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4D shear stress maps of the developing heart using Doppler optical coherence tomographyLindsy M. Peterson, Michael W. Jenkins, Shi Gu, Lee Barwick, Michiko Watanabe, and Andrew M. Rollins »View Author Affiliations
Lindsy M. Peterson,1
Michael W. Jenkins,1
Shi Gu,1
Lee Barwick,1
Michiko Watanabe,2
and Andrew M. Rollins*,1
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA 2Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA *Corresponding author: rollins@case.edu |
Biomedical Optics Express, Vol. 3, Issue 11, pp. 3022-3032 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/BOE.3.003022
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Abstract
Accurate imaging and measurement of hemodynamic forces is vital for investigating how physical forces acting on the embryonic heart are transduced and influence developmental pathways. Of particular importance is blood flow-induced shear stress, which influences gene expression by endothelial cells and potentially leads to congenital heart defects through abnormal heart looping, septation, and valvulogenesis. However no imaging tool has been available to measure shear stress on the endocardium volumetrically and dynamically. Using 4D structural and Doppler OCT imaging, we are able to accurately measure the blood flow in the heart tube in vivo and to map endocardial shear stress throughout the heart cycle under physiological conditions for the first time. These measurements of the shear stress patterns will enable precise titration of experimental perturbations and accurate correlation of shear with the expression of molecules critical to heart development.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(110.4500) Imaging systems : Optical coherence tomography
(170.3880) Medical optics and biotechnology : Medical and biological imaging
ToC Category:
Optical Coherence Tomography
History
Original Manuscript: August 22, 2012
Revised Manuscript: October 11, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: October 15, 2012
Published: October 31, 2012
Citation
Lindsy M. Peterson, Michael W. Jenkins, Shi Gu, Lee Barwick, Michiko Watanabe, and Andrew M. Rollins, "4D shear stress maps of the developing heart using Doppler optical coherence
tomography," Biomed. Opt. Express 3, 3022-3032 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/boe/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-3-11-3022
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- B. Garita, M. W. Jenkins, M. Han, C. Zhou, M. Vanauker, A. M. Rollins, M. Watanabe, J. G. Fujimoto, and K. K. Linask, “Blood flow dynamics of one cardiac cycle and relationship to mechanotransduction and trabeculation during heart looping,” Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.300(3), H879–H891 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. W. Jenkins, D. C. Adler, M. Gargesha, R. Huber, F. Rothenberg, J. Belding, M. Watanabe, D. L. Wilson, J. G. Fujimoto, and A. M. Rollins, “Ultrahigh-speed optical coherence tomography imaging and visualization of the embryonic avian heart using a buffered Fourier domain mode locked laser,” Opt. Express15(10), 6251–6267 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. W. Jenkins, A. R. Duke, S. Gu, Y. Doughman, H. J. Chiel, H. Fujioka, M. Watanabe, E. D. Jansen, and A. M. Rollins, “Optical pacing of the embryonic heart,” Nat. Photonics4(9), 623–626 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Basu, P. E. Morris, J. L. Haar, M. A. Wani, J. B. Lingrel, K. M. L. Gaensler, and J. A. Lloyd, “KLF2 is essential for primitive erythropoiesis and regulates the human and murine embryonic beta-like globin genes in vivo,” Blood106(7), 2566–2571 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. W. Jenkins, L. Peterson, S. Gu, M. Gargesha, D. L. Wilson, M. Watanabe, and A. M. Rollins, “Measuring hemodynamics in the developing heart tube with four-dimensional gated Doppler optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.15(6), 066022 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Gargesha, M. W. Jenkins, D. L. Wilson, and A. M. Rollins, “High temporal resolution OCT using image-based retrospective gating,” Opt. Express17(13), 10786–10799 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. W. Jenkins, D. C. Adler, M. Gargesha, R. Huber, F. Rothenberg, J. Belding, M. Watanabe, D. L. Wilson, J. G. Fujimoto, and A. M. Rollins, “Ultrahigh-speed optical coherence tomography imaging and visualization of the embryonic avian heart using a buffered Fourier domain mode locked laser,” Opt. Express15(10), 6251–6267 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Garita, M. W. Jenkins, M. Han, C. Zhou, M. Vanauker, A. M. Rollins, M. Watanabe, J. G. Fujimoto, and K. K. Linask, “Blood flow dynamics of one cardiac cycle and relationship to mechanotransduction and trabeculation during heart looping,” Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.300(3), H879–H891 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Vermot, A. S. Forouhar, M. Liebling, D. Wu, D. Plummer, M. Gharib, and S. E. Fraser, “Reversing blood flows act through klf2a to ensure normal valvulogenesis in the developing heart,” PLoS Biol.7(11), e1000246 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- M. W. Jenkins, L. Peterson, S. Gu, M. Gargesha, D. L. Wilson, M. Watanabe, and A. M. Rollins, “Measuring hemodynamics in the developing heart tube with four-dimensional gated Doppler optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.15(6), 066022 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- A. Liu, R. K. Wang, K. L. Thornburg, and S. Rugonyi, “Dynamic variation of hemodynamic shear stress on the walls of developing chick hearts: computational models of the heart outflow tract,” Eng. Comput.25(1), 73–86 (2009). [CrossRef]
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- B. P. Hierck, K. Van der Heiden, C. Poelma, J. Westerweel, and R. E. Poelmann, “Fluid shear stress and inner curvature remodeling of the embryonic heart. Choosing the right lane!” ScientificWorldJournal8, 212–222 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. C. Groenendijk, K. Van der Heiden, B. P. Hierck, and R. E. Poelmann, “The role of shear stress on ET-1, KLF2, and NOS-3 expression in the developing cardiovascular system of chicken embryos in a venous ligation model,” Physiology (Bethesda)22(6), 380–389 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. J. Dekker, S. van Soest, R. D. Fontijn, S. Salamanca, P. G. de Groot, E. VanBavel, H. Pannekoek, and A. J. G. Horrevoets, “Prolonged fluid shear stress induces a distinct set of endothelial cell genes, most specifically lung Krüppel-like factor (KLF2),” Blood100(5), 1689–1698 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Garita, M. W. Jenkins, M. Han, C. Zhou, M. Vanauker, A. M. Rollins, M. Watanabe, J. G. Fujimoto, and K. K. Linask, “Blood flow dynamics of one cardiac cycle and relationship to mechanotransduction and trabeculation during heart looping,” Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.300(3), H879–H891 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. J. Dekker, S. van Soest, R. D. Fontijn, S. Salamanca, P. G. de Groot, E. VanBavel, H. Pannekoek, and A. J. G. Horrevoets, “Prolonged fluid shear stress induces a distinct set of endothelial cell genes, most specifically lung Krüppel-like factor (KLF2),” Blood100(5), 1689–1698 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Vennemann, K. T. Kiger, R. Lindken, B. C. Groenendijk, S. Stekelenburg-de Vos, T. L. ten Hagen, N. T. Ursem, R. E. Poelmann, J. Westerweel, and B. P. Hierck, “In vivo micro particle image velocimetry measurements of blood-plasma in the embryonic avian heart,” J. Biomech.39(7), 1191–1200 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- B. C. W. Groenendijk, B. P. Hierck, J. Vrolijk, M. Baiker, M. J. B. M. Pourquie, A. C. Gittenberger-de Groot, and R. E. Poelmann, “Changes in shear stress-related gene expression after experimentally altered venous return in the chicken embryo,” Circ. Res.96(12), 1291–1298 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Liu, A. Nickerson, A. Troyer, X. Yin, R. Cary, K. Thornburg, R. Wang, and S. Rugonyi, “Quantifying blood flow and wall shear stresses in the outflow tract of chick embryonic hearts,” Comput. Struc.89(11-12), 855–867 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Liu, R. Wang, K. L. Thornburg, and S. Rugonyi, “Efficient postacquisition synchronization of 4-D nongated cardiac images obtained from optical coherence tomography: application to 4-D reconstruction of the chick embryonic heart,” J. Biomed. Opt.14(4), 044020 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Li, X. Yin, L. Shi, S. Rugonyi, and R. K. Wang, “In vivo functional imaging of blood flow and wall strain rate in outflow tract of embryonic chick heart using ultrafast spectral domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.17(9), 096006 (2012). [CrossRef]
- A. Liu, R. K. Wang, K. L. Thornburg, and S. Rugonyi, “Dynamic variation of hemodynamic shear stress on the walls of developing chick hearts: computational models of the heart outflow tract,” Eng. Comput.25(1), 73–86 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. Rugonyi, C. Shaut, A. Liu, K. Thornburg, and R. K. Wang, “Changes in wall motion and blood flow in the outflow tract of chick embryonic hearts observed with optical coherence tomography after outflow tract banding and vitelline-vein ligation,” Phys. Med. Biol.53(18), 5077–5091 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Basu, P. E. Morris, J. L. Haar, M. A. Wani, J. B. Lingrel, K. M. L. Gaensler, and J. A. Lloyd, “KLF2 is essential for primitive erythropoiesis and regulates the human and murine embryonic beta-like globin genes in vivo,” Blood106(7), 2566–2571 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Jenkins, M. Watanabe, and A. Rollins, “Longitudinal Imaging of Heart Development with Optical Coherence Tomography,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.18(3), 1166–1175 (2012). [CrossRef]
- B. Garita, M. W. Jenkins, M. Han, C. Zhou, M. Vanauker, A. M. Rollins, M. Watanabe, J. G. Fujimoto, and K. K. Linask, “Blood flow dynamics of one cardiac cycle and relationship to mechanotransduction and trabeculation during heart looping,” Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.300(3), H879–H891 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. W. Jenkins, A. R. Duke, S. Gu, Y. Doughman, H. J. Chiel, H. Fujioka, M. Watanabe, E. D. Jansen, and A. M. Rollins, “Optical pacing of the embryonic heart,” Nat. Photonics4(9), 623–626 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. W. Jenkins, L. Peterson, S. Gu, M. Gargesha, D. L. Wilson, M. Watanabe, and A. M. Rollins, “Measuring hemodynamics in the developing heart tube with four-dimensional gated Doppler optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.15(6), 066022 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. W. Jenkins, D. C. Adler, M. Gargesha, R. Huber, F. Rothenberg, J. Belding, M. Watanabe, D. L. Wilson, J. G. Fujimoto, and A. M. Rollins, “Ultrahigh-speed optical coherence tomography imaging and visualization of the embryonic avian heart using a buffered Fourier domain mode locked laser,” Opt. Express15(10), 6251–6267 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. M. Werkmeister, N. Dragostinoff, M. Pircher, E. Götzinger, C. K. Hitzenberger, R. A. Leitgeb, and L. Schmetterer, “Bidirectional Doppler Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography for measurement of absolute flow velocities in human retinal vessels,” Opt. Lett.33(24), 2967–2969 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. M. Goldstein, H. A. Zebker, and C. L. Werner, “Satellite radar interferometry: Two-dimensional phase unwrapping,” Radio Sci.23(4), 713–720 (1988). [CrossRef]
- M. Reckova, C. Rosengarten, A. deAlmeida, C. P. Stanley, A. Wessels, R. G. Gourdie, R. P. Thompson, and D. Sedmera, “Hemodynamics is a key epigenetic factor in development of the cardiac conduction system,” Circ. Res.93(1), 77–85 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Poelma, K. Van der Heiden, B. P. Hierck, R. E. Poelmann, and J. Westerweel, “Measurements of the wall shear stress distribution in the outflow tract of an embryonic chicken heart,” J. R. Soc. Interface7(42), 91–103 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. P. Hierck, K. Van der Heiden, C. Poelma, J. Westerweel, and R. E. Poelmann, “Fluid shear stress and inner curvature remodeling of the embryonic heart. Choosing the right lane!” ScientificWorldJournal8, 212–222 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Vennemann, K. T. Kiger, R. Lindken, B. C. Groenendijk, S. Stekelenburg-de Vos, T. L. ten Hagen, N. T. Ursem, R. E. Poelmann, J. Westerweel, and B. P. Hierck, “In vivo micro particle image velocimetry measurements of blood-plasma in the embryonic avian heart,” J. Biomech.39(7), 1191–1200 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. W. Jenkins, L. Peterson, S. Gu, M. Gargesha, D. L. Wilson, M. Watanabe, and A. M. Rollins, “Measuring hemodynamics in the developing heart tube with four-dimensional gated Doppler optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.15(6), 066022 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Gargesha, M. W. Jenkins, D. L. Wilson, and A. M. Rollins, “High temporal resolution OCT using image-based retrospective gating,” Opt. Express17(13), 10786–10799 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. W. Jenkins, D. C. Adler, M. Gargesha, R. Huber, F. Rothenberg, J. Belding, M. Watanabe, D. L. Wilson, J. G. Fujimoto, and A. M. Rollins, “Ultrahigh-speed optical coherence tomography imaging and visualization of the embryonic avian heart using a buffered Fourier domain mode locked laser,” Opt. Express15(10), 6251–6267 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- K. Yashiro, H. Shiratori, and H. Hamada, “Haemodynamics determined by a genetic programme govern asymmetric development of the aortic arch,” Nature450(7167), 285–288 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. M. Happel, L. Thrane, J. Thommes, J. Männer, and T. M. Yelbuz, ““Integration of an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system into an examination incubator to facilitate in vivo imaging of cardiovascular development in higher vertebrate embryos under stable physiological conditions” Annals of Anatomy -,” Anat. Anz.193(5), 425–435 (2011). [CrossRef]
- C. M. Happel, J. Thommes, L. Thrane, J. Männer, T. Ortmaier, B. Heimann, and T. M. Yelbuz, “Rotationally acquired four-dimensional optical coherence tomography of embryonic chick hearts using retrospective gating on the common central A-scan,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(9), 096007 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Ã. Männer, L. Thrane, K. Norozi, and T. M. Yelbuz, “In vivo imaging of the cyclic changes in cross-sectional shape of the ventricular segment of pulsating embryonic chick hearts at stages 14 to 17: a contribution to the understanding of the ontogenesis of cardiac pumping function,” Dev. Dyn.238(12), 3273–3284 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Li, X. Yin, L. Shi, S. Rugonyi, and R. K. Wang, “In vivo functional imaging of blood flow and wall strain rate in outflow tract of embryonic chick heart using ultrafast spectral domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.17(9), 096006 (2012). [CrossRef]
- A. Liu, A. Nickerson, A. Troyer, X. Yin, R. Cary, K. Thornburg, R. Wang, and S. Rugonyi, “Quantifying blood flow and wall shear stresses in the outflow tract of chick embryonic hearts,” Comput. Struc.89(11-12), 855–867 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. M. Goldstein, H. A. Zebker, and C. L. Werner, “Satellite radar interferometry: Two-dimensional phase unwrapping,” Radio Sci.23(4), 713–720 (1988). [CrossRef]
- B. Garita, M. W. Jenkins, M. Han, C. Zhou, M. Vanauker, A. M. Rollins, M. Watanabe, J. G. Fujimoto, and K. K. Linask, “Blood flow dynamics of one cardiac cycle and relationship to mechanotransduction and trabeculation during heart looping,” Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.300(3), H879–H891 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
- C. K. L. Phoon, O. Aristizábal, and D. H. Turnbull, “Spatial velocity profile in mouse embryonic aorta and Doppler-derived volumetric flow: a preliminary model,” Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.283(3), H908–H916 (2002). [PubMed]
- B. Garita, M. W. Jenkins, M. Han, C. Zhou, M. Vanauker, A. M. Rollins, M. Watanabe, J. G. Fujimoto, and K. K. Linask, “Blood flow dynamics of one cardiac cycle and relationship to mechanotransduction and trabeculation during heart looping,” Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.300(3), H879–H891 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Anat. Anz.
- C. M. Happel, L. Thrane, J. Thommes, J. Männer, and T. M. Yelbuz, ““Integration of an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system into an examination incubator to facilitate in vivo imaging of cardiovascular development in higher vertebrate embryos under stable physiological conditions” Annals of Anatomy -,” Anat. Anz.193(5), 425–435 (2011). [CrossRef]
Anat. Rec. (Hoboken)
- A. Davis, J. Izatt, and F. Rothenberg, “Quantitative measurement of blood flow dynamics in embryonic vasculature using spectral Doppler velocimetry,” Anat. Rec. (Hoboken)292(3), 311–319 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Blood
- P. Basu, P. E. Morris, J. L. Haar, M. A. Wani, J. B. Lingrel, K. M. L. Gaensler, and J. A. Lloyd, “KLF2 is essential for primitive erythropoiesis and regulates the human and murine embryonic beta-like globin genes in vivo,” Blood106(7), 2566–2571 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. J. Dekker, S. van Soest, R. D. Fontijn, S. Salamanca, P. G. de Groot, E. VanBavel, H. Pannekoek, and A. J. G. Horrevoets, “Prolonged fluid shear stress induces a distinct set of endothelial cell genes, most specifically lung Krüppel-like factor (KLF2),” Blood100(5), 1689–1698 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Cardiovasc. Res.
- B. Hogers, M. C. DeRuiter, A. C. Gittenberger-de Groot, and R. E. Poelmann, “Extraembryonic venous obstructions lead to cardiovascular malformations and can be embryolethal,” Cardiovasc. Res.41(1), 87–99 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Circ. Res.
- B. C. W. Groenendijk, B. P. Hierck, J. Vrolijk, M. Baiker, M. J. B. M. Pourquie, A. C. Gittenberger-de Groot, and R. E. Poelmann, “Changes in shear stress-related gene expression after experimentally altered venous return in the chicken embryo,” Circ. Res.96(12), 1291–1298 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Circ. Res.
- M. Reckova, C. Rosengarten, A. deAlmeida, C. P. Stanley, A. Wessels, R. G. Gourdie, R. P. Thompson, and D. Sedmera, “Hemodynamics is a key epigenetic factor in development of the cardiac conduction system,” Circ. Res.93(1), 77–85 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. B. Atkins and M. K. Jain, “Role of Krüppel-like transcription factors in endothelial biology,” Circ. Res.100(12), 1686–1695 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Comput. Struc.
- A. Liu, A. Nickerson, A. Troyer, X. Yin, R. Cary, K. Thornburg, R. Wang, and S. Rugonyi, “Quantifying blood flow and wall shear stresses in the outflow tract of chick embryonic hearts,” Comput. Struc.89(11-12), 855–867 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Dev. Dyn.
- J. Ã. Männer, L. Thrane, K. Norozi, and T. M. Yelbuz, “In vivo imaging of the cyclic changes in cross-sectional shape of the ventricular segment of pulsating embryonic chick hearts at stages 14 to 17: a contribution to the understanding of the ontogenesis of cardiac pumping function,” Dev. Dyn.238(12), 3273–3284 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Eng. Comput.
- A. Liu, R. K. Wang, K. L. Thornburg, and S. Rugonyi, “Dynamic variation of hemodynamic shear stress on the walls of developing chick hearts: computational models of the heart outflow tract,” Eng. Comput.25(1), 73–86 (2009). [CrossRef]
IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.
- M. Jenkins, M. Watanabe, and A. Rollins, “Longitudinal Imaging of Heart Development with Optical Coherence Tomography,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.18(3), 1166–1175 (2012). [CrossRef]
J. Biomed. Opt.
- M. W. Jenkins, L. Peterson, S. Gu, M. Gargesha, D. L. Wilson, M. Watanabe, and A. M. Rollins, “Measuring hemodynamics in the developing heart tube with four-dimensional gated Doppler optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.15(6), 066022 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Biol. Chem.
- J. P. Huddleson, N. Ahmad, and J. B. Lingrel, “Up-regulation of the KLF2 transcription factor by fluid shear stress requires nucleolin,” J. Biol. Chem.281(22), 15121–15128 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Biomech.
- P. Vennemann, K. T. Kiger, R. Lindken, B. C. Groenendijk, S. Stekelenburg-de Vos, T. L. ten Hagen, N. T. Ursem, R. E. Poelmann, J. Westerweel, and B. P. Hierck, “In vivo micro particle image velocimetry measurements of blood-plasma in the embryonic avian heart,” J. Biomech.39(7), 1191–1200 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Biomed. Opt.
- P. Li, X. Yin, L. Shi, S. Rugonyi, and R. K. Wang, “In vivo functional imaging of blood flow and wall strain rate in outflow tract of embryonic chick heart using ultrafast spectral domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.17(9), 096006 (2012). [CrossRef]
- C. M. Happel, J. Thommes, L. Thrane, J. Männer, T. Ortmaier, B. Heimann, and T. M. Yelbuz, “Rotationally acquired four-dimensional optical coherence tomography of embryonic chick hearts using retrospective gating on the common central A-scan,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(9), 096007 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Liu, R. Wang, K. L. Thornburg, and S. Rugonyi, “Efficient postacquisition synchronization of 4-D nongated cardiac images obtained from optical coherence tomography: application to 4-D reconstruction of the chick embryonic heart,” J. Biomed. Opt.14(4), 044020 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Opt. Soc. Am. A
- A. M. Davis, F. G. Rothenberg, N. Shepherd, and J. A. Izatt, “In vivo spectral domain optical coherence tomography volumetric imaging and spectral Doppler velocimetry of early stage embryonic chicken heart development,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A25(12), 3134–3143 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. R. Soc. Interface
- C. Poelma, K. Van der Heiden, B. P. Hierck, R. E. Poelmann, and J. Westerweel, “Measurements of the wall shear stress distribution in the outflow tract of an embryonic chicken heart,” J. R. Soc. Interface7(42), 91–103 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Vasc. Surg.
- N. Azuma, S. A. Duzgun, M. Ikeda, H. Kito, N. Akasaka, T. Sasajima, and B. E. Sumpio, “Endothelial cell response to different mechanical forces,” J. Vasc. Surg.32(4), 789–794 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.
- R. E. Poelmann, A. C. Gittenberger-de Groot, and B. P. Hierck, “The development of the heart and microcirculation: role of shear stress,” Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.46(5), 479–484 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nat. Photonics
- M. W. Jenkins, A. R. Duke, S. Gu, Y. Doughman, H. J. Chiel, H. Fujioka, M. Watanabe, E. D. Jansen, and A. M. Rollins, “Optical pacing of the embryonic heart,” Nat. Photonics4(9), 623–626 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nature
- J. R. Hove, R. W. Köster, A. S. Forouhar, G. Acevedo-Bolton, S. E. Fraser, and M. Gharib, “Intracardiac fluid forces are an essential epigenetic factor for embryonic cardiogenesis,” Nature421(6919), 172–177 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Yashiro, H. Shiratori, and H. Hamada, “Haemodynamics determined by a genetic programme govern asymmetric development of the aortic arch,” Nature450(7167), 285–288 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
- I. V. Larina, S. Ivers, S. Syed, M. E. Dickinson, and K. V. Larin, “Hemodynamic measurements from individual blood cells in early mammalian embryos with Doppler swept source OCT,” Opt. Lett.34(7), 986–988 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. J. Pedersen, D. Huang, M. A. Shure, and A. M. Rollins, “Measurement of absolute flow velocity vector using dual-angle, delay-encoded Doppler optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett.32(5), 506–508 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Express
- M. Gargesha, M. W. Jenkins, D. L. Wilson, and A. M. Rollins, “High temporal resolution OCT using image-based retrospective gating,” Opt. Express17(13), 10786–10799 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. W. Jenkins, D. C. Adler, M. Gargesha, R. Huber, F. Rothenberg, J. Belding, M. Watanabe, D. L. Wilson, J. G. Fujimoto, and A. M. Rollins, “Ultrahigh-speed optical coherence tomography imaging and visualization of the embryonic avian heart using a buffered Fourier domain mode locked laser,” Opt. Express15(10), 6251–6267 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
- T. G. van Leeuwen, M. D. Kulkarni, S. Yazdanfar, A. M. Rollins, and J. A. Izatt, “High-flow-velocity and shear-rate imaging by use of color Doppler optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett.24(22), 1584–1586 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. M. Werkmeister, N. Dragostinoff, M. Pircher, E. Götzinger, C. K. Hitzenberger, R. A. Leitgeb, and L. Schmetterer, “Bidirectional Doppler Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography for measurement of absolute flow velocities in human retinal vessels,” Opt. Lett.33(24), 2967–2969 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Med. Biol.
- S. Rugonyi, C. Shaut, A. Liu, K. Thornburg, and R. K. Wang, “Changes in wall motion and blood flow in the outflow tract of chick embryonic hearts observed with optical coherence tomography after outflow tract banding and vitelline-vein ligation,” Phys. Med. Biol.53(18), 5077–5091 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Physiology (Bethesda)
- B. C. Groenendijk, K. Van der Heiden, B. P. Hierck, and R. E. Poelmann, “The role of shear stress on ET-1, KLF2, and NOS-3 expression in the developing cardiovascular system of chicken embryos in a venous ligation model,” Physiology (Bethesda)22(6), 380–389 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
PLoS Biol.
- J. Vermot, A. S. Forouhar, M. Liebling, D. Wu, D. Plummer, M. Gharib, and S. E. Fraser, “Reversing blood flows act through klf2a to ensure normal valvulogenesis in the developing heart,” PLoS Biol.7(11), e1000246 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Poult. Sci.
- B. E. Dunn, “Technique of shell-less culture of the 72-hour avian embryo,” Poult. Sci.53(1), 409–412 (1974). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Radio Sci.
- R. M. Goldstein, H. A. Zebker, and C. L. Werner, “Satellite radar interferometry: Two-dimensional phase unwrapping,” Radio Sci.23(4), 713–720 (1988). [CrossRef]
ScientificWorldJournal
- B. P. Hierck, K. Van der Heiden, C. Poelma, J. Westerweel, and R. E. Poelmann, “Fluid shear stress and inner curvature remodeling of the embryonic heart. Choosing the right lane!” ScientificWorldJournal8, 212–222 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Ultrasound Med. Biol.
- C. K. L. Phoon, O. Aristizabal, and D. H. Turnbull, “40 MHz Doppler characterization of umbilical and dorsal aortic blood flow in the early mouse embryo,” Ultrasound Med. Biol.26(8), 1275–1283 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol.
- M. L. A. Broekhuizen, B. Hogers, M. C. DeRuiter, R. E. Poelmann, A. C. Gittenberger-de Groot, and J. W. Wladimiroff, “Altered hemodynamics in chick embryos after extraembryonic venous obstruction,” Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol.13(6), 437–445 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Other
- M. Sato, I. Bitter, M. A. Bender, A. E. Kaufman, and M. Nakajima, “TEASAR: tree-structure extraction algorithm for accurate and robust skeletons,” in The Eighth Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications, 2000. Proceedings (2000), pp. 281–449.
- M. W. Jenkins, D. C. Adler, M. Gargesha, R. Huber, O. Q. Chughtai, Y. Pan, L. M. Peterson, D. L. Wilson, M. Watanabe, J. G. Fujimoto, and A. M. Rollins, “An environmental chamber based OCT system for high-throughput longitudinal imaging of the embryonic heart,” presented at the SPIE BIOS Expo, San Jose, CA, Jan 1924, 2008.
2012, Li, J. Biomed. Opt.
- P. Li, X. Yin, L. Shi, S. Rugonyi, and R. K. Wang, “In vivo functional imaging of blood flow and wall strain rate in outflow tract of embryonic chick heart using ultrafast spectral domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.17(9), 096006 (2012). [CrossRef]
- M. Jenkins, M. Watanabe, and A. Rollins, “Longitudinal Imaging of Heart Development with Optical Coherence Tomography,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.18(3), 1166–1175 (2012). [CrossRef]
- A. Liu, A. Nickerson, A. Troyer, X. Yin, R. Cary, K. Thornburg, R. Wang, and S. Rugonyi, “Quantifying blood flow and wall shear stresses in the outflow tract of chick embryonic hearts,” Comput. Struc.89(11-12), 855–867 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Garita, M. W. Jenkins, M. Han, C. Zhou, M. Vanauker, A. M. Rollins, M. Watanabe, J. G. Fujimoto, and K. K. Linask, “Blood flow dynamics of one cardiac cycle and relationship to mechanotransduction and trabeculation during heart looping,” Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.300(3), H879–H891 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- C. M. Happel, J. Thommes, L. Thrane, J. Männer, T. Ortmaier, B. Heimann, and T. M. Yelbuz, “Rotationally acquired four-dimensional optical coherence tomography of embryonic chick hearts using retrospective gating on the common central A-scan,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(9), 096007 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. W. Jenkins, A. R. Duke, S. Gu, Y. Doughman, H. J. Chiel, H. Fujioka, M. Watanabe, E. D. Jansen, and A. M. Rollins, “Optical pacing of the embryonic heart,” Nat. Photonics4(9), 623–626 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. W. Jenkins, L. Peterson, S. Gu, M. Gargesha, D. L. Wilson, M. Watanabe, and A. M. Rollins, “Measuring hemodynamics in the developing heart tube with four-dimensional gated Doppler optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.15(6), 066022 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Poelma, K. Van der Heiden, B. P. Hierck, R. E. Poelmann, and J. Westerweel, “Measurements of the wall shear stress distribution in the outflow tract of an embryonic chicken heart,” J. R. Soc. Interface7(42), 91–103 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. V. Larina, S. Ivers, S. Syed, M. E. Dickinson, and K. V. Larin, “Hemodynamic measurements from individual blood cells in early mammalian embryos with Doppler swept source OCT,” Opt. Lett.34(7), 986–988 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Vermot, A. S. Forouhar, M. Liebling, D. Wu, D. Plummer, M. Gharib, and S. E. Fraser, “Reversing blood flows act through klf2a to ensure normal valvulogenesis in the developing heart,” PLoS Biol.7(11), e1000246 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Liu, R. Wang, K. L. Thornburg, and S. Rugonyi, “Efficient postacquisition synchronization of 4-D nongated cardiac images obtained from optical coherence tomography: application to 4-D reconstruction of the chick embryonic heart,” J. Biomed. Opt.14(4), 044020 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Liu, R. K. Wang, K. L. Thornburg, and S. Rugonyi, “Dynamic variation of hemodynamic shear stress on the walls of developing chick hearts: computational models of the heart outflow tract,” Eng. Comput.25(1), 73–86 (2009). [CrossRef]
- J. Ã. Männer, L. Thrane, K. Norozi, and T. M. Yelbuz, “In vivo imaging of the cyclic changes in cross-sectional shape of the ventricular segment of pulsating embryonic chick hearts at stages 14 to 17: a contribution to the understanding of the ontogenesis of cardiac pumping function,” Dev. Dyn.238(12), 3273–3284 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Davis, J. Izatt, and F. Rothenberg, “Quantitative measurement of blood flow dynamics in embryonic vasculature using spectral Doppler velocimetry,” Anat. Rec. (Hoboken)292(3), 311–319 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. M. Werkmeister, N. Dragostinoff, M. Pircher, E. Götzinger, C. K. Hitzenberger, R. A. Leitgeb, and L. Schmetterer, “Bidirectional Doppler Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography for measurement of absolute flow velocities in human retinal vessels,” Opt. Lett.33(24), 2967–2969 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. E. Poelmann, A. C. Gittenberger-de Groot, and B. P. Hierck, “The development of the heart and microcirculation: role of shear stress,” Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.46(5), 479–484 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Rugonyi, C. Shaut, A. Liu, K. Thornburg, and R. K. Wang, “Changes in wall motion and blood flow in the outflow tract of chick embryonic hearts observed with optical coherence tomography after outflow tract banding and vitelline-vein ligation,” Phys. Med. Biol.53(18), 5077–5091 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. P. Hierck, K. Van der Heiden, C. Poelma, J. Westerweel, and R. E. Poelmann, “Fluid shear stress and inner curvature remodeling of the embryonic heart. Choosing the right lane!” ScientificWorldJournal8, 212–222 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. B. Atkins and M. K. Jain, “Role of Krüppel-like transcription factors in endothelial biology,” Circ. Res.100(12), 1686–1695 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Yashiro, H. Shiratori, and H. Hamada, “Haemodynamics determined by a genetic programme govern asymmetric development of the aortic arch,” Nature450(7167), 285–288 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. C. Groenendijk, K. Van der Heiden, B. P. Hierck, and R. E. Poelmann, “The role of shear stress on ET-1, KLF2, and NOS-3 expression in the developing cardiovascular system of chicken embryos in a venous ligation model,” Physiology (Bethesda)22(6), 380–389 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. J. Pedersen, D. Huang, M. A. Shure, and A. M. Rollins, “Measurement of absolute flow velocity vector using dual-angle, delay-encoded Doppler optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett.32(5), 506–508 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. W. Jenkins, D. C. Adler, M. Gargesha, R. Huber, F. Rothenberg, J. Belding, M. Watanabe, D. L. Wilson, J. G. Fujimoto, and A. M. Rollins, “Ultrahigh-speed optical coherence tomography imaging and visualization of the embryonic avian heart using a buffered Fourier domain mode locked laser,” Opt. Express15(10), 6251–6267 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Vennemann, K. T. Kiger, R. Lindken, B. C. Groenendijk, S. Stekelenburg-de Vos, T. L. ten Hagen, N. T. Ursem, R. E. Poelmann, J. Westerweel, and B. P. Hierck, “In vivo micro particle image velocimetry measurements of blood-plasma in the embryonic avian heart,” J. Biomech.39(7), 1191–1200 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. P. Huddleson, N. Ahmad, and J. B. Lingrel, “Up-regulation of the KLF2 transcription factor by fluid shear stress requires nucleolin,” J. Biol. Chem.281(22), 15121–15128 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Basu, P. E. Morris, J. L. Haar, M. A. Wani, J. B. Lingrel, K. M. L. Gaensler, and J. A. Lloyd, “KLF2 is essential for primitive erythropoiesis and regulates the human and murine embryonic beta-like globin genes in vivo,” Blood106(7), 2566–2571 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. C. W. Groenendijk, B. P. Hierck, J. Vrolijk, M. Baiker, M. J. B. M. Pourquie, A. C. Gittenberger-de Groot, and R. E. Poelmann, “Changes in shear stress-related gene expression after experimentally altered venous return in the chicken embryo,” Circ. Res.96(12), 1291–1298 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. R. Hove, R. W. Köster, A. S. Forouhar, G. Acevedo-Bolton, S. E. Fraser, and M. Gharib, “Intracardiac fluid forces are an essential epigenetic factor for embryonic cardiogenesis,” Nature421(6919), 172–177 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Reckova, C. Rosengarten, A. deAlmeida, C. P. Stanley, A. Wessels, R. G. Gourdie, R. P. Thompson, and D. Sedmera, “Hemodynamics is a key epigenetic factor in development of the cardiac conduction system,” Circ. Res.93(1), 77–85 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. K. L. Phoon, O. Aristizábal, and D. H. Turnbull, “Spatial velocity profile in mouse embryonic aorta and Doppler-derived volumetric flow: a preliminary model,” Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.283(3), H908–H916 (2002). [PubMed]
- R. J. Dekker, S. van Soest, R. D. Fontijn, S. Salamanca, P. G. de Groot, E. VanBavel, H. Pannekoek, and A. J. G. Horrevoets, “Prolonged fluid shear stress induces a distinct set of endothelial cell genes, most specifically lung Krüppel-like factor (KLF2),” Blood100(5), 1689–1698 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- N. Azuma, S. A. Duzgun, M. Ikeda, H. Kito, N. Akasaka, T. Sasajima, and B. E. Sumpio, “Endothelial cell response to different mechanical forces,” J. Vasc. Surg.32(4), 789–794 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. K. L. Phoon, O. Aristizabal, and D. H. Turnbull, “40 MHz Doppler characterization of umbilical and dorsal aortic blood flow in the early mouse embryo,” Ultrasound Med. Biol.26(8), 1275–1283 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. L. A. Broekhuizen, B. Hogers, M. C. DeRuiter, R. E. Poelmann, A. C. Gittenberger-de Groot, and J. W. Wladimiroff, “Altered hemodynamics in chick embryos after extraembryonic venous obstruction,” Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol.13(6), 437–445 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Hogers, M. C. DeRuiter, A. C. Gittenberger-de Groot, and R. E. Poelmann, “Extraembryonic venous obstructions lead to cardiovascular malformations and can be embryolethal,” Cardiovasc. Res.41(1), 87–99 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. M. Goldstein, H. A. Zebker, and C. L. Werner, “Satellite radar interferometry: Two-dimensional phase unwrapping,” Radio Sci.23(4), 713–720 (1988). [CrossRef]
- B. E. Dunn, “Technique of shell-less culture of the 72-hour avian embryo,” Poult. Sci.53(1), 409–412 (1974). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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