Quantitative Calibration of X-ray Film Response in the 5-keV to 1.3-MeV Region

C. M. Dozier; J. V. Gilfrich; L. S. Birks

doi:10.1364/AO.6.002136

Applied Optics
Vol. 6,
Issue 12,
pp. 2136-2139
(1967)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.6.002136

Quantitative Calibration of X-ray Film Response in the 5-keV to 1.3-MeV Region

C. M. Dozier, J. V. Gilfrich, and L. S. Birks

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C. M. Dozier, J. V. Gilfrich, and L. S. Birks, "Quantitative Calibration of X-ray Film Response in the 5-keV to 1.3-MeV Region," Appl. Opt. 6, 2136-2139 (1967)

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Abstract

Response vs energy was measured for Kodak No-Screen and Rapid-Process films. Monochromatic incident radiation was obtained by fluorescent excitation of the characteristic x-ray lines in an element such as copper followed by crystal diffraction to pass only the Kα component. Fluorescing elements from atomic number 23(V) to 60(Nd) covered the energy range 4.95–37.0 keV. A single point at 1.25 MeV was obtained for gamma radiation from ⁶⁰Co. A proportional detector measured the incident flux density (photons cm⁻² sec⁻¹). The No-Screen film is more sensitive than Rapid-Process film and has greater contrast. At 8 keV, to obtain a photographic density of unity requires 3.76 × 10⁷ photons/cm² for No-Screen film and 4.19 × 10⁷ photons/cm² for Rapid-Process film; at 20 keV, No-Screen film requires 7.47 × 10⁷ photons/cm² and Rapid-Process film requires 12.87 × 10⁷ photons/cm².

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Energy	Radiation	Fluorescer
4.93 keV	VKα	metal
5.88	MnKα	metal
6.38	FeKα	metal
6.91	CoKα	metal
7.46	NiKα	metal
9.85	GeKα	single crystal
10.50	AsKα	powder
12.19	BrKα	KBr crystal
15.7	ZrKα	metal
17.4	MoKα	metal
22.0	AgKα	metal
25.1	SnKα	metal
27.3	TeKα	metal
31.9	BaKα	BaCO₃
37.0	NdKα	Nd₂CO₃

1.25 MeV	⁶⁰Co	isotope source

Density Units	Energy (keV)

	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
0.1	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.5
0.2	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.9	1.1	1.2	1.4	0.9
0.3	0.7	0.8	0.9	1.0	1.2	1.4	1.5	1.8	2.1	1.3
0.4	0.9	1.1	1.2	1.4	1.6	1.8	2.1	2.4	2.8	1.8
0.5	1.1	1.3	1.5	1.8	2.0	2.3	2.6	3.0	3.6	2.3
0.6	1.4	1.6	1.9	2.2	2.5	2.8	3.2	3.7	4.3	2.7
0.7	1.6	1.9	2.2	2.5	2.9	3.3	3.7	4.3	5.1	3.2
0.8	1.9	2.2	2.5	2.9	3.4	3.8	4.3	5.0	5.9	3.7
0.9	2.2	2.5	2.9	3.4	3.8	4.4	5.0	5.7	6.8	4.3
1.0	2.4	2.8	3.2	3.8	4.3	4.9	5.5	6.4	7.6	4.8
1.1	2.7	3.1	3.6	4.2	4.7	5.4	6.1	7.0	8.4	5.3
1.2	3.0	3.4	3.9	4.6	5.2	5.9	6.7	7.7	9.1	5.8
1.3	3.2	3.7	4.3	5.0	5.7	6.5	7.3	8.4	10.0	6.3
1.4	3.5	4.1	4.7	5.4	6.2	7.1	8.0	9.2	10.9	6.9
1.5	3.8	4.4	5.1	5.9	6.7	7.7	8.7	10.0	11.9	7.5
1.6	4.2	4.8	5.5	6.4	7.3	8.3	9.5	10.9	12.8	8.1
1.7	4.5	5.2	6.0	6.9	7.9	9.0	10.2	11.8	13.9	8.8
1.8	4.8	5.6	6.4	7.4	8.5	9.6	10.9	12.6	14.9	9.4
1.9	5.1	6.0	6.9	8.0	9.1	10.3	11.7	13.5	16.0	10.1
2.0	5.5	6.4	7.3	8.5	9.7	11.0	12.5	14.4	17.1	10.8
2.1	5.8	6.8	7.8	9.0	10.3	11.7	13.3	15.3	18.1	11.4
2.2	6.2	7.2	8.3	9.6	11.0	12.5	14.1	16.3	19.3	12.2
2.3	6.6	7.6	8.8	10.2	11.6	13.2	14.9	17.2	20.4	12.9
2.4	7.0	8.1	9.3	10.8	12.3	14.0	15.8	18.2	21.6	13.7
2.5	7.3	8.5	9.8	11.4	12.9	14.7	16.7	19.2	22.8	14.4
2.6	7.7	9.0	10.3	11.9	13.6	15.5	17.5	20.2	23.9	15.1
2.7	8.1	9.4	10.8	12.5	14.3	16.3	18.4	21.2	25.2	15.9
2.8	8.5	9.9	11.4	13.2	15.0	17.1	19.4	22.3	26.4	16.7
2.9	9.0	10.5	12.1	14.0	15.9	18.1	20.6	23.7	28.1	17.7
3.0	9.6	11.1	12.8	14.8	16.9	19.2	21.7	25.0	29.7	18.7
3.1	10.1	11.7	13.5	15.6	17.8	20.2	23.0	26.4	31.3	19.8
3.2	10.6	12.4	14.2	16.4	18.7	21.3	24.2	27.8	33.0	20.8
3.3	11.3	13.1	15.0	17.4	19.9	22.6	25.6	29.5	35.0	22.1
3.4	12.0	13.9	16.0	18.5	21.1	24.0	27.2	31.3	37.1	23.5
3.5	12.9	15.0	17.2	19.9	22.7	25.8	29.3	33.7	39.9	25.2
3.6	14.1	16.3	18.7	21.7	24.8	38.2	32.0	36.8	43.6	27.5
3.7	15.5	18.1	20.7	24.0	27.4	31.2	35.3	40.7	48.2	30.5
3.8	17.4	20.2	23.2	26.9	30.7	34.9	39.6	45.6	54.0	34.1
3.9	20.2	23.5	26.9	31.2	35.6	40.5	45.9	52.8	62.6	39.6
4.0	24.9	29.0	33.2	38.6	44.0	50.0	56.7	65.3	77.4	48.9

Energy	Radiation	Fluorescer
4.93 keV	VKα	metal
5.88	MnKα	metal
6.38	FeKα	metal
6.91	CoKα	metal
7.46	NiKα	metal
9.85	GeKα	single crystal
10.50	AsKα	powder
12.19	BrKα	KBr crystal
15.7	ZrKα	metal
17.4	MoKα	metal
22.0	AgKα	metal
25.1	SnKα	metal
27.3	TeKα	metal
31.9	BaKα	BaCO₃
37.0	NdKα	Nd₂CO₃

1.25 MeV	⁶⁰Co	isotope source

Density Units	Energy (keV)

	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
0.1	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.5
0.2	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.9	1.1	1.2	1.4	0.9
0.3	0.7	0.8	0.9	1.0	1.2	1.4	1.5	1.8	2.1	1.3
0.4	0.9	1.1	1.2	1.4	1.6	1.8	2.1	2.4	2.8	1.8
0.5	1.1	1.3	1.5	1.8	2.0	2.3	2.6	3.0	3.6	2.3
0.6	1.4	1.6	1.9	2.2	2.5	2.8	3.2	3.7	4.3	2.7
0.7	1.6	1.9	2.2	2.5	2.9	3.3	3.7	4.3	5.1	3.2
0.8	1.9	2.2	2.5	2.9	3.4	3.8	4.3	5.0	5.9	3.7
0.9	2.2	2.5	2.9	3.4	3.8	4.4	5.0	5.7	6.8	4.3
1.0	2.4	2.8	3.2	3.8	4.3	4.9	5.5	6.4	7.6	4.8
1.1	2.7	3.1	3.6	4.2	4.7	5.4	6.1	7.0	8.4	5.3
1.2	3.0	3.4	3.9	4.6	5.2	5.9	6.7	7.7	9.1	5.8
1.3	3.2	3.7	4.3	5.0	5.7	6.5	7.3	8.4	10.0	6.3
1.4	3.5	4.1	4.7	5.4	6.2	7.1	8.0	9.2	10.9	6.9
1.5	3.8	4.4	5.1	5.9	6.7	7.7	8.7	10.0	11.9	7.5
1.6	4.2	4.8	5.5	6.4	7.3	8.3	9.5	10.9	12.8	8.1
1.7	4.5	5.2	6.0	6.9	7.9	9.0	10.2	11.8	13.9	8.8
1.8	4.8	5.6	6.4	7.4	8.5	9.6	10.9	12.6	14.9	9.4
1.9	5.1	6.0	6.9	8.0	9.1	10.3	11.7	13.5	16.0	10.1
2.0	5.5	6.4	7.3	8.5	9.7	11.0	12.5	14.4	17.1	10.8
2.1	5.8	6.8	7.8	9.0	10.3	11.7	13.3	15.3	18.1	11.4
2.2	6.2	7.2	8.3	9.6	11.0	12.5	14.1	16.3	19.3	12.2
2.3	6.6	7.6	8.8	10.2	11.6	13.2	14.9	17.2	20.4	12.9
2.4	7.0	8.1	9.3	10.8	12.3	14.0	15.8	18.2	21.6	13.7
2.5	7.3	8.5	9.8	11.4	12.9	14.7	16.7	19.2	22.8	14.4
2.6	7.7	9.0	10.3	11.9	13.6	15.5	17.5	20.2	23.9	15.1
2.7	8.1	9.4	10.8	12.5	14.3	16.3	18.4	21.2	25.2	15.9
2.8	8.5	9.9	11.4	13.2	15.0	17.1	19.4	22.3	26.4	16.7
2.9	9.0	10.5	12.1	14.0	15.9	18.1	20.6	23.7	28.1	17.7
3.0	9.6	11.1	12.8	14.8	16.9	19.2	21.7	25.0	29.7	18.7
3.1	10.1	11.7	13.5	15.6	17.8	20.2	23.0	26.4	31.3	19.8
3.2	10.6	12.4	14.2	16.4	18.7	21.3	24.2	27.8	33.0	20.8
3.3	11.3	13.1	15.0	17.4	19.9	22.6	25.6	29.5	35.0	22.1
3.4	12.0	13.9	16.0	18.5	21.1	24.0	27.2	31.3	37.1	23.5
3.5	12.9	15.0	17.2	19.9	22.7	25.8	29.3	33.7	39.9	25.2
3.6	14.1	16.3	18.7	21.7	24.8	38.2	32.0	36.8	43.6	27.5
3.7	15.5	18.1	20.7	24.0	27.4	31.2	35.3	40.7	48.2	30.5
3.8	17.4	20.2	23.2	26.9	30.7	34.9	39.6	45.6	54.0	34.1
3.9	20.2	23.5	26.9	31.2	35.6	40.5	45.9	52.8	62.6	39.6
4.0	24.9	29.0	33.2	38.6	44.0	50.0	56.7	65.3	77.4	48.9

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Applied Optics