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Highly sensitive imaging of renal microcirculation in vivo using ultrahigh sensitive optical microangiographyZhongwei Zhi, Yeongri Jung, Yali Jia, Lin An, and Ruikang K. Wang »View Author Affiliations
Zhongwei Zhi,
Yeongri Jung,
Yali Jia,
Lin An,
and Ruikang K. Wang*
Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA *Corresponding author: wangrk@uw.edu |
Biomedical Optics Express, Vol. 2, Issue 5, pp. 1059-1068 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/BOE.2.001059
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Abstract
Studying renal microcirculation and its dynamics is of great importance for understanding the renal function and further aiding the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of renal pathologies. In this paper, we present a potentially useful method to provide high-sensitive volumetric imaging of renal microcirculations using ultrahigh-sensitive optical microangiography (UHS-OMAG). The UHS-OMAG image system used here is based on spectral domain optical coherence tomography, which uses a broadband light source centered at 1300 nm with an imaging speed of 150 frames per second that requires ~6.7 sec to complete one 3D scan of ~2.5 × 2.5 mm2 area. The technique is sensitive enough to image capillary networks, such as peritubular capillaries within renal cortex. We show the ability of UHS-OMAG to provide depth-resolved volumetric images of capillary level renal microcirculation. We also show that UHS-OMAG is capable of monitoring the changes of renal microcirculation in response to renal ischemia and reperfusion. Finally, we attempt to show the capability of OMAG to provide quantitative analysis about velocity changes in a single capillary vessel (down to tens of microns per second) in response to the ischemic event.
© 2011 OSA
OCIS Codes
(170.3880) Medical optics and biotechnology : Medical and biological imaging
(170.4500) Medical optics and biotechnology : Optical coherence tomography
ToC Category:
Cardiovascular Applications
History
Original Manuscript: March 7, 2011
Revised Manuscript: March 30, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: March 31, 2011
Published: April 1, 2011
Virtual Issues
In vivo Microcirculation Imaging
(2011) Biomedical Optics Express
Citation
Zhongwei Zhi, Yeongri Jung, Yali Jia, Lin An, and Ruikang K. Wang, "Highly sensitive imaging of renal microcirculation in vivo using ultrahigh sensitive optical microangiography," Biomed. Opt. Express 2, 1059-1068 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/boe/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-2-5-1059
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References
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- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- P. M. Andrews, Y. Chen, M. L. Onozato, S. W. Huang, D. C. Adler, R. A. Huber, J. Jiang, S. E. Barry, A. E. Cable, and J. G. Fujimoto, “High-resolution optical coherence tomography imaging of the living kidney,” Lab. Invest. 88(4), 441–449 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- L. A. Fortepiani, M. C. Ruiz, F. Passardi, M. D. Bentley, J. Garcia-Estan, E. L. Ritman, and J. C. Romero, “Effect of losartan on renal microvasculature during chronic inhibition of nitric oxide visualized by micro-CT,” Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 285(5), F852–F860 (2003). [PubMed]
- M. Kuliszewski, D. Rudenko, K. Connelly, D. Yuen, J. Trogadis, A. Advani, R. Gilbert, and H. Leong-Poi, “Abstract 5266: a novel technique for assessing the renal microvasculature in chronic kidney disease,” Circulation 120, S1077 (2009).
- T. Yamamoto, T. Tada, S. V. Brodsky, H. Tanaka, E. Noiri, F. Kajiya, and M. S. Goligorsky, “Intravital videomicroscopy of peritubular capillaries in renal ischemia,” Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 282(6), F1150–F1155 (2002). [PubMed]
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Nissel, D. C. Fischer, A. Puhlmann, B. Holdt-Lehmann, A. Mitzner, M. Petzsch, T. Körber, M. Tieß, R. Schmidt, and D. Haffner, “Short-term growth hormone treatment and microcirculation: effects in patients with chronic kidney disease,” Microvasc. Res. 78(2), 246–252 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. J. Hillman, S. M. Lee, P. Tracey, W. Swindell, and D. M. Long, “CT determination of renal and hepatic microvascular volumes in experimental acute renal failure,” Invest. Radiol. 17(1), 41–45 (1982). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. D. Bentley, L. O. Lerman, E. A. Hoffman, M. J. Fiksen-Olsen, E. L. Ritman, and J. C. Romero, “Measurement of renal perfusion and blood flow with fast computed tomography,” Circ. Res. 74(5), 945–951 (1994). [PubMed]
- R. Nissel, D. C. Fischer, A. Puhlmann, B. Holdt-Lehmann, A. Mitzner, M. Petzsch, T. Körber, M. Tieß, R. Schmidt, and D. Haffner, “Short-term growth hormone treatment and microcirculation: effects in patients with chronic kidney disease,” Microvasc. Res. 78(2), 246–252 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. M. Andrews, Y. Chen, M. L. Onozato, S. W. Huang, D. C. Adler, R. A. Huber, J. Jiang, S. E. Barry, A. E. Cable, and J. G. Fujimoto, “High-resolution optical coherence tomography imaging of the living kidney,” Lab. Invest. 88(4), 441–449 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. M. Andrews, Y. Chen, M. L. Onozato, S. W. Huang, D. C. Adler, R. A. Huber, J. Jiang, S. E. Barry, A. E. Cable, and J. G. Fujimoto, “High-resolution optical coherence tomography imaging of the living kidney,” Lab. Invest. 88(4), 441–449 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. K. Wang, S. L. Jacques, Z. Ma, S. Hurst, S. R. Hanson, and A. Gruber, “Three dimensional optical angiography,” Opt. Express 15(7), 4083–4097 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. K. Wang and S. Hurst, “Mapping of cerebro-vascular blood perfusion in mice with skin and skull intact by Optical Micro-AngioGraphy at 1.3 mum wavelength,” Opt. Express 15(18), 11402–11412 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Iliescu, S. R. Fernandez, S. Kelsen, C. Maric, and A. R. Chade, “Role of renal microcirculation in experimental renovascular disease,” Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 25(4), 1079–1087 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Jia, L. An, and R. K. Wang, “Label-free and highly sensitive optical imaging of detailed microcirculation within meninges and cortex in mice with the cranium left intact,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(3), 030510 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Q. Li, M. L. Onozato, P. M. Andrews, C. W. Chen, A. Paek, R. Naphas, S. Yuan, J. Jiang, A. Cable, and Y. Chen, “Automated quantification of microstructural dimensions of the human kidney using optical coherence tomography (OCT),” Opt. Express 17(18), 16000–16016 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. M. Andrews, Y. Chen, M. L. Onozato, S. W. Huang, D. C. Adler, R. A. Huber, J. Jiang, S. E. Barry, A. E. Cable, and J. G. Fujimoto, “High-resolution optical coherence tomography imaging of the living kidney,” Lab. Invest. 88(4), 441–449 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Jung, Z. Zhi, and R. K. Wang, “Three-dimensional optical imaging of microvascular networks within intact lymph node in vivo,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(5), 050501 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Yamamoto, T. Tada, S. V. Brodsky, H. Tanaka, E. Noiri, F. Kajiya, and M. S. Goligorsky, “Intravital videomicroscopy of peritubular capillaries in renal ischemia,” Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 282(6), F1150–F1155 (2002). [PubMed]
- A. L. Steiber, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, D. Secker, M. McCarthy, A. Sehgal, and L. McCann, “Subjective Global Assessment in chronic kidney disease: a review,” J. Ren. Nutr. 14(4), 191–200 (2004). [PubMed]
- K. Wei, E. Le, J. P. Bin, M. Coggins, J. Thorpe, and S. Kaul, “Quantification of renal blood flow with contrast-enhanced ultrasound,” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 37(4), 1135–1140 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Iliescu, S. R. Fernandez, S. Kelsen, C. Maric, and A. R. Chade, “Role of renal microcirculation in experimental renovascular disease,” Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 25(4), 1079–1087 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Knesplova and G. P. Krestin, “Magnetic resonance in the assessment of renal function,” Eur. Radiol. 8(2), 201–211 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Nissel, D. C. Fischer, A. Puhlmann, B. Holdt-Lehmann, A. Mitzner, M. Petzsch, T. Körber, M. Tieß, R. Schmidt, and D. Haffner, “Short-term growth hormone treatment and microcirculation: effects in patients with chronic kidney disease,” Microvasc. Res. 78(2), 246–252 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Knesplova and G. P. Krestin, “Magnetic resonance in the assessment of renal function,” Eur. Radiol. 8(2), 201–211 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Kuliszewski, D. Rudenko, K. Connelly, D. Yuen, J. Trogadis, A. Advani, R. Gilbert, and H. Leong-Poi, “Abstract 5266: a novel technique for assessing the renal microvasculature in chronic kidney disease,” Circulation 120, S1077 (2009).
- K. Wei, E. Le, J. P. Bin, M. Coggins, J. Thorpe, and S. Kaul, “Quantification of renal blood flow with contrast-enhanced ultrasound,” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 37(4), 1135–1140 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. J. Hillman, S. M. Lee, P. Tracey, W. Swindell, and D. M. Long, “CT determination of renal and hepatic microvascular volumes in experimental acute renal failure,” Invest. Radiol. 17(1), 41–45 (1982). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Kuliszewski, D. Rudenko, K. Connelly, D. Yuen, J. Trogadis, A. Advani, R. Gilbert, and H. Leong-Poi, “Abstract 5266: a novel technique for assessing the renal microvasculature in chronic kidney disease,” Circulation 120, S1077 (2009).
- M. D. Bentley, L. O. Lerman, E. A. Hoffman, M. J. Fiksen-Olsen, E. L. Ritman, and J. C. Romero, “Measurement of renal perfusion and blood flow with fast computed tomography,” Circ. Res. 74(5), 945–951 (1994). [PubMed]
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. J. Hillman, S. M. Lee, P. Tracey, W. Swindell, and D. M. Long, “CT determination of renal and hepatic microvascular volumes in experimental acute renal failure,” Invest. Radiol. 17(1), 41–45 (1982). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Iliescu, S. R. Fernandez, S. Kelsen, C. Maric, and A. R. Chade, “Role of renal microcirculation in experimental renovascular disease,” Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 25(4), 1079–1087 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. L. Steiber, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, D. Secker, M. McCarthy, A. Sehgal, and L. McCann, “Subjective Global Assessment in chronic kidney disease: a review,” J. Ren. Nutr. 14(4), 191–200 (2004). [PubMed]
- A. L. Steiber, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, D. Secker, M. McCarthy, A. Sehgal, and L. McCann, “Subjective Global Assessment in chronic kidney disease: a review,” J. Ren. Nutr. 14(4), 191–200 (2004). [PubMed]
- R. Nissel, D. C. Fischer, A. Puhlmann, B. Holdt-Lehmann, A. Mitzner, M. Petzsch, T. Körber, M. Tieß, R. Schmidt, and D. Haffner, “Short-term growth hormone treatment and microcirculation: effects in patients with chronic kidney disease,” Microvasc. Res. 78(2), 246–252 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Nilsson, “Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the kidneys,” Eur. Radiol. 14(S8 Suppl 8Suppl 8), 104–109 (2004). [PubMed]
- R. Nissel, D. C. Fischer, A. Puhlmann, B. Holdt-Lehmann, A. Mitzner, M. Petzsch, T. Körber, M. Tieß, R. Schmidt, and D. Haffner, “Short-term growth hormone treatment and microcirculation: effects in patients with chronic kidney disease,” Microvasc. Res. 78(2), 246–252 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Yamamoto, T. Tada, S. V. Brodsky, H. Tanaka, E. Noiri, F. Kajiya, and M. S. Goligorsky, “Intravital videomicroscopy of peritubular capillaries in renal ischemia,” Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 282(6), F1150–F1155 (2002). [PubMed]
- Q. Li, M. L. Onozato, P. M. Andrews, C. W. Chen, A. Paek, R. Naphas, S. Yuan, J. Jiang, A. Cable, and Y. Chen, “Automated quantification of microstructural dimensions of the human kidney using optical coherence tomography (OCT),” Opt. Express 17(18), 16000–16016 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. M. Andrews, Y. Chen, M. L. Onozato, S. W. Huang, D. C. Adler, R. A. Huber, J. Jiang, S. E. Barry, A. E. Cable, and J. G. Fujimoto, “High-resolution optical coherence tomography imaging of the living kidney,” Lab. Invest. 88(4), 441–449 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. A. Fortepiani, M. C. Ruiz, F. Passardi, M. D. Bentley, J. Garcia-Estan, E. L. Ritman, and J. C. Romero, “Effect of losartan on renal microvasculature during chronic inhibition of nitric oxide visualized by micro-CT,” Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 285(5), F852–F860 (2003). [PubMed]
- R. Nissel, D. C. Fischer, A. Puhlmann, B. Holdt-Lehmann, A. Mitzner, M. Petzsch, T. Körber, M. Tieß, R. Schmidt, and D. Haffner, “Short-term growth hormone treatment and microcirculation: effects in patients with chronic kidney disease,” Microvasc. Res. 78(2), 246–252 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Nissel, D. C. Fischer, A. Puhlmann, B. Holdt-Lehmann, A. Mitzner, M. Petzsch, T. Körber, M. Tieß, R. Schmidt, and D. Haffner, “Short-term growth hormone treatment and microcirculation: effects in patients with chronic kidney disease,” Microvasc. Res. 78(2), 246–252 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. A. Fortepiani, M. C. Ruiz, F. Passardi, M. D. Bentley, J. Garcia-Estan, E. L. Ritman, and J. C. Romero, “Effect of losartan on renal microvasculature during chronic inhibition of nitric oxide visualized by micro-CT,” Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 285(5), F852–F860 (2003). [PubMed]
- M. D. Bentley, L. O. Lerman, E. A. Hoffman, M. J. Fiksen-Olsen, E. L. Ritman, and J. C. Romero, “Measurement of renal perfusion and blood flow with fast computed tomography,” Circ. Res. 74(5), 945–951 (1994). [PubMed]
- L. A. Fortepiani, M. C. Ruiz, F. Passardi, M. D. Bentley, J. Garcia-Estan, E. L. Ritman, and J. C. Romero, “Effect of losartan on renal microvasculature during chronic inhibition of nitric oxide visualized by micro-CT,” Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 285(5), F852–F860 (2003). [PubMed]
- M. D. Bentley, L. O. Lerman, E. A. Hoffman, M. J. Fiksen-Olsen, E. L. Ritman, and J. C. Romero, “Measurement of renal perfusion and blood flow with fast computed tomography,” Circ. Res. 74(5), 945–951 (1994). [PubMed]
- M. Kuliszewski, D. Rudenko, K. Connelly, D. Yuen, J. Trogadis, A. Advani, R. Gilbert, and H. Leong-Poi, “Abstract 5266: a novel technique for assessing the renal microvasculature in chronic kidney disease,” Circulation 120, S1077 (2009).
- L. A. Fortepiani, M. C. Ruiz, F. Passardi, M. D. Bentley, J. Garcia-Estan, E. L. Ritman, and J. C. Romero, “Effect of losartan on renal microvasculature during chronic inhibition of nitric oxide visualized by micro-CT,” Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 285(5), F852–F860 (2003). [PubMed]
- R. Nissel, D. C. Fischer, A. Puhlmann, B. Holdt-Lehmann, A. Mitzner, M. Petzsch, T. Körber, M. Tieß, R. Schmidt, and D. Haffner, “Short-term growth hormone treatment and microcirculation: effects in patients with chronic kidney disease,” Microvasc. Res. 78(2), 246–252 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Chen, P. M. Andrews, A. D. Aguirre, J. M. Schmitt, and J. G. Fujimoto, “High-resolution three-dimensional optical coherence tomography imaging of kidney microanatomy ex vivo,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(3), 034008 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. L. Steiber, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, D. Secker, M. McCarthy, A. Sehgal, and L. McCann, “Subjective Global Assessment in chronic kidney disease: a review,” J. Ren. Nutr. 14(4), 191–200 (2004). [PubMed]
- A. L. Steiber, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, D. Secker, M. McCarthy, A. Sehgal, and L. McCann, “Subjective Global Assessment in chronic kidney disease: a review,” J. Ren. Nutr. 14(4), 191–200 (2004). [PubMed]
- A. L. Steiber, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, D. Secker, M. McCarthy, A. Sehgal, and L. McCann, “Subjective Global Assessment in chronic kidney disease: a review,” J. Ren. Nutr. 14(4), 191–200 (2004). [PubMed]
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. J. Hillman, S. M. Lee, P. Tracey, W. Swindell, and D. M. Long, “CT determination of renal and hepatic microvascular volumes in experimental acute renal failure,” Invest. Radiol. 17(1), 41–45 (1982). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Yamamoto, T. Tada, S. V. Brodsky, H. Tanaka, E. Noiri, F. Kajiya, and M. S. Goligorsky, “Intravital videomicroscopy of peritubular capillaries in renal ischemia,” Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 282(6), F1150–F1155 (2002). [PubMed]
- T. Yamamoto, T. Tada, S. V. Brodsky, H. Tanaka, E. Noiri, F. Kajiya, and M. S. Goligorsky, “Intravital videomicroscopy of peritubular capillaries in renal ischemia,” Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 282(6), F1150–F1155 (2002). [PubMed]
- K. Wei, E. Le, J. P. Bin, M. Coggins, J. Thorpe, and S. Kaul, “Quantification of renal blood flow with contrast-enhanced ultrasound,” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 37(4), 1135–1140 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Nissel, D. C. Fischer, A. Puhlmann, B. Holdt-Lehmann, A. Mitzner, M. Petzsch, T. Körber, M. Tieß, R. Schmidt, and D. Haffner, “Short-term growth hormone treatment and microcirculation: effects in patients with chronic kidney disease,” Microvasc. Res. 78(2), 246–252 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. H. Tomlins and R. K. Wang, “Theory, developments and applications of optical coherence tomography,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 38(15), 2519–2535 (2005). [CrossRef]
- B. J. Hillman, S. M. Lee, P. Tracey, W. Swindell, and D. M. Long, “CT determination of renal and hepatic microvascular volumes in experimental acute renal failure,” Invest. Radiol. 17(1), 41–45 (1982). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Kuliszewski, D. Rudenko, K. Connelly, D. Yuen, J. Trogadis, A. Advani, R. Gilbert, and H. Leong-Poi, “Abstract 5266: a novel technique for assessing the renal microvasculature in chronic kidney disease,” Circulation 120, S1077 (2009).
- Y. Jung, Z. Zhi, and R. K. Wang, “Three-dimensional optical imaging of microvascular networks within intact lymph node in vivo,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(5), 050501 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. An, J. Qin, and R. K. Wang, “Ultrahigh sensitive optical microangiography for in vivo imaging of microcirculations within human skin tissue beds,” Opt. Express 18(8), 8220–8228 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. K. Wang, L. An, P. Francis, and D. J. Wilson, “Depth-resolved imaging of capillary networks in retina and choroid using ultrahigh sensitive optical microangiography,” Opt. Lett. 35(9), 1467–1469 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Jia, L. An, and R. K. Wang, “Label-free and highly sensitive optical imaging of detailed microcirculation within meninges and cortex in mice with the cranium left intact,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(3), 030510 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. An and R. K. Wang, “In vivo volumetric imaging of vascular perfusion within human retina and choroids with optical micro-angiography,” Opt. Express 16(15), 11438–11452 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. K. Wang and S. Hurst, “Mapping of cerebro-vascular blood perfusion in mice with skin and skull intact by Optical Micro-AngioGraphy at 1.3 mum wavelength,” Opt. Express 15(18), 11402–11412 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. K. Wang, S. L. Jacques, Z. Ma, S. Hurst, S. R. Hanson, and A. Gruber, “Three dimensional optical angiography,” Opt. Express 15(7), 4083–4097 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. H. Tomlins and R. K. Wang, “Theory, developments and applications of optical coherence tomography,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 38(15), 2519–2535 (2005). [CrossRef]
- K. Wei, E. Le, J. P. Bin, M. Coggins, J. Thorpe, and S. Kaul, “Quantification of renal blood flow with contrast-enhanced ultrasound,” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 37(4), 1135–1140 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Yamamoto, T. Tada, S. V. Brodsky, H. Tanaka, E. Noiri, F. Kajiya, and M. S. Goligorsky, “Intravital videomicroscopy of peritubular capillaries in renal ischemia,” Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 282(6), F1150–F1155 (2002). [PubMed]
- M. Kuliszewski, D. Rudenko, K. Connelly, D. Yuen, J. Trogadis, A. Advani, R. Gilbert, and H. Leong-Poi, “Abstract 5266: a novel technique for assessing the renal microvasculature in chronic kidney disease,” Circulation 120, S1077 (2009).
- Y. Jung, Z. Zhi, and R. K. Wang, “Three-dimensional optical imaging of microvascular networks within intact lymph node in vivo,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(5), 050501 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.
- L. A. Fortepiani, M. C. Ruiz, F. Passardi, M. D. Bentley, J. Garcia-Estan, E. L. Ritman, and J. C. Romero, “Effect of losartan on renal microvasculature during chronic inhibition of nitric oxide visualized by micro-CT,” Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 285(5), F852–F860 (2003). [PubMed]
- T. Yamamoto, T. Tada, S. V. Brodsky, H. Tanaka, E. Noiri, F. Kajiya, and M. S. Goligorsky, “Intravital videomicroscopy of peritubular capillaries in renal ischemia,” Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 282(6), F1150–F1155 (2002). [PubMed]
Circ. Res.
- M. D. Bentley, L. O. Lerman, E. A. Hoffman, M. J. Fiksen-Olsen, E. L. Ritman, and J. C. Romero, “Measurement of renal perfusion and blood flow with fast computed tomography,” Circ. Res. 74(5), 945–951 (1994). [PubMed]
Circulation
- M. Kuliszewski, D. Rudenko, K. Connelly, D. Yuen, J. Trogadis, A. Advani, R. Gilbert, and H. Leong-Poi, “Abstract 5266: a novel technique for assessing the renal microvasculature in chronic kidney disease,” Circulation 120, S1077 (2009).
Eur. Radiol.
- A. Nilsson, “Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the kidneys,” Eur. Radiol. 14(S8 Suppl 8Suppl 8), 104–109 (2004). [PubMed]
- L. Knesplova and G. P. Krestin, “Magnetic resonance in the assessment of renal function,” Eur. Radiol. 8(2), 201–211 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Invest. Radiol.
- B. J. Hillman, S. M. Lee, P. Tracey, W. Swindell, and D. M. Long, “CT determination of renal and hepatic microvascular volumes in experimental acute renal failure,” Invest. Radiol. 17(1), 41–45 (1982). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.
- K. Wei, E. Le, J. P. Bin, M. Coggins, J. Thorpe, and S. Kaul, “Quantification of renal blood flow with contrast-enhanced ultrasound,” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 37(4), 1135–1140 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Biomed. Opt.
- Y. Chen, P. M. Andrews, A. D. Aguirre, J. M. Schmitt, and J. G. Fujimoto, “High-resolution three-dimensional optical coherence tomography imaging of kidney microanatomy ex vivo,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(3), 034008 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Jia, L. An, and R. K. Wang, “Label-free and highly sensitive optical imaging of detailed microcirculation within meninges and cortex in mice with the cranium left intact,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(3), 030510 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Jung, Z. Zhi, and R. K. Wang, “Three-dimensional optical imaging of microvascular networks within intact lymph node in vivo,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(5), 050501 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Phys. D Appl. Phys.
- P. H. Tomlins and R. K. Wang, “Theory, developments and applications of optical coherence tomography,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 38(15), 2519–2535 (2005). [CrossRef]
J. Ren. Nutr.
- A. L. Steiber, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, D. Secker, M. McCarthy, A. Sehgal, and L. McCann, “Subjective Global Assessment in chronic kidney disease: a review,” J. Ren. Nutr. 14(4), 191–200 (2004). [PubMed]
Lab. Invest.
- P. M. Andrews, Y. Chen, M. L. Onozato, S. W. Huang, D. C. Adler, R. A. Huber, J. Jiang, S. E. Barry, A. E. Cable, and J. G. Fujimoto, “High-resolution optical coherence tomography imaging of the living kidney,” Lab. Invest. 88(4), 441–449 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Microvasc. Res.
- R. Nissel, D. C. Fischer, A. Puhlmann, B. Holdt-Lehmann, A. Mitzner, M. Petzsch, T. Körber, M. Tieß, R. Schmidt, and D. Haffner, “Short-term growth hormone treatment and microcirculation: effects in patients with chronic kidney disease,” Microvasc. Res. 78(2), 246–252 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.
- R. Iliescu, S. R. Fernandez, S. Kelsen, C. Maric, and A. R. Chade, “Role of renal microcirculation in experimental renovascular disease,” Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 25(4), 1079–1087 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Express
- Q. Li, M. L. Onozato, P. M. Andrews, C. W. Chen, A. Paek, R. Naphas, S. Yuan, J. Jiang, A. Cable, and Y. Chen, “Automated quantification of microstructural dimensions of the human kidney using optical coherence tomography (OCT),” Opt. Express 17(18), 16000–16016 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. K. Wang, S. L. Jacques, Z. Ma, S. Hurst, S. R. Hanson, and A. Gruber, “Three dimensional optical angiography,” Opt. Express 15(7), 4083–4097 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. K. Wang and S. Hurst, “Mapping of cerebro-vascular blood perfusion in mice with skin and skull intact by Optical Micro-AngioGraphy at 1.3 mum wavelength,” Opt. Express 15(18), 11402–11412 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. An and R. K. Wang, “In vivo volumetric imaging of vascular perfusion within human retina and choroids with optical micro-angiography,” Opt. Express 16(15), 11438–11452 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. An, J. Qin, and R. K. Wang, “Ultrahigh sensitive optical microangiography for in vivo imaging of microcirculations within human skin tissue beds,” Opt. Express 18(8), 8220–8228 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Bezemer, M. Legrand, E. Klijn, M. Heger, I. C. Post, T. M. van Gulik, D. Payen, and C. Ince, “Real-time assessment of renal cortical microvascular perfusion heterogeneities using near-infrared laser speckle imaging,” Opt. Express 18(14), 15054–15061 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
- R. K. Wang, L. An, P. Francis, and D. J. Wilson, “Depth-resolved imaging of capillary networks in retina and choroid using ultrahigh sensitive optical microangiography,” Opt. Lett. 35(9), 1467–1469 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Zhao, Z. Chen, C. Saxer, S. Xiang, J. F. de Boer, and J. S. Nelson, “Phase-resolved optical coherence tomography and optical Doppler tomography for imaging blood flow in human skin with fast scanning speed and high velocity sensitivity,” Opt. Lett. 25(2), 114–116 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Science
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2010, Iliescu, Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.
- R. Iliescu, S. R. Fernandez, S. Kelsen, C. Maric, and A. R. Chade, “Role of renal microcirculation in experimental renovascular disease,” Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 25(4), 1079–1087 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Jia, L. An, and R. K. Wang, “Label-free and highly sensitive optical imaging of detailed microcirculation within meninges and cortex in mice with the cranium left intact,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(3), 030510 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Jung, Z. Zhi, and R. K. Wang, “Three-dimensional optical imaging of microvascular networks within intact lymph node in vivo,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(5), 050501 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Kuliszewski, D. Rudenko, K. Connelly, D. Yuen, J. Trogadis, A. Advani, R. Gilbert, and H. Leong-Poi, “Abstract 5266: a novel technique for assessing the renal microvasculature in chronic kidney disease,” Circulation 120, S1077 (2009).
- R. Nissel, D. C. Fischer, A. Puhlmann, B. Holdt-Lehmann, A. Mitzner, M. Petzsch, T. Körber, M. Tieß, R. Schmidt, and D. Haffner, “Short-term growth hormone treatment and microcirculation: effects in patients with chronic kidney disease,” Microvasc. Res. 78(2), 246–252 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. M. Andrews, Y. Chen, M. L. Onozato, S. W. Huang, D. C. Adler, R. A. Huber, J. Jiang, S. E. Barry, A. E. Cable, and J. G. Fujimoto, “High-resolution optical coherence tomography imaging of the living kidney,” Lab. Invest. 88(4), 441–449 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Chen, P. M. Andrews, A. D. Aguirre, J. M. Schmitt, and J. G. Fujimoto, “High-resolution three-dimensional optical coherence tomography imaging of kidney microanatomy ex vivo,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(3), 034008 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. H. Tomlins and R. K. Wang, “Theory, developments and applications of optical coherence tomography,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 38(15), 2519–2535 (2005). [CrossRef]
- A. L. Steiber, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, D. Secker, M. McCarthy, A. Sehgal, and L. McCann, “Subjective Global Assessment in chronic kidney disease: a review,” J. Ren. Nutr. 14(4), 191–200 (2004). [PubMed]
- A. Nilsson, “Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the kidneys,” Eur. Radiol. 14(S8 Suppl 8Suppl 8), 104–109 (2004). [PubMed]
- L. A. Fortepiani, M. C. Ruiz, F. Passardi, M. D. Bentley, J. Garcia-Estan, E. L. Ritman, and J. C. Romero, “Effect of losartan on renal microvasculature during chronic inhibition of nitric oxide visualized by micro-CT,” Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 285(5), F852–F860 (2003). [PubMed]
- T. Yamamoto, T. Tada, S. V. Brodsky, H. Tanaka, E. Noiri, F. Kajiya, and M. S. Goligorsky, “Intravital videomicroscopy of peritubular capillaries in renal ischemia,” Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 282(6), F1150–F1155 (2002). [PubMed]
- K. Wei, E. Le, J. P. Bin, M. Coggins, J. Thorpe, and S. Kaul, “Quantification of renal blood flow with contrast-enhanced ultrasound,” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 37(4), 1135–1140 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Knesplova and G. P. Krestin, “Magnetic resonance in the assessment of renal function,” Eur. Radiol. 8(2), 201–211 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. D. Bentley, L. O. Lerman, E. A. Hoffman, M. J. Fiksen-Olsen, E. L. Ritman, and J. C. Romero, “Measurement of renal perfusion and blood flow with fast computed tomography,” Circ. Res. 74(5), 945–951 (1994). [PubMed]
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. J. Hillman, S. M. Lee, P. Tracey, W. Swindell, and D. M. Long, “CT determination of renal and hepatic microvascular volumes in experimental acute renal failure,” Invest. Radiol. 17(1), 41–45 (1982). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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