Comparison of chlorophyll a concentration detected by remote sensors and other chlorophyll indices in inhomogeneous turbid waters

Leonid G. Sokoletsky; Yosef Z. Yacobi

doi:10.1364/AO.50.005770

Applied Optics
Vol. 50,
Issue 30,
pp. 5770-5779
(2011)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.50.005770

Comparison of chlorophyll a concentration detected by remote sensors and other chlorophyll indices in inhomogeneous turbid waters

Leonid G. Sokoletsky and Yosef Z. Yacobi

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Leonid G. Sokoletsky and Yosef Z. Yacobi, "Comparison of chlorophyll a concentration detected by remote sensors and other chlorophyll indices in inhomogeneous turbid waters," Appl. Opt. 50, 5770-5779 (2011)

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- Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: May 16, 2011
- Manuscript Accepted: August 19, 2011
- Published: October 11, 2011
Virtual Issues
Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics Vol. 6, Iss. 11

Abstract

A new analytical approach for retrieval of the vertically weighted chlorophyll a concentration ( $〈 Chl 〉_{rs}$ ) detected by remote sensors is presented. Model calculations were carried out for the turbid waters of Lake Kinneret, Israel, and showed that $〈 Chl 〉_{rs}$ may be replaced by the average chlorophyll a concentration ( $〈 Chl 〉_{p}$ ) within the upper “penetration layer” $0 - Z_{p}$ . The study also showed a high correlation between $〈 Chl 〉_{rs}$ and Chl concentration averaged in the other depth layers, namely, the $0 - 1 m$ layer, the euphotic layer ( $0 - Z_{e}$ ), and the production layer ( $0 - Z_{pr}$ ). Our findings are closely related to models developed for the world ocean, with the exception of periods when the dinoflagellate Peridinium gatunense blooms in the lake. We showed the effect of the pattern of vertical Chl distributions within the penetration layer on the difference between $〈 Chl 〉_{rs}$ and other Chl indices was conspicuous when the Chl maximum was in the uppermost $0 - 5 m$ layer of the water column. We assume that the presented approaches are instrumental for further development of optimal, locally adapted algorithms for remote sensing of Chl in any type of natural waters.

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a	Absorption coefficient, $m^{- 1}$
$b_{b}$	Backscattering coefficient, $m^{- 1}$
$b_{bd}$	Diffuse backscattering coefficient, $m^{- 1}$
C	Pigment concentration, $mg m^{- 3}$
$〈 C 〉_{e}$	Mean pigment concentration within the euphotic layer, $mg m^{- 3}$
$〈 C 〉_{p}$	Mean pigment concentration within the penetration layer, $mg m^{- 3}$
$〈 C 〉_{rs}$	Weighted mean pigment concentration within the whole water column, detectable by remote sensors, $mg m^{- 3}$
Chl	Chlorophyll a concentration, $mg m^{- 3}$
$〈 Chl 〉_{0 - 1 m}$	Mean Chl concentration within the first $1 m$ depth, $mg m^{- 3}$
$〈 Chl 〉_{b}$	Mean Chl concentration within the whole water column, $mg m^{- 3}$
$〈 Chl 〉_{\max}$	Chlorophyll a concentration at the deep chlorophyll maximum, $mg m^{- 3}$
$〈 Chl 〉_{e}$	Mean Chl concentration within the euphotic layer, $mg m^{- 3}$
$〈 Chl 〉_{p}$	Mean Chl concentration within the penetration layer, $mg m^{- 3}$
$〈 Chl 〉_{pr}$	Mean Chl concentration within the productive layer, $mg m^{- 3}$
$〈 Chl 〉_{rs}$	Weighted mean Chl concentration within the whole water column, detectable by remote sensors, $mg m^{- 3}$
CV	Coefficient of variation ( $CV = SD / Mean$ ), %
DCM	Deep chlorophyll maximum
$d E_{u} (Z, 0 -)$	Optical contribution to the upwelling irradiance at the surface that originates from a layer of thickness $d z$ at depth z.
$E_{d}$	Downwelling irradiance, $W m^{- 2}$
$E_{u}$	Upwelling irradiance, $W m^{- 2}$
$K_{d} (z)$	Attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance at the depth z, $m^{- 1}$
${\bar{K}}_{d} (0 - \to z)$	Average attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance $E_{d}$ within the depth interval from $0 -$ to z
$K_{u} (z)$	Attenuation coefficient for upwelling irradiance $E_{u}$ at the depth z, $m^{- 1}$
MAPE	Mean absolute percentage error, %
n	Sample size
NRMSE	Normalized (to the mean value) root-mean-square error, %
p	Significance level
PAR	Photosynthetically Available Radiation ( $400 - 700 nm$ ), $W m^{- 2}$
$R^{2}$	Determination coefficient
s	Shape factor
SD	Standard deviation
z	Current depth, m
$Z_{b}$	Bottom depth, m
$Z_{e} = (\ln 100) / {\bar{K}}_{d} (PAR, 0 - \to Z_{e})$	Euphotic depth, m
$Z_{m} = (\ln 10) / {\bar{K}}_{d} (PAR, 0 - \to Z_{m})$	Middle of the euphotic zone, m
$Z_{\max}$	Depth of maximum Chl, m
$Z_{p} = 1 / {\bar{K}}_{d} (PAR, 0 - \to Z_{p})$	Penetration depth, m
$Z_{pr} = (\ln 1000) / {\bar{K}}_{d} (PAR, 0 - \to Z_{pr})$	Productive depth, m
$κ (z)$	Attenuation coefficient for upwelling irradiance $d E_{u} (z)$ at the depth z, $m^{- 1}$
$\bar{κ} (z \to 0 -)$	Average attenuation coefficient for upwelling irradiance $d E_{u} (z)$ within the depth interval from z to $0 -$ , $m^{- 1}$
λ	Wavelength, nm
${\bar{μ}}_{d}$	Mean cosine for the downwelling irradiance
${\bar{μ}}_{u}$	Mean cosine for the upwelling irradiance
$τ_{k} (z) = z {\bar{K}}_{d} (PAR, 0 - \to z)$	Optical thickness for the downwelling attenuation coefficient

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Applied Optics