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Imaging and full-length biometry of the eye during accommodation using spectral domain OCT with an optical switchMarco Ruggeri, Stephen R. Uhlhorn, Carolina De Freitas, Arthur Ho, Fabrice Manns, and Jean-Marie Parel »View Author Affiliations
Marco Ruggeri,1,2,*
Stephen R. Uhlhorn,1
Carolina De Freitas,1
Arthur Ho,3,4,5
Fabrice Manns,1,2
and Jean-Marie Parel1,2,4
1Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1638 NW 10th Ave. Miami, FL 33136, USA 2Biomedical Optics and Laser Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, College of Engineering, Coral Gables, FL,33146 USA 3Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia 4Vision Cooperative Research Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia 5School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Australia *Corresponding author: mruggeri@med.miami.edu |
Biomedical Optics Express, Vol. 3, Issue 7, pp. 1506-1520 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/BOE.3.001506
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Abstract
Abstract: An optical switch was implemented in the reference arm of an extended depth SD-OCT system to sequentially acquire OCT images at different depths into the eye ranging from the cornea to the retina. A custom-made accommodation module was coupled with the delivery of the OCT system to provide controlled step stimuli of accommodation and disaccommodation that preserve ocular alignment. The changes in the lens shape were imaged and ocular distances were dynamically measured during accommodation and disaccommodation. The system is capable of dynamic in vivo imaging of the entire anterior segment and eye-length measurement during accommodation in real-time.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(170.3880) Medical optics and biotechnology : Medical and biological imaging
(170.4500) Medical optics and biotechnology : Optical coherence tomography
(170.4580) Medical optics and biotechnology : Optical diagnostics for medicine
(330.4460) Vision, color, and visual optics : Ophthalmic optics and devices
(330.7322) Vision, color, and visual optics : Visual optics, accommodation
ToC Category:
Ophthalmology Applications
History
Original Manuscript: April 10, 2012
Revised Manuscript: May 21, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: June 1, 2012
Published: June 6, 2012
Citation
Marco Ruggeri, Stephen R. Uhlhorn, Carolina De Freitas, Arthur Ho, Fabrice Manns, and Jean-Marie Parel, "Imaging and full-length biometry of the eye during accommodation using spectral domain OCT with an optical switch," Biomed. Opt. Express 3, 1506-1520 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/boe/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-3-7-1506
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References
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- B. Qi, A. P. Himmer, L. M. Gordon, X. D. Yang, L. D. Dickensheets, and I. A. Vitkin, “Dynamic focus control in high-speed optical coherence tomography based on a microelectromechanical mirror,” Opt. Commun.232(1-6), 123–128 (2004). [CrossRef]
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- F. Lexer, C. K. Hitzenberger, W. Drexler, S. Molebny, H. Sattmann, M. Sticker, and A. F. Fercher, “Dynamic coherent focus OCT with depth independent transversal resolution,” J. Mod. Opt.46, 541–553 (1999).
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- M. Dubbelman and G. L. Van der Heijde, “The shape of the aging human lens: curvature, equivalent refractive index and the lens paradox,” Vision Res.41(14), 1867–1877 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. L. van der Heijde, A. P. Beers, and M. Dubbelman, “Microfluctuations of steady-state accommodation measured with ultrasonography,” Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt.16(3), 216–221 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- M. Wojtkowski, R. Leitgeb, A. Kowalczyk, T. Bajraszewski, and A. F. Fercher, “In vivo human retinal imaging by Fourier domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.7(3), 457–463 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Lexer, C. K. Hitzenberger, W. Drexler, S. Molebny, H. Sattmann, M. Sticker, and A. F. Fercher, “Dynamic coherent focus OCT with depth independent transversal resolution,” J. Mod. Opt.46, 541–553 (1999).
- W. Drexler, A. Baumgartner, O. Findl, C. K. Hitzenberger, and A. F. Fercher, “Biometric investigation of changes in the anterior eye segment during accommodation,” Vision Res.37(19), 2789–2800 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Subramanian, C. Cook, M. Croft, K. L. DePaul, M. Neider, N. J. Ferrier, P. L. Kaufman, and J. F. Koretz, “Unilateral real-time Scheimpflug videography to study accommodation dynamics in human eyes,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.44, ARVO E-Abstract 240 (2003).
- W. Drexler, A. Baumgartner, O. Findl, C. K. Hitzenberger, and A. F. Fercher, “Biometric investigation of changes in the anterior eye segment during accommodation,” Vision Res.37(19), 2789–2800 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Potsaid, V. Jayaraman, J. G. Fujimoto, J. Jiang, P. J. S. Heim, and A. E. Cable, “MEMS tunable VCSEL light source for ultrahigh speed 60kHz—1MHz axial scan rate and long range centimeter class OCT imaging,” Proc. SPIE8213, 82130M (2012). [CrossRef]
- W. Drexler, U. Morgner, F. X. Kärtner, C. Pitris, S. A. Boppart, X. D. Li, E. P. Ippen, and J. G. Fujimoto, “In vivo ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett.24(17), 1221–1223 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Gambra, Y. Wang, J. Yuan, P. B. Kruger, and S. Marcos, “Dynamic accommodation with simulated targets blurred with high order aberrations,” Vision Res.50(19), 1922–1927 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. A. Anderson, A. Glasser, R. E. Manny, and K. K. Stuebing, “Age-related changes in accommodative dynamics from preschool to adulthood,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.51(1), 614–622 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Kasthurirangan, A. S. Vilupuru, and A. Glasser, “Amplitude dependent accommodative dynamics in humans,” Vision Res.43(27), 2945–2956 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Qi, A. P. Himmer, L. M. Gordon, X. D. Yang, L. D. Dickensheets, and I. A. Vitkin, “Dynamic focus control in high-speed optical coherence tomography based on a microelectromechanical mirror,” Opt. Commun.232(1-6), 123–128 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. Jungwirth, B. Baumann, M. Pircher, E. Götzinger, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Extended in vivo anterior eye-segment imaging with full-range complex spectral domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.14(5), 050501 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- N. C. Strang, M. Day, L. S. Gray, and D. Seidel, “Accommodation steps, target spatial frequency and refractive error,” Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt.31(5), 444–455 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Ortiz, D. Siedlecki, I. Grulkowski, L. Remon, D. Pascual, M. Wojtkowski, and S. Marcos, “Optical distortion correction in optical coherence tomography for quantitative ocular anterior segment by three-dimensional imaging,” Opt. Express18(3), 2782–2796 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Grulkowski, M. Gora, M. Szkulmowski, I. Gorczynska, D. Szlag, S. Marcos, A. Kowalczyk, and M. Wojtkowski, “Anterior segment imaging with Spectral OCT system using a high-speed CMOS camera,” Opt. Express17(6), 4842–4858 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Holmes, S. Hattersley, N. Stone, F. Bazant-Hegemark, and H. Barr, “Multi-channel Fourier domain OCT system with superior lateral resolution for biomedical applications,” Proc. SPIE6847, 68470O, 68470O-9 (2008). [CrossRef]
- G. Häusler and M. W. Lindner, “‘Coherence radar’ and ‘spectral radar’—new tools for dermatological diagnosis,” J. Biomed. Opt.3(1), 21–31 (1998). [CrossRef]
- B. Potsaid, V. Jayaraman, J. G. Fujimoto, J. Jiang, P. J. S. Heim, and A. E. Cable, “MEMS tunable VCSEL light source for ultrahigh speed 60kHz—1MHz axial scan rate and long range centimeter class OCT imaging,” Proc. SPIE8213, 82130M (2012). [CrossRef]
- A. Dhalla, T. Bustamante, D. Nanikivil, H. Hendargo, R. McNabb, A. Kuo, and J. A. Izatt, “Dual-depth SSOCT for simultaneous complex resolved anterior segment and conventional retinal imaging,” Proc. SPIE8213, 82131G (2012). [CrossRef]
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- J. Jungwirth, B. Baumann, M. Pircher, E. Götzinger, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Extended in vivo anterior eye-segment imaging with full-range complex spectral domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.14(5), 050501 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Lexer, C. K. Hitzenberger, W. Drexler, S. Molebny, H. Sattmann, M. Sticker, and A. F. Fercher, “Dynamic coherent focus OCT with depth independent transversal resolution,” J. Mod. Opt.46, 541–553 (1999).
- W. Drexler, A. Baumgartner, O. Findl, C. K. Hitzenberger, and A. F. Fercher, “Biometric investigation of changes in the anterior eye segment during accommodation,” Vision Res.37(19), 2789–2800 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Holmes, S. Hattersley, N. Stone, F. Bazant-Hegemark, and H. Barr, “Multi-channel Fourier domain OCT system with superior lateral resolution for biomedical applications,” Proc. SPIE6847, 68470O, 68470O-9 (2008). [CrossRef]
- A. Dhalla, T. Bustamante, D. Nanikivil, H. Hendargo, R. McNabb, A. Kuo, and J. A. Izatt, “Dual-depth SSOCT for simultaneous complex resolved anterior segment and conventional retinal imaging,” Proc. SPIE8213, 82131G (2012). [CrossRef]
- B. Potsaid, V. Jayaraman, J. G. Fujimoto, J. Jiang, P. J. S. Heim, and A. E. Cable, “MEMS tunable VCSEL light source for ultrahigh speed 60kHz—1MHz axial scan rate and long range centimeter class OCT imaging,” Proc. SPIE8213, 82130M (2012). [CrossRef]
- B. Potsaid, V. Jayaraman, J. G. Fujimoto, J. Jiang, P. J. S. Heim, and A. E. Cable, “MEMS tunable VCSEL light source for ultrahigh speed 60kHz—1MHz axial scan rate and long range centimeter class OCT imaging,” Proc. SPIE8213, 82130M (2012). [CrossRef]
- C. Dai, C. Zhou, S. Fan, Z. Chen, X. Chai, Q. Ren, and S. Jiao, “Optical coherence tomography for whole eye segment imaging,” Opt. Express20(6), 6109–6115 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Zhou, J. Wang, and S. Jiao, “Dual channel dual focus optical coherence tomography for imaging accommodation of the eye,” Opt. Express17(11), 8947–8955 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Jungwirth, B. Baumann, M. Pircher, E. Götzinger, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Extended in vivo anterior eye-segment imaging with full-range complex spectral domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.14(5), 050501 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Kasthurirangan, A. S. Vilupuru, and A. Glasser, “Amplitude dependent accommodative dynamics in humans,” Vision Res.43(27), 2945–2956 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Subramanian, C. Cook, M. Croft, K. L. DePaul, M. Neider, N. J. Ferrier, P. L. Kaufman, and J. F. Koretz, “Unilateral real-time Scheimpflug videography to study accommodation dynamics in human eyes,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.44, ARVO E-Abstract 240 (2003).
- R. Subramanian, C. Cook, M. Croft, K. L. DePaul, M. Neider, N. J. Ferrier, P. L. Kaufman, and J. F. Koretz, “Unilateral real-time Scheimpflug videography to study accommodation dynamics in human eyes,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.44, ARVO E-Abstract 240 (2003).
- I. Grulkowski, M. Gora, M. Szkulmowski, I. Gorczynska, D. Szlag, S. Marcos, A. Kowalczyk, and M. Wojtkowski, “Anterior segment imaging with Spectral OCT system using a high-speed CMOS camera,” Opt. Express17(6), 4842–4858 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wojtkowski, R. Leitgeb, A. Kowalczyk, T. Bajraszewski, and A. F. Fercher, “In vivo human retinal imaging by Fourier domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.7(3), 457–463 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Gambra, Y. Wang, J. Yuan, P. B. Kruger, and S. Marcos, “Dynamic accommodation with simulated targets blurred with high order aberrations,” Vision Res.50(19), 1922–1927 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Dhalla, T. Bustamante, D. Nanikivil, H. Hendargo, R. McNabb, A. Kuo, and J. A. Izatt, “Dual-depth SSOCT for simultaneous complex resolved anterior segment and conventional retinal imaging,” Proc. SPIE8213, 82131G (2012). [CrossRef]
- J. M. Schmitt, S. L. Lee, and K. M. Yung, “An optical coherence microscope with enhanced resolving power in thick tissue,” Opt. Commun.142(4-6), 203–207 (1997). [CrossRef]
- R. J. Zawadzki, C. Leisser, R. Leitgeb, M. Pircher, and A. F. Fercher, “Three-dimensional ophthalmic optical coherence tomography with a refraction correction algorithm,” Proc. SPIE5140, 20–27 (2003). [CrossRef]
- R. J. Zawadzki, C. Leisser, R. Leitgeb, M. Pircher, and A. F. Fercher, “Three-dimensional ophthalmic optical coherence tomography with a refraction correction algorithm,” Proc. SPIE5140, 20–27 (2003). [CrossRef]
- M. Wojtkowski, R. Leitgeb, A. Kowalczyk, T. Bajraszewski, and A. F. Fercher, “In vivo human retinal imaging by Fourier domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.7(3), 457–463 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Lexer, C. K. Hitzenberger, W. Drexler, S. Molebny, H. Sattmann, M. Sticker, and A. F. Fercher, “Dynamic coherent focus OCT with depth independent transversal resolution,” J. Mod. Opt.46, 541–553 (1999).
- G. Häusler and M. W. Lindner, “‘Coherence radar’ and ‘spectral radar’—new tools for dermatological diagnosis,” J. Biomed. Opt.3(1), 21–31 (1998). [CrossRef]
- C. P. de Freitas, M. Ruggeri, S. Uhlhorn, F. Manns, and J. M. Parel, “Refractive index of the in vivo human crystalline lens measured using whole-eye optical coherence tomography,” Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci53, E-Abstract 1341 (2012).
- S. R. Uhlhorn, D. Borja, F. Manns, and J. M. Parel, “Refractive index measurement of the isolated crystalline lens using optical coherence tomography,” Vision Res.48(27), 2732–2738 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. R. Uhlhorn, F. Manns, H. Tahi, R. O. Pascal, and J. M. Parel, “Corneal group refractive index measurement using low-coherence interferometry,” Proc. SPIE3246, 14–21 (1998). [CrossRef]
- H. A. Anderson, A. Glasser, R. E. Manny, and K. K. Stuebing, “Age-related changes in accommodative dynamics from preschool to adulthood,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.51(1), 614–622 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Gambra, Y. Wang, J. Yuan, P. B. Kruger, and S. Marcos, “Dynamic accommodation with simulated targets blurred with high order aberrations,” Vision Res.50(19), 1922–1927 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Ortiz, D. Siedlecki, I. Grulkowski, L. Remon, D. Pascual, M. Wojtkowski, and S. Marcos, “Optical distortion correction in optical coherence tomography for quantitative ocular anterior segment by three-dimensional imaging,” Opt. Express18(3), 2782–2796 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Grulkowski, M. Gora, M. Szkulmowski, I. Gorczynska, D. Szlag, S. Marcos, A. Kowalczyk, and M. Wojtkowski, “Anterior segment imaging with Spectral OCT system using a high-speed CMOS camera,” Opt. Express17(6), 4842–4858 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Dhalla, T. Bustamante, D. Nanikivil, H. Hendargo, R. McNabb, A. Kuo, and J. A. Izatt, “Dual-depth SSOCT for simultaneous complex resolved anterior segment and conventional retinal imaging,” Proc. SPIE8213, 82131G (2012). [CrossRef]
- F. Lexer, C. K. Hitzenberger, W. Drexler, S. Molebny, H. Sattmann, M. Sticker, and A. F. Fercher, “Dynamic coherent focus OCT with depth independent transversal resolution,” J. Mod. Opt.46, 541–553 (1999).
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- C. P. de Freitas, M. Ruggeri, S. Uhlhorn, F. Manns, and J. M. Parel, “Refractive index of the in vivo human crystalline lens measured using whole-eye optical coherence tomography,” Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci53, E-Abstract 1341 (2012).
- S. R. Uhlhorn, D. Borja, F. Manns, and J. M. Parel, “Refractive index measurement of the isolated crystalline lens using optical coherence tomography,” Vision Res.48(27), 2732–2738 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- R. J. Zawadzki, C. Leisser, R. Leitgeb, M. Pircher, and A. F. Fercher, “Three-dimensional ophthalmic optical coherence tomography with a refraction correction algorithm,” Proc. SPIE5140, 20–27 (2003). [CrossRef]
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- B. Qi, A. P. Himmer, L. M. Gordon, X. D. Yang, L. D. Dickensheets, and I. A. Vitkin, “Dynamic focus control in high-speed optical coherence tomography based on a microelectromechanical mirror,” Opt. Commun.232(1-6), 123–128 (2004). [CrossRef]
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- J. Holmes, S. Hattersley, N. Stone, F. Bazant-Hegemark, and H. Barr, “Multi-channel Fourier domain OCT system with superior lateral resolution for biomedical applications,” Proc. SPIE6847, 68470O, 68470O-9 (2008). [CrossRef]
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- E. Gambra, Y. Wang, J. Yuan, P. B. Kruger, and S. Marcos, “Dynamic accommodation with simulated targets blurred with high order aberrations,” Vision Res.50(19), 1922–1927 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- I. Grulkowski, M. Gora, M. Szkulmowski, I. Gorczynska, D. Szlag, S. Marcos, A. Kowalczyk, and M. Wojtkowski, “Anterior segment imaging with Spectral OCT system using a high-speed CMOS camera,” Opt. Express17(6), 4842–4858 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wojtkowski, R. Leitgeb, A. Kowalczyk, T. Bajraszewski, and A. F. Fercher, “In vivo human retinal imaging by Fourier domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.7(3), 457–463 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- C. Zhou, J. Wang, and S. Jiao, “Dual channel dual focus optical coherence tomography for imaging accommodation of the eye,” Opt. Express17(11), 8947–8955 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Biomed. Opt. Express
- H. Furukawa, H. Hiro-Oka, N. Satoh, R. Yoshimura, D. Choi, M. Nakanishi, A. Igarashi, H. Ishikawa, K. Ohbayashi, and K. Shimizu, “Full-range imaging of eye accommodation by high-speed long-depth range optical frequency domain imaging,” Biomed. Opt. Express1(5), 1491–1501 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Gerontologia
- F. S. Said and R. A. Weale, “The variation with age of the spectral transmissivity of the living human crystalline lens,” Gerontologia3(4), 213–231 (1959). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci
- C. P. de Freitas, M. Ruggeri, S. Uhlhorn, F. Manns, and J. M. Parel, “Refractive index of the in vivo human crystalline lens measured using whole-eye optical coherence tomography,” Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci53, E-Abstract 1341 (2012).
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.
- R. Subramanian, C. Cook, M. Croft, K. L. DePaul, M. Neider, N. J. Ferrier, P. L. Kaufman, and J. F. Koretz, “Unilateral real-time Scheimpflug videography to study accommodation dynamics in human eyes,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.44, ARVO E-Abstract 240 (2003).
- H. A. Anderson, A. Glasser, R. E. Manny, and K. K. Stuebing, “Age-related changes in accommodative dynamics from preschool to adulthood,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.51(1), 614–622 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Biomed. Opt.
- J. Jungwirth, B. Baumann, M. Pircher, E. Götzinger, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Extended in vivo anterior eye-segment imaging with full-range complex spectral domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.14(5), 050501 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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J. Mod. Opt.
- F. Lexer, C. K. Hitzenberger, W. Drexler, S. Molebny, H. Sattmann, M. Sticker, and A. F. Fercher, “Dynamic coherent focus OCT with depth independent transversal resolution,” J. Mod. Opt.46, 541–553 (1999).
J. Opt. Soc. Am. A
- D. A. Atchison and G. Smith, “Chromatic dispersion of the ocular media of human eyes,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A22(1), 29–37 (2005). [CrossRef]
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B
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Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt.
- N. C. Strang, M. Day, L. S. Gray, and D. Seidel, “Accommodation steps, target spatial frequency and refractive error,” Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt.31(5), 444–455 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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Opt. Commun.
- J. M. Schmitt, S. L. Lee, and K. M. Yung, “An optical coherence microscope with enhanced resolving power in thick tissue,” Opt. Commun.142(4-6), 203–207 (1997). [CrossRef]
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Opt. Express
- H. Lim, M. Mujat, C. Kerbage, E. C. Lee, Y. Chen, T. C. Chen, and J. F. de Boer, “High-speed imaging of human retina in vivo with swept-source optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express14(26), 12902–12908 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Grulkowski, M. Gora, M. Szkulmowski, I. Gorczynska, D. Szlag, S. Marcos, A. Kowalczyk, and M. Wojtkowski, “Anterior segment imaging with Spectral OCT system using a high-speed CMOS camera,” Opt. Express17(6), 4842–4858 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Dai, C. Zhou, S. Fan, Z. Chen, X. Chai, Q. Ren, and S. Jiao, “Optical coherence tomography for whole eye segment imaging,” Opt. Express20(6), 6109–6115 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Zhou, J. Wang, and S. Jiao, “Dual channel dual focus optical coherence tomography for imaging accommodation of the eye,” Opt. Express17(11), 8947–8955 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Ortiz, D. Siedlecki, I. Grulkowski, L. Remon, D. Pascual, M. Wojtkowski, and S. Marcos, “Optical distortion correction in optical coherence tomography for quantitative ocular anterior segment by three-dimensional imaging,” Opt. Express18(3), 2782–2796 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Westphal, A. Rollins, S. Radhakrishnan, and J. Izatt, “Correction of geometric and refractive image distortions in optical coherence tomography applying Fermat’s principle,” Opt. Express10(9), 397–404 (2002). [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
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