Abstract

We report a systematic study of the fabrication and characterization of planar optical waveguides in Y-LiNbO₃ by a process that combines titanium indiffusion and proton exchange (TIPE) techniques. Mode effective refractive-index measurements have been made on a large number of TIPE guides fabricated at various temperatures exchanged for different durations. The data have been analyzed to calculate the values of the diffusion coefficient and the activation energy for the proton exchange process in these guides. m-line scans indicate that there is a considerable amount of scattering in TIPE guides; the quality, however, improves with the increase of exchange time.

© 1986 Optical Society of America

Titanium-indiffused proton-exchanged waveguide lenses in LiNbO₃ for optical information processing

D. Y. Zang and C. S. Tsai
Appl. Opt. 25(14) 2264-2271 (1986)

Dilute-melt, proton-exchange slab waveguides in LiNbO₃: a new fabrication and characterization method

Torben Veng and Torben Skettrup
Appl. Opt. 36(24) 5941-5948 (1997)

Characterization of proton-exchange and annealed LiNbO₃ waveguides with pyrophosphoric acid

N. Goto and Gar Lam Yip
Appl. Opt. 28(1) 60-65 (1989)

Characterization of α-phase soft proton-exchanged LiNbO₃ optical waveguides

Yu. N. Korkishko, V. A. Fedorov, E. A. Baranov, M. V. Proyaeva, T. V. Morozova, F. Caccavale, F. Segato, C. Sada, and S. M. Kostritskii
J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 18(5) 1186-1191 (2001)

Characterization of annealed, proton-exchanged optical waveguides in ZnO:LiNbO₃ crystal

Wei Xing Hou and Tow Chong Chong
Appl. Opt. 36(21) 5083-5088 (1997)