We present an instrumentation solution for measurement of normalized spectral responsivity of digital imaging sensors and cameras. The instrument consists of multiple light-emitting diodes (LEDs), a single-grating monochromator, and a small-size integrating sphere. Wavelength tuning is achieved by a proper selection of LED in accordance with the monochromator setting in a range from 380 to 900 nm. High spectral purity with a bandwidth of 5 nm is realized without using double gratings and order-sorting filters. Experimental characteristics and calibration of the instrument are described with the related error and uncertainty sources. The performance is demonstrated by measuring a monochrome charge-coupled device and a trichromatic complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor device. The measurement uncertainty is evaluated to be less than 1% ($k=2$) except several wavelengths with low LED power.

© 2013 Optical Society of America

1. G. C. Holst and T. S. Lomheim, CMOS/CCD Sensors and Camera Systems (SPIE, 2007).
2. “Spectral responsivity measurements of detectors, radiometers, and photometers,” International Commission on Illumination (CIE) Publication No. 202 (2011).
3. H.-C. Lee, Introduction to Color Imaging Science (Cambridge University, 2005).
4. W. A. Hovis and J. S. Knoll, “Characteristics of an internally illuminated calibration sphere,” Appl. Opt. 22, 4004–4007 (1983). [CrossRef]
5. A. Ferrero, J. Campos, and A. Pons, “Low-uncertainty absolute radiometric calibration of a CCD,” Metrologia 43, S17–S21 (2006). [CrossRef]
6. V. E. Anderson, N. P. Fox, and D. H. Nettleton, “Highly stable, monochromatic and tunable optical radiation source and its application to high accuracy spectrophotometry,” Appl. Opt. 31, 536–545 (1992). [CrossRef]
7. S. W. Brown, G. P. Eppeldauer, and K. R. Lykke, “Facility for spectral irradiance and radiance responsivity calibrations using uniform sources,” Appl. Opt. 45, 8218–8237 (2006). [CrossRef]
8. M. Schuster, S. Nevas, A. Sperling, and S. Voelker, “Spectral calibration of radiometric detectors using tunable laser sources,” Appl. Opt. 51, 1950–1961 (2012). [CrossRef]
9. K. Mahmoud, S. Park, S.-N. Park, and D.-H. Lee, “LED-based tunable monochromatic uniform source for calibration of imaging sensors and cameras,” in Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on New Developments and Applications in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD, 2011), pp. 118–119.
10. K. Mahmoud, S. Park, S.-N. Park, and D.-H. Lee, “Measurement of normalized spectral response of digital imaging sensors using a LED-based tunable uniform source,” in Proceedings of the XX IMEKO World Congress (IMEKO, 2012), paper TC7-O-14.
11. I. Fryc, S. W. Brown, G. P. Eppeldauer, and Y. Ohno, “LED-based spectrally tunable source for radiometric, photometric, and colorimetric applications,” Opt. Eng. 44, 111309 (2005). [CrossRef]
12. G. Zaid, S.-N. Park, S. Park, and D.-H. Lee, “Differential spectra responsivity measurement of photovoltaic detectors with a LED-based integrating sphere source,” Appl. Opt. 49, 6772–6783 (2010). [CrossRef]
13. B. H. Hamadani, J. Roller, B. Dougherty, and H. W. Yoon, “Versatile light-emitting-diode-based spectral response measurement system for photovoltaic device characterization,” Appl. Opt. 51, 4469–4476 (2012). [CrossRef]
14. S. Park, Y.-W. Kim, D.-H. Lee, and S.-N. Park, “Preparation of a standard light-emitting diode (LED) for photometric measurements by functional seasoning,” Metrologia 43, 299–305 (2006). [CrossRef]
15. Evaluation of measurement data—guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (JCGM, 2008).
16. R. Goebel and M. Stock, “Report on the comparison CCPR-K2.b of spectral responsivity measurements in the range 300 nm to 1000 nm,” Metrologia 41, 02004 (2004). [CrossRef]
17. S. Park, D.-H. Lee, Y.-W. Kim, and S.-N. Park, “Uncertainty evaluation for the spectroradiometric measurement of the averaged light-emitting diode intensity,” Appl. Opt. 46, 2851–2858 (2007). [CrossRef]

Appl. Opt.

• W. A. Hovis and J. S. Knoll, “Characteristics of an internally illuminated calibration sphere,” Appl. Opt. 22, 4004–4007 (1983). [CrossRef]
• V. E. Anderson, N. P. Fox, and D. H. Nettleton, “Highly stable, monochromatic and tunable optical radiation source and its application to high accuracy spectrophotometry,” Appl. Opt. 31, 536–545 (1992). [CrossRef]
• S. W. Brown, G. P. Eppeldauer, and K. R. Lykke, “Facility for spectral irradiance and radiance responsivity calibrations using uniform sources,” Appl. Opt. 45, 8218–8237 (2006). [CrossRef]
• M. Schuster, S. Nevas, A. Sperling, and S. Voelker, “Spectral calibration of radiometric detectors using tunable laser sources,” Appl. Opt. 51, 1950–1961 (2012). [CrossRef]
• G. Zaid, S.-N. Park, S. Park, and D.-H. Lee, “Differential spectra responsivity measurement of photovoltaic detectors with a LED-based integrating sphere source,” Appl. Opt. 49, 6772–6783 (2010). [CrossRef]
• B. H. Hamadani, J. Roller, B. Dougherty, and H. W. Yoon, “Versatile light-emitting-diode-based spectral response measurement system for photovoltaic device characterization,” Appl. Opt. 51, 4469–4476 (2012). [CrossRef]
• S. Park, D.-H. Lee, Y.-W. Kim, and S.-N. Park, “Uncertainty evaluation for the spectroradiometric measurement of the averaged light-emitting diode intensity,” Appl. Opt. 46, 2851–2858 (2007). [CrossRef]

Metrologia

• R. Goebel and M. Stock, “Report on the comparison CCPR-K2.b of spectral responsivity measurements in the range 300 nm to 1000 nm,” Metrologia 41, 02004 (2004). [CrossRef]
• S. Park, Y.-W. Kim, D.-H. Lee, and S.-N. Park, “Preparation of a standard light-emitting diode (LED) for photometric measurements by functional seasoning,” Metrologia 43, 299–305 (2006). [CrossRef]
• A. Ferrero, J. Campos, and A. Pons, “Low-uncertainty absolute radiometric calibration of a CCD,” Metrologia 43, S17–S21 (2006). [CrossRef]

Opt. Eng.

• I. Fryc, S. W. Brown, G. P. Eppeldauer, and Y. Ohno, “LED-based spectrally tunable source for radiometric, photometric, and colorimetric applications,” Opt. Eng. 44, 111309 (2005). [CrossRef]

Other

• Evaluation of measurement data—guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (JCGM, 2008).
• G. C. Holst and T. S. Lomheim, CMOS/CCD Sensors and Camera Systems (SPIE, 2007).
• “Spectral responsivity measurements of detectors, radiometers, and photometers,” International Commission on Illumination (CIE) Publication No. 202 (2011).
• H.-C. Lee, Introduction to Color Imaging Science (Cambridge University, 2005).
• K. Mahmoud, S. Park, S.-N. Park, and D.-H. Lee, “LED-based tunable monochromatic uniform source for calibration of imaging sensors and cameras,” in Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on New Developments and Applications in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD, 2011), pp. 118–119.
• K. Mahmoud, S. Park, S.-N. Park, and D.-H. Lee, “Measurement of normalized spectral response of digital imaging sensors using a LED-based tunable uniform source,” in Proceedings of the XX IMEKO World Congress (IMEKO, 2012), paper TC7-O-14.

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