S. Motakef, J. M. Boulton, R. L. Roncone, G. Neilson, G. Teowee, and D. R. Uhlmann, "Optical loss study of MPEOU-based polyceram planar waveguides," Appl. Opt. 34, 721-728 (1995)
Sol-gel-derived polyceram materials based on organically modified silicon and titanium alkoxides have been synthesized in planar waveguide forms. They exhibit optical losses as low as <0.25 dB/cm and refractive indices as high as 1.685, coupled with exceptional ease of processing. The optical properties of the films (index of refraction, loss, and dispersion) are studied as functions of processing and composition, and the influence of chemistry on volume homogeneities and surface roughness of the films is investigated.
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A partially hydrolyzed solution is 2 moles H2O.
A fully hydrolyzed solution is 4 moles H2O.
Table 4
Refractive Index, Thickness, and Loss of Partially Hydrolyzed (2 moles H2O) Polycerams as a Function of SiO2:TiO2 Molar Ratio
Molar Ratio of SiO2:TiO2
Refractive Index
Thickness (μm)
Loss ± SD (dB/cm)
1:0
1.495
3.23
0.69 ± 0.10
1:0.5
1.543
2.62
1.68 ± 0.21
1:1
1.571
2.89
1.39 ± 0.15
1:1.5
1.601
2.86
0.53 ± 0.12
1:2
1.634
2.94
1.49 ± 0.19
Table 5
Refractive Index, Thickness and Optical Loss of Partially Hydrolyzed (2 moles H2O) and Fully Hydrolyzed (4 moles H2O) Polycerams with SiO2:TiO2 Molar Ratio of 1:1
SiO2–TiO2–MPEOU Hydrolysis
Refractive Index
Thickness (μm)
Loss ± SD (dB/cm)
Partial
1.571
2.89
1.39 ± 0.15
Full
1.569
2.53
2.16 ± 0.20
Table 6
Refractive Index, Thickness, and Optical Loss of Partially Hydrolyzed (2 moles H2O) SiO2–TiO2–MPEOU Polycerams Chelated with 2,4 Pentanedione and Acetic Acid with SiO2:TiO2 Molar Ratio of 1:1
Chelate
Refractive Index
Thickness (μm)
Loss ± SD (dB/cm)
2,4 Pentanedione (CH3COCH2COCH3)
1.569
3.0
11.95 ± 0.29
Acetic acid (CH3COOH)
1.568
3.2
0.48 ± 0.13
Table 7
Effect of Processing Sequence of Partially Hydrolyzed (2 moles H2O) Polycerams on the Refractive Index, Thickness, and Loss with SiO2:TiO2 Molar Ratio of 1:1
Processing Sequence (Reflux Time)
Refractive Index
Thickness (μm)
Loss ± SD (dB/cm)
MPEOU (15 min) → TEOS (15 min) → TIP (1 h)
1.570
2.90
0.52 ± 0.15
TEOS (15 min) → MPEOU (15 min) → TIP (1 h)
1.578
2.85
0.51 ± 0.23
MPEOU + TEOS (30 min) → TIP (1 h)
1.571
2.89
<0.25
MPEOU + TEOS (15 min) → TIP (1 h)
1.573
2.95
0.85 ± 0.043
Tables (7)
Table 1
Moles of TEOS to Weight of MPEOU Converted to wt. % MPEOU and vol. % MPEOU
Moles of TEOS to Weight MPEOU
Wt. % MPEOU
Vol. % MPEOU
0.121
7.93
20
0.045
18.7
40
0.020
34.8
60
0.008
57.9
80
0
100
100
Table 2
Molar Ratios of SiO2 to TiO2 Converted to wt. % TiO2 in 80 and 60 vol. % MPEOU Polycerams
Molar Ratio of SiO2:TiO2
Wt.% TiO2 in 80 vol. % MPEOU
Wt.% TiO2 in 60 vol. % MPEOU
1:0
0
0
1:0.5
11.9
19.0
1:1
18.1
28.8
1:1.5
21.9
35.2
1:2
24.5
39.5
Table 3
Surface Roughness of Polycerams of Different Degrees of Hydrolysis, with and without Chelating Agent, Measured with AFM
A partially hydrolyzed solution is 2 moles H2O.
A fully hydrolyzed solution is 4 moles H2O.
Table 4
Refractive Index, Thickness, and Loss of Partially Hydrolyzed (2 moles H2O) Polycerams as a Function of SiO2:TiO2 Molar Ratio
Molar Ratio of SiO2:TiO2
Refractive Index
Thickness (μm)
Loss ± SD (dB/cm)
1:0
1.495
3.23
0.69 ± 0.10
1:0.5
1.543
2.62
1.68 ± 0.21
1:1
1.571
2.89
1.39 ± 0.15
1:1.5
1.601
2.86
0.53 ± 0.12
1:2
1.634
2.94
1.49 ± 0.19
Table 5
Refractive Index, Thickness and Optical Loss of Partially Hydrolyzed (2 moles H2O) and Fully Hydrolyzed (4 moles H2O) Polycerams with SiO2:TiO2 Molar Ratio of 1:1
SiO2–TiO2–MPEOU Hydrolysis
Refractive Index
Thickness (μm)
Loss ± SD (dB/cm)
Partial
1.571
2.89
1.39 ± 0.15
Full
1.569
2.53
2.16 ± 0.20
Table 6
Refractive Index, Thickness, and Optical Loss of Partially Hydrolyzed (2 moles H2O) SiO2–TiO2–MPEOU Polycerams Chelated with 2,4 Pentanedione and Acetic Acid with SiO2:TiO2 Molar Ratio of 1:1
Chelate
Refractive Index
Thickness (μm)
Loss ± SD (dB/cm)
2,4 Pentanedione (CH3COCH2COCH3)
1.569
3.0
11.95 ± 0.29
Acetic acid (CH3COOH)
1.568
3.2
0.48 ± 0.13
Table 7
Effect of Processing Sequence of Partially Hydrolyzed (2 moles H2O) Polycerams on the Refractive Index, Thickness, and Loss with SiO2:TiO2 Molar Ratio of 1:1