Feasibility of nanofluid-based optical filters

Robert A. Taylor; Todd P. Otanicar; Yasitha Herukerrupu; Fabienne Bremond; Gary Rosengarten; Evatt R. Hawkes; Xuchuan Jiang; Sylvain Coulombe

doi:10.1364/AO.52.001413

Applied Optics
Vol. 52,
Issue 7,
pp. 1413-1422
(2013)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.52.001413

Feasibility of nanofluid-based optical filters

Robert A. Taylor, Todd P. Otanicar, Yasitha Herukerrupu, Fabienne Bremond, Gary Rosengarten, Evatt R. Hawkes, Xuchuan Jiang, and Sylvain Coulombe

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Robert A. Taylor, Todd P. Otanicar, Yasitha Herukerrupu, Fabienne Bremond, Gary Rosengarten, Evatt R. Hawkes, Xuchuan Jiang, and Sylvain Coulombe, "Feasibility of nanofluid-based optical filters," Appl. Opt. 52, 1413-1422 (2013)

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Abstract

In this article we report recent modeling and design work indicating that mixtures of nanoparticles in liquids can be used as an alternative to conventional optical filters. The major motivation for creating liquid optical filters is that they can be pumped in and out of a system to meet transient needs in an application. To demonstrate the versatility of this new class of filters, we present the design of nanofluids for use as long-pass, short-pass, and bandpass optical filters using a simple Monte Carlo optimization procedure. With relatively simple mixtures, we achieve filters with $< 15 %$ mean-squared deviation in transmittance from conventional filters. We also discuss the current commercial feasibility of nanofluid-based optical filters by including an estimation of today’s off-the-shelf cost of the materials. While the limited availability of quality commercial nanoparticles makes it hard to compete with conventional filters, new synthesis methods and economies of scale could enable nanofluid-based optical filters in the near future. As such, this study lays the groundwork for creating a new class of selective optical filters for a wide range of applications, namely communications, electronics, optical sensors, lighting, photography, medicine, and many more.

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Article Title	Authors (Year)	Synthesis Method	Approximate Size (nm)a
Preparation and characterization of gold nanoshells coated with self-assembled monolayers	Pham et al. (2002) [28]	Multistep wet chemistryb	S, 30 nm AuC, 100 nm ${SiO}_{2}$
Synthesis of contiguous silica-gold core-shell structures: critical parameters and processes	Phonthammachai et al. (2007) [29]	Multistep wet chemistryb	S, 12–15 nm AuC, 100 nm ${SiO}_{2}$
Nanoshells made easy: improving Au layer growth on nanoparticle surfaces	Brinson et al. (2008) [30]	Multistep wet chemistryb	S, 10–50 nm AuC, 70–380 nm ${SiO}_{2}$ (includes nanorice)
Scalable routes to gold nanoshells with tunable sizes and response to near-infrared pulsed-laser irradiation	Prevo et al. (2008) [31]	Multistep chemistry, galvanic replacement of Ag	S, 7 nm AuC, 20–70 nm hollow (base fluid)
Microwave absorption properties of the core/shell-type iron and nickel nanoparticles	Lu et al. (2008) [32]	DC arc $discharge + passivation$ in $O_{2}$	S, 5 nm Fe Oxide/Ni OxideC, 100 nm Fe/Ni
In situ catalytic encapsulation of core-shell nanoparticles having variable shell thickness: dielectric and energy storage properties of high-permittivity metal oxide nanocomposites	Li et al. (2010) [33]	Layer by layer coating, chemisorptive activation	S, variable thickness ${Al}_{2} O_{3} C$ , 70, 140 nm ${ZrO}_{2}$ , ${BaTiO}_{3}$
Synthesis and plasmonic properties of silver and gold nanoshells on polystyrene cores of different size and of gold-silver core-shell nanostructures	Yong et al. (2006) [34]	Multistep wet chemistryb (polystyrene beads purchased)	S, 30–50 nm Au/AgC, 188, 296, 543 nm polystyrene
Silver nanoshells: variations in morphologies and optical properties	Jackson and Halas (2001) [35]	Wet chemistry, silver particles grown directly or intermediary gold	S, 15–25 AgC, 120 nm ${SiO}_{2}$

Solid Filters	Approximate Solid Filter Cost ( $U . S . D o l l a r s / m^{2}$ )b	Particle 1 ( $f_{v_1}$ )c	Particle 2 ( $f_{v_2}$ )c	Base Fluid Thickness	Nanofluid Filter $ζ$ (%)	Approximate Nanofilter Cost: Current OTS {10X Raw Material} ( $U . S . D o l l a r s / m^{2}$ )
GC435 [41]	16,632	S, 8 nm AuC, 30 nm ${SiO}_{2} (9.5 \times 10^{- 5})$	None	Therminol VP-1 (0.04 mm)	94.0	1310 {11}
OG570 [41]	16,632	S, 8 nm AlC, 30 nm ${SiO}_{2} (9.5 \times 10^{- 5})$	Pure 30 nm $Au (9.6 \times 10^{- 5})$	Therminol VP-1 (0.06 mm)	91.0	465 {34}
RG1000 [41]	18,480	S, 8 nm AgC, 30 nm ${SiO}_{2} (6.0 \times 10^{- 4})$	8 nm Al 30 nm ${SiO}_{2} (5.1 \times 10^{- 4})$	Therminol VP-1 (0.05 mm)	91.8	7530 {1.00}
S8021 [41]	16,632	S, 10 nm AuC, 40 nm ${SiO}_{2} (2.2 \times 10^{- 9})$	2 nm Ag 30 nm ${SiO}_{2} (4.6 \times 10^{- 5})$	Therminol VP-1 (8.1 mm)	85.0	94,150 {14.40}
KG1 [41]	14,784	S, 2 nm AgC, 30 nm ${SiO}_{2} (3.15 \times 10^{- 5})$	S, 8 nm AgC, 40 nm ${SiO}_{2} (2 \times 10^{- 13})$	$H_{2} O$ (1.4 mm)	97.8	2560 {0.31}

Article Title	Authors (Year)	Synthesis Method	Approximate Size (nm)a
Preparation and characterization of gold nanoshells coated with self-assembled monolayers	Pham et al. (2002) [28]	Multistep wet chemistryb	S, 30 nm AuC, 100 nm ${SiO}_{2}$
Synthesis of contiguous silica-gold core-shell structures: critical parameters and processes	Phonthammachai et al. (2007) [29]	Multistep wet chemistryb	S, 12–15 nm AuC, 100 nm ${SiO}_{2}$
Nanoshells made easy: improving Au layer growth on nanoparticle surfaces	Brinson et al. (2008) [30]	Multistep wet chemistryb	S, 10–50 nm AuC, 70–380 nm ${SiO}_{2}$ (includes nanorice)
Scalable routes to gold nanoshells with tunable sizes and response to near-infrared pulsed-laser irradiation	Prevo et al. (2008) [31]	Multistep chemistry, galvanic replacement of Ag	S, 7 nm AuC, 20–70 nm hollow (base fluid)
Microwave absorption properties of the core/shell-type iron and nickel nanoparticles	Lu et al. (2008) [32]	DC arc $discharge + passivation$ in $O_{2}$	S, 5 nm Fe Oxide/Ni OxideC, 100 nm Fe/Ni
In situ catalytic encapsulation of core-shell nanoparticles having variable shell thickness: dielectric and energy storage properties of high-permittivity metal oxide nanocomposites	Li et al. (2010) [33]	Layer by layer coating, chemisorptive activation	S, variable thickness ${Al}_{2} O_{3} C$ , 70, 140 nm ${ZrO}_{2}$ , ${BaTiO}_{3}$
Synthesis and plasmonic properties of silver and gold nanoshells on polystyrene cores of different size and of gold-silver core-shell nanostructures	Yong et al. (2006) [34]	Multistep wet chemistryb (polystyrene beads purchased)	S, 30–50 nm Au/AgC, 188, 296, 543 nm polystyrene
Silver nanoshells: variations in morphologies and optical properties	Jackson and Halas (2001) [35]	Wet chemistry, silver particles grown directly or intermediary gold	S, 15–25 AgC, 120 nm ${SiO}_{2}$

Solid Filters	Approximate Solid Filter Cost ( $U . S . D o l l a r s / m^{2}$ )b	Particle 1 ( $f_{v_1}$ )c	Particle 2 ( $f_{v_2}$ )c	Base Fluid Thickness	Nanofluid Filter $ζ$ (%)	Approximate Nanofilter Cost: Current OTS {10X Raw Material} ( $U . S . D o l l a r s / m^{2}$ )
GC435 [41]	16,632	S, 8 nm AuC, 30 nm ${SiO}_{2} (9.5 \times 10^{- 5})$	None	Therminol VP-1 (0.04 mm)	94.0	1310 {11}
OG570 [41]	16,632	S, 8 nm AlC, 30 nm ${SiO}_{2} (9.5 \times 10^{- 5})$	Pure 30 nm $Au (9.6 \times 10^{- 5})$	Therminol VP-1 (0.06 mm)	91.0	465 {34}
RG1000 [41]	18,480	S, 8 nm AgC, 30 nm ${SiO}_{2} (6.0 \times 10^{- 4})$	8 nm Al 30 nm ${SiO}_{2} (5.1 \times 10^{- 4})$	Therminol VP-1 (0.05 mm)	91.8	7530 {1.00}
S8021 [41]	16,632	S, 10 nm AuC, 40 nm ${SiO}_{2} (2.2 \times 10^{- 9})$	2 nm Ag 30 nm ${SiO}_{2} (4.6 \times 10^{- 5})$	Therminol VP-1 (8.1 mm)	85.0	94,150 {14.40}
KG1 [41]	14,784	S, 2 nm AgC, 30 nm ${SiO}_{2} (3.15 \times 10^{- 5})$	S, 8 nm AgC, 40 nm ${SiO}_{2} (2 \times 10^{- 13})$	$H_{2} O$ (1.4 mm)	97.8	2560 {0.31}

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Applied Optics