 (1990). [CrossRef]

J. Appl. Phys.

M. Naftaly and R. E. Miles, “Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy of silicate glasses and the relationship to material properties,” J. Appl. Phys. 102, 043517 (2007). [CrossRef]

Proc. SPIE

S. T. Fiorino, R. J. Bartell, M. J. Krizo, S. L. Marek, M. J. Bohn, R. M. Randall, and S. J. Cusumano, “A computational tool for evaluating THz imaging performance in brownout conditions at land sites throughout the world,” Proc. SPIE 7324, 732410 (2009). [CrossRef]
S. T. Fiorino, P. M. Grice, M. J. Krizo, R. J. Bartell, J. D. Haiducek, and S. J. Cusumano, “Lab measurements to support modeling terahertz propagation in brownout conditions,” Proc. SPIE 7671, 767131 (2010). [CrossRef]
S. T. Fiorino, R. J. Bartell, M. J. Krizo, G. L. Caylor, K. P. Moore, and S. J. Cusumano, “Validation of a worldwide physics-based high-spectral resolution atmospheric characterization and propagation package for UV to RF wavelengths,” Proc. SPIE 7090, 70900I (2008). [CrossRef]

Other

D. Mittleman, Sensing with Terahertz Radiation (Springer, 2002), pp. 1–145.
T. W. Crowe, D. W. Porterfield, J. L. Hesler, W. L. Bishop, D. S. Kurtz, and K. Hui, “Terahertz sources and detectors,” in Terahertz for Military and Security Applications III, R. J. Hwu, D. L. Woolard, and M. J. Rosker, eds., SPIE International Society for Optical Engineering (Bellingham, WA, 2005), pp. 271–280.
S. L. Marek, “A computational tool for evaluating THz imaging performance in brownout conditions at land sites throughout the world,” Master’s thesis (Air Force Institute of Technology, 2009).
C. D. Stoik, “Nondestructive evaluation of aircraft composites using terahertz time domain spectroscopy,” Ph.D. dissertation (Air Force Institute of Technology, 2008).

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