Speckle masking in astronomy: triple correlation theory and applications

doi:10.1364/AO.22.004028

Speckle masking in astronomy: triple correlation theory and applications

Adolf W. Lohmann, Gerd Weigelt, and Bernhard Wirnitzer »View Author Affiliations

Applied Optics, Vol. 22, Issue 24, pp. 4028-4037 (1983)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/AO.22.004028

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Abstract

Due to the turbulent atmosphere the resolution of conventional astrophotography is limited to ~1 sec of arc. However, the speckle-masking method can yield diffraction-limited resolution, i.e., 0.03 sec of arc with a 3.6-m telescope. Speckle masking yields true images of general astronomical objects. No point source is required in the isoplanatic field of the object. We present the theory of speckle masking; it makes use of triple correlations and their Fourier counterparts, the bispectra. We show algorithms for the recovery of the object from genuine astronomical bispectra data.

Citation
Adolf W. Lohmann, Gerd Weigelt, and Bernhard Wirnitzer, "Speckle masking in astronomy: triple correlation theory and applications," Appl. Opt. 22, 4028-4037 (1983)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ao/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-22-24-4028

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References

A. Labeyrie, Astron. Astrophys. 6, 85 (1970).
C. Y. C. Liu and A. W. Lohmann, Opt. Commun. 8, 372 (1973).
R. H. T. Bates, P. T. Gough, and P. J. Napier, Astron. Astrophys. 22, 319 (1973).
G. P. Weigelt, Appl. Opt. 17, 2660 (1978).
C. R. Lynds, S. P. Worden, and J. W. Harvey, Astrophys. J. 207, 174 (1976).
K. T. Knox and B. J. Thompson, Astrophys. J. Lett. 193, L45 (1974).
D. C. Ehn and P. Nisenson, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 65, 1196 (1975).
G. P. Weigelt, Opt. Commun. 21, 55 (1977).
R. H. T. Bates, M. O. Milner, G. I. Lund, and A. D. Seager, Opt. Commun. 26, 22 (1978).
K. von der Heide, Astron. Astrophys. 70, 777 (1978).
J. R. Fienup, Opt. Lett. 3, 27 (1978).
B. J. Brames and J. C. Dainty, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 71, 1542 (1981).
J. G. Walker, Appl. Opt. 21, 3132 (1982).
L. N. Mertz, Appl. Opt. 18, 611 (1979).
W. J. Cocke, Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 231, 11 (1980).
C. Roddier, F. Roddier, and J. Vernin, in Proceedings, ESO Conference on Scientific Importance of High Angular Resolution at IR and Optical Wavelengths, M. H. Ulrich and K. Kjär, Eds. (ESO, Garching, Germany, 1981), p. 165.
A. M. J. Huiser, Opt. Commun. 42, 226 (1982).
A. H. Greenaway, Opt. Commun. 42, 157 (1982).
R. H. T. Bates and F. M. Cady, Opt. Commun. 32, 365 (1980).
G. P. Weigelt and B. Wirnitzer, Opt. Lett. 8, 389 (1983).
A. W. Lohmann and G. Weigelt, in Proceedings, ESA/ESO Workshop on Astronomical Uses of the Space Telescope, F. Macchetto, F. Pacini, and M. Tarenghi, Eds. (ESO, Geneva, 1979), p. 353.
G. Weigelt, Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 332, 284 (1982).
G. Weigelt, in Proceedings, Conference on Image Processing in Astronomy, G. Sedmak, M. Capaccioli, and R. J. Allen, Eds. (Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, Italy, 1979), p. 422.
J. C. Dainty, Opt. Commun. 7, 129 (1973).
G. Weigelt, in Proceedings, ESO Conference on Scientific Importance of High Angular Resolution at IR and Optical Wavelengths, M. H. Ulrich and K. Kjar, Eds. (ESO, Garching, Germany, 1981), p. 95.
T. R. Bader, Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 185, 140 (1979).
G. Baier and G. Weigelt, Astron. Astrophys. 121, 137 (1983).
J. C. Dainty, in Laser Speckle and Related Phenomena, J. C. Dainty, Ed. (Springer, Berlin, 1975).
H. H. Barrett and W. Swindell, Radiological Imaging: Theory and Image Formation, Detection and Processing (Academic, New York, 1981), Vols. 1 and 2.
K. Sasaki, T. Sato, and Y. Namamura, IEEE Trans. Sonics Ultrasón. SU-24, 193 (1977).
H. Gamo, J. Appl. Phys. 34, 875 (1963).
D. Casasent and G. Silbershatz, Appl. Opt. 21, 2076 (1982).
J. Cohen, Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 180, 134 (1979).
P. Kellman, Opt. Eng. 19, 370 (1980).
J. W. Goodman, Aust. J. Electr. Electron. Eng. 2, 140 (1982).
I. S. Reed, IRE Trans. Inf. Theory IT-8, 194 (1964).

Other

A. Labeyrie, Astron. Astrophys. 6, 85 (1970).
C. Y. C. Liu and A. W. Lohmann, Opt. Commun. 8, 372 (1973).
R. H. T. Bates, P. T. Gough, and P. J. Napier, Astron. Astrophys. 22, 319 (1973).
G. P. Weigelt, Appl. Opt. 17, 2660 (1978).
C. R. Lynds, S. P. Worden, and J. W. Harvey, Astrophys. J. 207, 174 (1976).
K. T. Knox and B. J. Thompson, Astrophys. J. Lett. 193, L45 (1974).
D. C. Ehn and P. Nisenson, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 65, 1196 (1975).
G. P. Weigelt, Opt. Commun. 21, 55 (1977).
R. H. T. Bates, M. O. Milner, G. I. Lund, and A. D. Seager, Opt. Commun. 26, 22 (1978).
K. von der Heide, Astron. Astrophys. 70, 777 (1978).
J. R. Fienup, Opt. Lett. 3, 27 (1978).
B. J. Brames and J. C. Dainty, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 71, 1542 (1981).
J. G. Walker, Appl. Opt. 21, 3132 (1982).
L. N. Mertz, Appl. Opt. 18, 611 (1979).
W. J. Cocke, Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 231, 11 (1980).
C. Roddier, F. Roddier, and J. Vernin, in Proceedings, ESO Conference on Scientific Importance of High Angular Resolution at IR and Optical Wavelengths, M. H. Ulrich and K. Kjär, Eds. (ESO, Garching, Germany, 1981), p. 165.
A. M. J. Huiser, Opt. Commun. 42, 226 (1982).
A. H. Greenaway, Opt. Commun. 42, 157 (1982).
R. H. T. Bates and F. M. Cady, Opt. Commun. 32, 365 (1980).
G. P. Weigelt and B. Wirnitzer, Opt. Lett. 8, 389 (1983).
A. W. Lohmann and G. Weigelt, in Proceedings, ESA/ESO Workshop on Astronomical Uses of the Space Telescope, F. Macchetto, F. Pacini, and M. Tarenghi, Eds. (ESO, Geneva, 1979), p. 353.
G. Weigelt, Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 332, 284 (1982).
G. Weigelt, in Proceedings, Conference on Image Processing in Astronomy, G. Sedmak, M. Capaccioli, and R. J. Allen, Eds. (Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, Italy, 1979), p. 422.
J. C. Dainty, Opt. Commun. 7, 129 (1973).
G. Weigelt, in Proceedings, ESO Conference on Scientific Importance of High Angular Resolution at IR and Optical Wavelengths, M. H. Ulrich and K. Kjar, Eds. (ESO, Garching, Germany, 1981), p. 95.
T. R. Bader, Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 185, 140 (1979).
G. Baier and G. Weigelt, Astron. Astrophys. 121, 137 (1983).
J. C. Dainty, in Laser Speckle and Related Phenomena, J. C. Dainty, Ed. (Springer, Berlin, 1975).
H. H. Barrett and W. Swindell, Radiological Imaging: Theory and Image Formation, Detection and Processing (Academic, New York, 1981), Vols. 1 and 2.
K. Sasaki, T. Sato, and Y. Namamura, IEEE Trans. Sonics Ultrasón. SU-24, 193 (1977).
H. Gamo, J. Appl. Phys. 34, 875 (1963).
D. Casasent and G. Silbershatz, Appl. Opt. 21, 2076 (1982).
J. Cohen, Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 180, 134 (1979).
P. Kellman, Opt. Eng. 19, 370 (1980).
J. W. Goodman, Aust. J. Electr. Electron. Eng. 2, 140 (1982).
I. S. Reed, IRE Trans. Inf. Theory IT-8, 194 (1964).

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[1] A. Labeyrie, Astron. Astrophys. 6, 85 (1970).

[2] C. Y. C. Liu and A. W. Lohmann, Opt. Commun. 8, 372 (1973).

[3] R. H. T. Bates, P. T. Gough, and P. J. Napier, Astron. Astrophys. 22, 319 (1973).

[4] G. P. Weigelt, Appl. Opt. 17, 2660 (1978).

[5] C. R. Lynds, S. P. Worden, and J. W. Harvey, Astrophys. J. 207, 174 (1976).

[6] K. T. Knox and B. J. Thompson, Astrophys. J. Lett. 193, L45 (1974).

[7] D. C. Ehn and P. Nisenson, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 65, 1196 (1975).

[8] G. P. Weigelt, Opt. Commun. 21, 55 (1977).

[9] R. H. T. Bates, M. O. Milner, G. I. Lund, and A. D. Seager, Opt. Commun. 26, 22 (1978).

[10] K. von der Heide, Astron. Astrophys. 70, 777 (1978).

[11] J. R. Fienup, Opt. Lett. 3, 27 (1978).

[12] B. J. Brames and J. C. Dainty, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 71, 1542 (1981).

[13] J. G. Walker, Appl. Opt. 21, 3132 (1982).

[14] L. N. Mertz, Appl. Opt. 18, 611 (1979).

[15] W. J. Cocke, Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 231, 11 (1980).

[16] C. Roddier, F. Roddier, and J. Vernin, in Proceedings, ESO Conference on Scientific Importance of High Angular Resolution at IR and Optical Wavelengths, M. H. Ulrich and K. Kjär, Eds. (ESO, Garching, Germany, 1981), p. 165.

[17] A. M. J. Huiser, Opt. Commun. 42, 226 (1982).

[18] A. H. Greenaway, Opt. Commun. 42, 157 (1982).

[19] R. H. T. Bates and F. M. Cady, Opt. Commun. 32, 365 (1980).

[20] G. P. Weigelt and B. Wirnitzer, Opt. Lett. 8, 389 (1983).

[21] A. W. Lohmann and G. Weigelt, in Proceedings, ESA/ESO Workshop on Astronomical Uses of the Space Telescope, F. Macchetto, F. Pacini, and M. Tarenghi, Eds. (ESO, Geneva, 1979), p. 353.

[22] G. Weigelt, Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 332, 284 (1982).

[23] G. Weigelt, in Proceedings, Conference on Image Processing in Astronomy, G. Sedmak, M. Capaccioli, and R. J. Allen, Eds. (Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, Italy, 1979), p. 422.

[24] J. C. Dainty, Opt. Commun. 7, 129 (1973).

[25] G. Weigelt, in Proceedings, ESO Conference on Scientific Importance of High Angular Resolution at IR and Optical Wavelengths, M. H. Ulrich and K. Kjar, Eds. (ESO, Garching, Germany, 1981), p. 95.

[26] T. R. Bader, Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 185, 140 (1979).

[27] G. Baier and G. Weigelt, Astron. Astrophys. 121, 137 (1983).

[28] J. C. Dainty, in Laser Speckle and Related Phenomena, J. C. Dainty, Ed. (Springer, Berlin, 1975).

[29] H. H. Barrett and W. Swindell, Radiological Imaging: Theory and Image Formation, Detection and Processing (Academic, New York, 1981), Vols. 1 and 2.

[30] K. Sasaki, T. Sato, and Y. Namamura, IEEE Trans. Sonics Ultrasón. SU-24, 193 (1977).

[31] H. Gamo, J. Appl. Phys. 34, 875 (1963).

[32] D. Casasent and G. Silbershatz, Appl. Opt. 21, 2076 (1982).

[33] J. Cohen, Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 180, 134 (1979).

[34] P. Kellman, Opt. Eng. 19, 370 (1980).

[35] J. W. Goodman, Aust. J. Electr. Electron. Eng. 2, 140 (1982).

[36] I. S. Reed, IRE Trans. Inf. Theory IT-8, 194 (1964).

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