Cube corner retroreflector test and analysis

James L. Zurasky

doi:10.1364/AO.15.000445

Applied Optics
Vol. 15,
Issue 2,
pp. 445-452
(1976)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.15.000445

Cube corner retroreflector test and analysis

James L. Zurasky

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James L. Zurasky, "Cube corner retroreflector test and analysis," Appl. Opt. 15, 445-452 (1976)

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Abstract

Cube corner retroreflectors with nominal dihedral angles of 90° 0′ 1.5″ were fabricated, tested, and analyzed to determine the return energy in the annular ring of the far field diffraction pattern required by the Laser Geodynamic Satellite. Performance was assessed for variations in the dihedral angles, optical surfaces, and thermal environment. Despite relatively high independent axial and radial sensitivities, the changes caused by the anticipated thermal environment were found to be negligible; however, there were substantial variations between the analytical predictions and measured performance.

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TEMPERATURE GRADIENT	WAVEFRONT ERROR	INCIDENCE ANGLE	% ENERGY *
DIHEDRAL	ANGLES	90° 0′ 1.5″
ISOTHERMAL	O	0°	18.4
ISOTHERMAL	O	−15°	9.6
ISOTHERMAL	λ/4	0°	18.0
ISOTHERMAL	λ/4	−15°	8.8
Δ Ta=1.0, Δ Tr=0.4	λ/4	0	18.0
Δ Ta=3.5, Δ Tr=2.0	λ/4	0	17.1
Δ Ta=1.9, Δ Tr=1.3	λ/4	0	17.2
Δ Ta=1.9, Δ Tr=1.3	λ/4	−15°	8.3
Δ Ta=2.0, Δ Tr=0.0	λ/4	0	15.9
Δ Ta=0.0, A Tr=2.0	λ/4	0	4.2
DIHEDRAL	ANGLES	90° 0′ 1.5″ 90° 0′ 1 0″ 90° 0′ 2 0″
ISOTHERMAL	λ/4	0	17.7
ISOTHERMAL	λ/4	−15°	8.6
Δ Ta=1.9, Δ Tr=1.3	λ/4	0	16.9
Δ Ta=1.9, Δ Tr=1.3	λ/4	−15°	8.1
DIHEDRAL	ANGLES	90° 0′ 2.1″
ISOTHERMAL	O	0	13.2
ISOTHERMAL	λ/4	0	11.8
Δ Ta=1.9, Δ Tr=1.3	λ/4	0	10.9
Δ Ta=2.0, Δ Tr=0.0	λ/4	0	17.6
Δ Ta=0.0, Δ Tr=2.0	λ/4	0	1.1
DIHEDRAL	ANGLES	90° 0′ 2.1″, 90° 0′ 1.6″, 90° 0′ 2.6″
ISOTHERMAL	O	0	12.1
ISOTHERMAL	λ/4	0	11.1
Δ Ta = AXIAL TEMPERATURE GRADIENT (FRONT FACE TO APEX) (°C)
Δ Tr = RADIAL TEMPERATURE GRADIENT (CENTER TO EDGE) (°C)

DESCRIPTION	INCIDENCE ANGLES *	TEMP	CCR ORIENTATION
AMBIENT, NO SUN–NO IR	8	AMBIENT	A=0°, B=90°, C=80°
VACUUM, NO SUN–NO IR	15	AMBIENT	A=0°, B=90°, C=80°
T/V, NO SUN–NO IR	15	+30°C	A=0°, B=90°, C=80°
T/V, 1 SUN–NO IR	8	+30°C	A=0°, B=90°, C=80°
T/V, NO SUN–1 EARTH IR	8	+30°C	A=0°, B=90°, C=80°
T/V, NO SUN–NO IR	15	−30°C	A=0°, B=90°, C=80°
T/V, 1 SUN–NO IR	8	−30°C	A=0°, B=90°, C=80°
T/V, NO SUN–1 EARTH IR	8	−30°C	A=0°, B=90°, C=80°
T/V, NO SUN–NO IR	15	+60°C	A=0°, B=90°, C=80°
AMBIENT, NO SUN–NO IR	8	AMBIENT	D=60°, E=40°, F=20°
VACUUM, NO SUN–NO IR	15	AMBIENT	D=60°, E=40°, F=20°
T/V, NO SUN–NO IR	15	−30°C	D=60°, E=40°, F=20°
T/V, NO SUN–NO IR	15	+30°C	D=60°, E=40°, F=20°
AMBIENT, NO SUN–NO IR	15	AMBIENT	D=60°, E=100°, F=20°
VACUUM, NO SUN–NO IR	15	AMBIENT	D=60°, E=100°, F=20°
T/V, NO SUN–NO IR	15	+30°C	D=60°, E=100°, F=20°
T/V, NO SUN–NO IR	15	+60°C	D=60°, E=100°, F=20°

CCR	Wavefront error^a	Dihedral angles^b
A	0.12	1.81, 1.08, 1.42
B	0.12	2.07, 1.90, 1.80
C	0.11	1.30, 1.00, 1.16
D	0.14	2.00, 0.92, 1.24
E	0.17	2.00, 1.60, 1.57
F	0.17	2.05, 1.54, 1.83

TEMPERATURE GRADIENT	WAVEFRONT ERROR	INCIDENCE ANGLE	% ENERGY *
DIHEDRAL	ANGLES	90° 0′ 1.5″
ISOTHERMAL	O	0°	18.4
ISOTHERMAL	O	−15°	9.6
ISOTHERMAL	λ/4	0°	18.0
ISOTHERMAL	λ/4	−15°	8.8
Δ Ta=1.0, Δ Tr=0.4	λ/4	0	18.0
Δ Ta=3.5, Δ Tr=2.0	λ/4	0	17.1
Δ Ta=1.9, Δ Tr=1.3	λ/4	0	17.2
Δ Ta=1.9, Δ Tr=1.3	λ/4	−15°	8.3
Δ Ta=2.0, Δ Tr=0.0	λ/4	0	15.9
Δ Ta=0.0, A Tr=2.0	λ/4	0	4.2
DIHEDRAL	ANGLES	90° 0′ 1.5″ 90° 0′ 1 0″ 90° 0′ 2 0″
ISOTHERMAL	λ/4	0	17.7
ISOTHERMAL	λ/4	−15°	8.6
Δ Ta=1.9, Δ Tr=1.3	λ/4	0	16.9
Δ Ta=1.9, Δ Tr=1.3	λ/4	−15°	8.1
DIHEDRAL	ANGLES	90° 0′ 2.1″
ISOTHERMAL	O	0	13.2
ISOTHERMAL	λ/4	0	11.8
Δ Ta=1.9, Δ Tr=1.3	λ/4	0	10.9
Δ Ta=2.0, Δ Tr=0.0	λ/4	0	17.6
Δ Ta=0.0, Δ Tr=2.0	λ/4	0	1.1
DIHEDRAL	ANGLES	90° 0′ 2.1″, 90° 0′ 1.6″, 90° 0′ 2.6″
ISOTHERMAL	O	0	12.1
ISOTHERMAL	λ/4	0	11.1
Δ Ta = AXIAL TEMPERATURE GRADIENT (FRONT FACE TO APEX) (°C)
Δ Tr = RADIAL TEMPERATURE GRADIENT (CENTER TO EDGE) (°C)

DESCRIPTION	INCIDENCE ANGLES *	TEMP	CCR ORIENTATION
AMBIENT, NO SUN–NO IR	8	AMBIENT	A=0°, B=90°, C=80°
VACUUM, NO SUN–NO IR	15	AMBIENT	A=0°, B=90°, C=80°
T/V, NO SUN–NO IR	15	+30°C	A=0°, B=90°, C=80°
T/V, 1 SUN–NO IR	8	+30°C	A=0°, B=90°, C=80°
T/V, NO SUN–1 EARTH IR	8	+30°C	A=0°, B=90°, C=80°
T/V, NO SUN–NO IR	15	−30°C	A=0°, B=90°, C=80°
T/V, 1 SUN–NO IR	8	−30°C	A=0°, B=90°, C=80°
T/V, NO SUN–1 EARTH IR	8	−30°C	A=0°, B=90°, C=80°
T/V, NO SUN–NO IR	15	+60°C	A=0°, B=90°, C=80°
AMBIENT, NO SUN–NO IR	8	AMBIENT	D=60°, E=40°, F=20°
VACUUM, NO SUN–NO IR	15	AMBIENT	D=60°, E=40°, F=20°
T/V, NO SUN–NO IR	15	−30°C	D=60°, E=40°, F=20°
T/V, NO SUN–NO IR	15	+30°C	D=60°, E=40°, F=20°
AMBIENT, NO SUN–NO IR	15	AMBIENT	D=60°, E=100°, F=20°
VACUUM, NO SUN–NO IR	15	AMBIENT	D=60°, E=100°, F=20°
T/V, NO SUN–NO IR	15	+30°C	D=60°, E=100°, F=20°
T/V, NO SUN–NO IR	15	+60°C	D=60°, E=100°, F=20°

Abstract

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Applied Optics