Optical analysis of deviations in a concentrating photovoltaics central receiver system with a flux homogenizer

Henning Helmers; Wei Yi Thor; Thomas Schmidt; De Wet van Rooyen; Andreas W. Bett

doi:10.1364/AO.52.002974

Applied Optics
Vol. 52,
Issue 13,
pp. 2974-2984
(2013)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.52.002974

Optical analysis of deviations in a concentrating photovoltaics central receiver system with a flux homogenizer

Henning Helmers, Wei Yi Thor, Thomas Schmidt, De Wet van Rooyen, and Andreas W. Bett

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Henning Helmers, Wei Yi Thor, Thomas Schmidt, De Wet van Rooyen, and Andreas W. Bett, "Optical analysis of deviations in a concentrating photovoltaics central receiver system with a flux homogenizer," Appl. Opt. 52, 2974-2984 (2013)

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Abstract

The application of a kaleidoscope as a flux homogenizer to a concentrating photovoltaics system with a central receiver is investigated. The optical setup of a primary dish-type concentrator, a secondary homogenizer optics, and a photovoltaic receiver is simulated using ray tracing. The influence of various deviations from the ideal—namely sunshape (circumsolar radiation), shading, tracking error, and shape of the primary optical concentrator—on the performance of the homogenizer is analyzed quantitatively using the optical efficiency and the normalized standard deviation as a measure of inhomogeneity. Flux distributions for different progressively increasing deviations are discussed qualitatively. Experimental validation of the simulation is presented. It is demonstrated that the performance of the homogenizer is not particularly sensitive to sunshape. If sufficient length is provided, the homogenizer effectively compensates for tracking error, misalignment, and shape deviations of the primary concentrator. Yet despite the presence of the homogenizer, shading due to the holder of the receiver significantly affects the flux distribution at the receiver.

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Nos.	Shape of the Primary Concentrator	CSR (%)	Shading	Tracking Error
1	Ideal	0	—	—
2	Ideal	5	—	—
3	Ideal	17	—	—
4	Ideal	17	X	—
5	Ideal	17	X	0.1°
6	Nonideal	17	X	0.1°

	Symbol	Value	Uncertainty	Unit
Pressure	$p$	4.00	$\pm 0.02$	${bar}_{abs}$
Mass flow	$\dot{m}$	0.0167	$\pm 0.2 %$	$kg / s$
Specific heat capacity	$c_{p}$	4185	$\pm 0.1 %$	$J / kg / K$
Inlet temperature	$T_{in}$	13.73	$\pm 0.02$	°C
Outlet temperature	$T_{out}$	24.11	$\pm 0.02$	°C
Mean fluid temperature	$T_{m}$	18.92	$\pm 0.01$	°C
Ambient temperature	$T_{amb}$	18.42	$\pm 0.02$	°C
Direct normal irradiance	DNI	908	$\pm 1.1 %$	$W / m^{2}$
Total aperture area	$A_{total}$	1.08	$\pm 1.0 %$	$m^{2}$
Shading ratio	$A_{eff} / A_{total}$	0.975	$\pm 1.5 %$	1
Reflectance of primary concentrator	$η_{opt}^{1 st}$	0.930	$\pm 0.005$	1
Reflectance of the thermal receiver	$R_{rec}$	0.063	$\pm 0.005$	1

Nos.	Shape of the Primary Concentrator	CSR (%)	Shading	Tracking Error
1	Ideal	0	—	—
2	Ideal	5	—	—
3	Ideal	17	—	—
4	Ideal	17	X	—
5	Ideal	17	X	0.1°
6	Nonideal	17	X	0.1°

	Symbol	Value	Uncertainty	Unit
Pressure	$p$	4.00	$\pm 0.02$	${bar}_{abs}$
Mass flow	$\dot{m}$	0.0167	$\pm 0.2 %$	$kg / s$
Specific heat capacity	$c_{p}$	4185	$\pm 0.1 %$	$J / kg / K$
Inlet temperature	$T_{in}$	13.73	$\pm 0.02$	°C
Outlet temperature	$T_{out}$	24.11	$\pm 0.02$	°C
Mean fluid temperature	$T_{m}$	18.92	$\pm 0.01$	°C
Ambient temperature	$T_{amb}$	18.42	$\pm 0.02$	°C
Direct normal irradiance	DNI	908	$\pm 1.1 %$	$W / m^{2}$
Total aperture area	$A_{total}$	1.08	$\pm 1.0 %$	$m^{2}$
Shading ratio	$A_{eff} / A_{total}$	0.975	$\pm 1.5 %$	1
Reflectance of primary concentrator	$η_{opt}^{1 st}$	0.930	$\pm 0.005$	1
Reflectance of the thermal receiver	$R_{rec}$	0.063	$\pm 0.005$	1

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Applied Optics