Pressure sounding of the middle atmosphere from ATMOS solar occultation
measurements of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> absorption lines

M. C. Abrams; M. R. Gunson; L. L. Lowes; C. P. Rinsland; R. Zander

doi:10.1364/AO.35.002810

Applied Optics
Vol. 35,
Issue 16,
pp. 2810-2820
(1996)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.35.002810

Pressure sounding of the middle atmosphere from ATMOS solar occultation measurements of atmospheric CO₂ absorption lines

M. C. Abrams, M. R. Gunson, L. L. Lowes, C. P. Rinsland, and R. Zander

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M. C. Abrams, M. R. Gunson, L. L. Lowes, C. P. Rinsland, and R. Zander, "Pressure sounding of the middle atmosphere from ATMOS solar occultation measurements of atmospheric CO₂ absorption lines," Appl. Opt. 35, 2810-2820 (1996)

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Abstract

A method for retrieving the atmospheric pressure corresponding to the tangent point of an infrared spectrum recorded in the solar occultation mode is described and applied to measurements made by the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) Fourier-transform spectrometer. Tangent pressure values are inferred from measurements of isolated CO₂ lines with temperature-insensitive strengths by measuring the slant-column CO₂ amount and by adjusting the viewing geometry until the calculated column matches the observed column. Tangent pressures are determined with a spectroscopic precision of 1%–3%, corresponding to a tangent-point height precision of 70–210 m. The total uncertainty is limited primarily by the quality of the spectra and ranges between 4% and 6% (280–420 m) for spectra with signal-to-noise ratios of 300:1 and between 4% and 10% for spectra with signal-to-noise ratios of 100:1. The retrieval of atmospheric pressure increases the accuracy of the retrieved-gas concentrations by minimizing the effect of systematic errors introduced by climatological pressure data, ephemeris parameters, and the uncertainties in instrumental pointing.

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Central Frequency (cm⁻¹)	Full Width (cm⁻¹)	E″ (cm⁻¹)	Altitude Range (km)	Isotope Identification	Rotational Lines	Telluric Interferences
(01101)–(00001) Band
633.87	0.20	772	55–82	626	P44
661.84	0.20	106	57–85	636	R16	O₃
683.94	0.24	~200	68–105	626	R24, R20
684.83	0.20	~400	45–70	628	R20
686.30	0.20	~400	35–65	627, 628	R27, R31
691.97	0.26	363	65–105	626	R30
693.58	0.25	412	65–93	626	R32
(10002)–(01101) Band
644.37	0.20	1106	65–100	626	Q33
(10001)–(01101) Band
745.25	0.30	1055	50–70	626	R31	O₃
746.84	0.30	1106	48–70	626	R33
(00011)–(10001) Band
934.90	0.30	1751	15–50	626	P30
936.80	0.30	1705	17–50	626	P28
938.68	0.30	1662	20–52	626	P26
940.55	0.30	1622	20–50	626	P24
942.38	0.30	1586	20–52	626	P22
944.19	0.30	1552	23–53	626	P20
945.98	0.30	1521	25–53	626	P18
947.74	0.30	1494	25–54	626	P16
949.48	0.30	1470	25–54	626	P14
951.19	0.30	1449	25–55	626	P12
952.85	0.30	1431	25–53	626	P10
954.52	0.20	1416	25–52	626	P8	O₃
956.18	0.30	1405	25–52	626	P6	O₃
957.78	0.20	1396	25–50	626	P4	O₃
(10001)–(00001) Band
1359.30	0.24	33	19–32	628	P9	CH₄
1380.00	0.30	126	19–35	628	R18	H₂O
1384.52	0.35	221	15–34	628	R24	CH₄, O₃
1385.15	0.25	239	20–30	628	R25	O₃
1385.95	0.30	258	18–32	628	R26	O₃
(11102)–(00001) Band
1909.50	0.30	363	30–58	626	P30	O₃
1911.00	0.30	317	30–58	626	P28	O₃
1912.52	0.30	274	33–60	626	P26	O₃, H₂O
1914.03	0.30	234	35–60	626	P24	NO
1915.55	0.30	197	35–60	626	P22
1917.06	0.30	164	35–63	626	P20
1950.70	0.60	197	18–32	626	R22	O₃
1952.31	0.30	234	23–36	626	R24
1953.92	0.30	274	23–36	626	R26
(11101)–(00001) Band
2055.16	0.30	317	50–73	626	P28
2056.70	0.30	274	50–75	626	P26	O₃
2058.24	0.30	223	50–75	626	P24	O₃
2061.32	0.30	164	50–76	626	P20	O₃
2076.85	0.90	0–135	50–78	626	Q2–Q18
(00011)–(00001) Band
2314.58	0.20	186	60–92	628	P22	H₂O
2315.48	0.20	170	70–95	628	P21
2316.62	0.20	307	60–80	627	P28
2328.67	0.20	234	76–125	626	P24
2332.37	0.30	164	78–125	626	P20
2364.10	0.30	164	80–125	626	R20
2366.65	0.30	234	78–125	626	R24
2369.08	0.30	317	78–125	626	R28
2372.56	0.30	464	74–120	626	R34
(21103)–(00001) Band
3204.75	0.40	317	15–30	626	R28	C₂H₂
3206.41	0.40	363	13–30	626	R30
3211.38	0.40	520	15–25	626	R36
(21102)–(00001) Band
3312.63	0.40	464	20–38	626	P34
3315.79	0.35	363	22–42	626	P30
3318.95	0.30	274	22–40	626	P26
3322.11	0.30	197	21–42	626	P22
3323.68	0.40	164	18–38	626	P20
3325.25	0.40	133	20–38	626	P18
3351.07	0.25	81	48–30	626	R14
3352.52	0.25	106	48–30	626	R16
3354.10	0.40	133	48–30	626	R18
3357.30	0.40	197	52–45	626	R22
3358.70	0.40	234	52–38	626	R24
3361.85	0.30	316	52–38	626	R28
3363.32	0.35	362	52–30	626	R30
(10012)–(00001) Band
3511.17	0.35	163	72–50	636	P20
3516.51	0.40	81	72–50	636	P14
3518.02	0.25	60	72–50	636	P12
3535.97	0.24	43	72–50	636	R10

Central Frequency (cm⁻¹)	Full Width (cm⁻¹)	E″ (cm⁻¹)	Altitude Range (km)	Rotational Lines	Telluric Interferences
2395.97	0.80	111	16–38	S7	O₃, N₂O, CH₄
2403.57	0.80	143	16–40	S8	O₃, N₂O
2411.13	0.70	179	16–35	S9	O₃, N₂O
2418.65	0.80	219	16–40	S10	O₃, N₂O

Error Source	Error Typea	Range (%)
Temperature profile	R	1–2
CO₂ Profile	S	1–3
Reference pressure	S	2
Spectroscopic parameters	S	2.5–3.0
Signal-to-noise ratio (100, 300)	R	1.0–10.0, 0.3–3.0
Zero offsets	R	<1
Algorithm	S	1–3
Total systematic error		4.8–6.7
Total random error		1.4–10.1, 1.0–3.6
Total uncertainty		5.0–11, 4.9–7.6

Central Frequency (cm⁻¹)	Full Width (cm⁻¹)	E″ (cm⁻¹)	Altitude Range (km)	Isotope Identification	Rotational Lines	Telluric Interferences
(01101)–(00001) Band
633.87	0.20	772	55–82	626	P44
661.84	0.20	106	57–85	636	R16	O₃
683.94	0.24	~200	68–105	626	R24, R20
684.83	0.20	~400	45–70	628	R20
686.30	0.20	~400	35–65	627, 628	R27, R31
691.97	0.26	363	65–105	626	R30
693.58	0.25	412	65–93	626	R32
(10002)–(01101) Band
644.37	0.20	1106	65–100	626	Q33
(10001)–(01101) Band
745.25	0.30	1055	50–70	626	R31	O₃
746.84	0.30	1106	48–70	626	R33
(00011)–(10001) Band
934.90	0.30	1751	15–50	626	P30
936.80	0.30	1705	17–50	626	P28
938.68	0.30	1662	20–52	626	P26
940.55	0.30	1622	20–50	626	P24
942.38	0.30	1586	20–52	626	P22
944.19	0.30	1552	23–53	626	P20
945.98	0.30	1521	25–53	626	P18
947.74	0.30	1494	25–54	626	P16
949.48	0.30	1470	25–54	626	P14
951.19	0.30	1449	25–55	626	P12
952.85	0.30	1431	25–53	626	P10
954.52	0.20	1416	25–52	626	P8	O₃
956.18	0.30	1405	25–52	626	P6	O₃
957.78	0.20	1396	25–50	626	P4	O₃
(10001)–(00001) Band
1359.30	0.24	33	19–32	628	P9	CH₄
1380.00	0.30	126	19–35	628	R18	H₂O
1384.52	0.35	221	15–34	628	R24	CH₄, O₃
1385.15	0.25	239	20–30	628	R25	O₃
1385.95	0.30	258	18–32	628	R26	O₃
(11102)–(00001) Band
1909.50	0.30	363	30–58	626	P30	O₃
1911.00	0.30	317	30–58	626	P28	O₃
1912.52	0.30	274	33–60	626	P26	O₃, H₂O
1914.03	0.30	234	35–60	626	P24	NO
1915.55	0.30	197	35–60	626	P22
1917.06	0.30	164	35–63	626	P20
1950.70	0.60	197	18–32	626	R22	O₃
1952.31	0.30	234	23–36	626	R24
1953.92	0.30	274	23–36	626	R26
(11101)–(00001) Band
2055.16	0.30	317	50–73	626	P28
2056.70	0.30	274	50–75	626	P26	O₃
2058.24	0.30	223	50–75	626	P24	O₃
2061.32	0.30	164	50–76	626	P20	O₃
2076.85	0.90	0–135	50–78	626	Q2–Q18
(00011)–(00001) Band
2314.58	0.20	186	60–92	628	P22	H₂O
2315.48	0.20	170	70–95	628	P21
2316.62	0.20	307	60–80	627	P28
2328.67	0.20	234	76–125	626	P24
2332.37	0.30	164	78–125	626	P20
2364.10	0.30	164	80–125	626	R20
2366.65	0.30	234	78–125	626	R24
2369.08	0.30	317	78–125	626	R28
2372.56	0.30	464	74–120	626	R34
(21103)–(00001) Band
3204.75	0.40	317	15–30	626	R28	C₂H₂
3206.41	0.40	363	13–30	626	R30
3211.38	0.40	520	15–25	626	R36
(21102)–(00001) Band
3312.63	0.40	464	20–38	626	P34
3315.79	0.35	363	22–42	626	P30
3318.95	0.30	274	22–40	626	P26
3322.11	0.30	197	21–42	626	P22
3323.68	0.40	164	18–38	626	P20
3325.25	0.40	133	20–38	626	P18
3351.07	0.25	81	48–30	626	R14
3352.52	0.25	106	48–30	626	R16
3354.10	0.40	133	48–30	626	R18
3357.30	0.40	197	52–45	626	R22
3358.70	0.40	234	52–38	626	R24
3361.85	0.30	316	52–38	626	R28
3363.32	0.35	362	52–30	626	R30
(10012)–(00001) Band
3511.17	0.35	163	72–50	636	P20
3516.51	0.40	81	72–50	636	P14
3518.02	0.25	60	72–50	636	P12
3535.97	0.24	43	72–50	636	R10

Central Frequency (cm⁻¹)	Full Width (cm⁻¹)	E″ (cm⁻¹)	Altitude Range (km)	Rotational Lines	Telluric Interferences
2395.97	0.80	111	16–38	S7	O₃, N₂O, CH₄
2403.57	0.80	143	16–40	S8	O₃, N₂O
2411.13	0.70	179	16–35	S9	O₃, N₂O
2418.65	0.80	219	16–40	S10	O₃, N₂O

Abstract

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Figures (8)

Tables (3)

Equations (4)

Applied Optics