Vacuum-UV radiation from Xe jet-target laser-produced plasmas has been produced, spectrally dispersed, and efficiently focused onto a line-shaped interaction volume by adopting an embedded-in-the-chamber spectrograph geometry. Time-resolved 2D Rayleigh light scattering imaging has been carried out for visualizing the gas jet-laser plasma interaction and optimizing the emission intensity and the spectral resolution. We have calibrated the measured photon fluxes, reaching values higher than {10}^{13}\text{photons}/\text{pulse \hspace{0.17em}}{\text{cm}}^{\text{2}}\text{\hspace{0.17em} nm} in the 100–200\text{\hspace{0.17em} nm} wavelength range within the first 20 ns from the laser pulse onset. The vacuum-UV light source is predicted to enable sensitive and selective single-photon ionization for time-of-flight mass spectrometry and similar vacuum-UV spectroscopy applications.