Effects of prestrain applied to poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate on microstructures and morphologies of porous TiO<sub>2</sub> film and optical scattering behaviors of light

Tse-Chang Li; Cheng-Fang Ho; Jen-Fin Lin

doi:10.1364/AO.54.000816

Applied Optics
Vol. 54,
Issue 4,
pp. 816-827
(2015)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.54.000816

Effects of prestrain applied to poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate on microstructures and morphologies of porous TiO₂ film and optical scattering behaviors of light

Tse-Chang Li, Cheng-Fang Ho, and Jen-Fin Lin

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Tse-Chang Li, Cheng-Fang Ho, and Jen-Fin Lin, "Effects of prestrain applied to poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate on microstructures and morphologies of porous TiO₂ film and optical scattering behaviors of light," Appl. Opt. 54, 816-827 (2015)

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- Scattering
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: October 9, 2014
- Revised Manuscript: December 10, 2014
- Manuscript Accepted: December 15, 2014
- Published: January 27, 2015

Abstract

A mold was designed to simulate a thin ceramic film coating on a soft, flexible substrate using a rotating deposition system. With this mold, three prestrains (2%, 4%, and 6%) were applied to a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate before the deposition of a thin ${TiO}_{2}$ film. The contact angle of the substrate and, thus, the mean ${TiO}_{2}$ particle size were affected by the prestrain. The effects of the mean particle size of ${TiO}_{2}$ on the surface roughness and cavity area ratio of the porous film and on the scattering behavior of light were investigated. A goniophotometer and Advanced System Analysis Program were employed for the light analyses of bidirectional scatter distribution functions and their calibration. A spectrometer with an integrating sphere was applied to determine the total scatters (TSs) of transmittance and reflection. An increase in the prestrain increased the mean particle size of ${TiO}_{2}$ deposited on the substrate and, thus, the mean surface roughness, cavity/void depth, and cavity area ratio. $PET / {TiO}_{2}$ specimens with various prestrains were prepared that satisfy the Harvey-like model but without the isotropic, diffusive property in scatter. The bidirectional transmittance distribution function area and ${(TS)}_{transmittance}$ results are governed by the mean particle size and, thus, the cavity/void geometries and surface roughness. These values decrease with increasing PET prestrain. The bidirectional reflection distribution function area and ${(TS)}_{reflection}$ , however, are governed by the adsorbed carbon and its absorption thickness. These values increase with increasing $C_{1 s}$ peak value in x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra.

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Thickness (μm)	188
Density $(g / {cm}^{3})$	1.33
Tensile strength at yield (MPa)	57–59
Elongation at yield (%)	4
Modulus of elasticity (GPa)	2.2
Tear strength (kN/m)	54–59
Specific heat capacity ( $J / kg \cdot ° C$ )	1100
Haze (%)	0.8
Ratio of transmission (%, visible)	89

Deposition Parameter	Value
Power (W)	100
Chamber pressure (Pa)	2.67
Ar flow rate (sccm)	20
Presputtering time (s)	180
Sputtering time (s)	9000
Source to substrate distance (cm)	5
Temperature of deposition (°C)	60

Optical Property	Specimen	Average TS (%)	ASAP Fitting (%)
Transmittance	$PET - 2 % / {TiO}_{2}$	$67.00 \pm 0.726$	68.98
	$PET - 4 % / {TiO}_{2}$	$65.93 \pm 0.895$	65.90
	$PET - 6 % / {TiO}_{2}$	$65.59 \pm 0.685$	65.59
Reflectance	$PET - 2 % / {TiO}_{2}$	$0.17 \pm 0.028$	0.17
	$PET - 4 % / {TiO}_{2}$	$0.16 \pm 0.042$	0.16
	$PET - 6 % / {TiO}_{2}$	$0.19 \pm 0.028$	0.19

Specimen	$C_{1 s}$ (%)	Mean Value and the Standard Deviation of $C_{1 s}$ Peak	$O_{1 s}$ (%)	Mean Value and the Standard Deviation of $O_{1 s}$ Peak	${Ti}_{2 p 3}$ (%)	Mean Value and the Standard Deviation of ${Ti}_{2 p 3}$ Peak
$PET - 2 % / {TiO}_{2}$ (1)	36.2	$33.48 \pm 1.705$	41.2	$42.08 \pm 0.746$	22.6	$24.45 \pm 1.193$
$PET - 2 % / {TiO}_{2}$ (2)	31.5		43.0		25.5
$PET - 2 % / {TiO}_{2}$ (3)	33.2		42.6		24.2
$PET - 2 % / {TiO}_{2}$ (4)	33.0		41.5		25.5
$PET - 4 % / {TiO}_{2}$ (1)	30.2	$30.73 \pm 1.608$	43.1	$43.88 \pm 1.474$	26.8	$25.43 \pm 0.826$
$PET - 4 % / {TiO}_{2}$ (2)	31.6		43.3		25.1
$PET - 4 % / {TiO}_{2}$ (3)	32.7		42.7		24.6
$PET - 4 % / {TiO}_{2}$ (4)	28.4		46.4		25.2
$PET - 6 % / {TiO}_{2}$ (1)	35.5	$35.70 \pm 0.600$	41.9	$40.60 \pm 0.765$	22.6	$23.70 \pm 0.791$
$PET - 6 % / {TiO}_{2}$ (2)	36.7		40.0		23.3
$PET - 6 % / {TiO}_{2}$ (3)	35.1		40.4		24.5
$PET - 6 % / {TiO}_{2}$ (4)	35.5		40.1		24.4

		As-Received PET		$PET - 2 % / {TiO}_{2}$		$PET - 4 % / {TiO}_{2}$		$PET - 6 % / {TiO}_{2}$
Incident Angle (°)	Angle (°)	BTDF at Peak ( ${sr}^{- 1}$ )	BRDF at Peak ( ${sr}^{- 1}$ )	BTDF at Peak ( ${sr}^{- 1}$ )	BRDF at Peak ( ${sr}^{- 1}$ )	BTDF at Peak ( ${sr}^{- 1}$ )	BRDF at Peak ( ${sr}^{- 1}$ )	BTDF at Peak ( ${sr}^{- 1}$ )	BRDF at Peak ( ${sr}^{- 1}$ )
2	2.097	$66.66 \pm 11.369$	$1.02 \pm 0.131$	$51.60 \pm 9.528$	$0.17 \pm 0.020$	$55.37 \pm 12.009$	$0.07 \pm 0.007$	$35.03 \pm 4.555$	$0.36 \pm 0.075$
15	14.975	$66.73 \pm 10.210$	$1.02 \pm 0.117$	$51.70 \pm 8.703$	$0.17 \pm 0.018$	$55.55 \pm 11.041$	$0.07 \pm 0.006$	$35.06 \pm 4.013$	$0.36 \pm 0.069$
30	29.950	$67.37 \pm 9.031$	$1.03 \pm 0.104$	$52.44 \pm 8.016$	$0.17 \pm 0.016$	$56.72 \pm 10.381$	$0.07 \pm 0.005$	$35.28 \pm 3.480$	$0.36 \pm 0.065$
45	44.925	$66.73 \pm 6.677$	$1.02 \pm 0.077$	$51.68 \pm 6.241$	$0.17 \pm 0.011$	$55.51 \pm 8.238$	$0.07 \pm 0.004$	$35.06 \pm 2.505$	$0.36 \pm 0.051$

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Applied Optics