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Polarized multispectral imaging in a rigid endoscope based on elastic light scattering spectroscopyJi Qi, Clement Barrière, Tobias C. Wood, and Daniel S. Elson »View Author Affiliations
Ji Qi,1,2
Clement Barrière,1,2
Tobias C. Wood,1
and Daniel S. Elson1,2,*
1Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK 2Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK *Corresponding author: ds.elson@imperial.ac.uk |
Biomedical Optics Express, Vol. 3, Issue 9, pp. 2087-2099 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/BOE.3.002087
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Abstract
Elastic light scattering spectroscopy (LSS) is widely utilized to investigate cellular structures in cultured cells and various tissues. However, few imaging systems, especially endoscopic imaging systems, can implement LSS. It is the aim of this work to create a polarized multispectral imaging system based around a rigid endoscope to detect micrometer sized particles using LSS. The instrument first validated with different sized mono-disperse polystyrene microspheres, then an image is reconstructed based on LSS which shows the differentiation of different sized microspheres. Finally a preliminary experiment is conducted to demonstrate its capability to discriminate different types of cells.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(170.2150) Medical optics and biotechnology : Endoscopic imaging
(110.4234) Imaging systems : Multispectral and hyperspectral imaging
(290.5855) Scattering : Scattering, polarization
ToC Category:
Endoscopes, Catheters and Micro-Optics
History
Original Manuscript: June 18, 2012
Revised Manuscript: August 7, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: August 8, 2012
Published: August 13, 2012
Virtual Issues
BIOMED 2012
(2012) Biomedical Optics Express
Citation
Ji Qi, Clement Barrière, Tobias C. Wood, and Daniel S. Elson, "Polarized multispectral imaging in a rigid endoscope based on elastic light scattering spectroscopy," Biomed. Opt. Express 3, 2087-2099 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/boe/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-3-9-2087
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- H. Fang, M. Ollero, E. Vitkin, L. M. Kimerer, P. Cipolloni, M. M. Zaman, S. D. Freedman, I. J. Bigio, I. Itzkan, E. B. Hanlon, and L. T. Perelman, “Noninvasive sizing of subcellular organelles with light scattering spectroscopy,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.9(2), 267–276 (2003). [CrossRef]
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- C. S. Mulvey, A. L. Curtis, S. K. Singh, and I. J. Bigio, “Elastic scattering spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool for apoptosis in cell cultures,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.13(6), 1663–1670 (2007). [CrossRef]
- R. S. Gurjar, V. Backman, L. T. Perelman, I. Georgakoudi, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Imaging human epithelial properties with polarized light-scattering spectroscopy,” Nat. Med.7(11), 1245–1248 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. T. Perelman, G. Zonios, V. Backman, R. Gurjar, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, J. Van Dam, and M. S. Feld, “Quantitative analysis of mucosal tissues in patients using light scattering spectroscopy,” Proc. SPIE3597, 474–479 (1999). [CrossRef]
- V. Backman, R. Gurjar, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, L. T. Perelman, and M. S. Feld, “Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.5(4), 1019–1026 (1999). [CrossRef]
- K. S. Johnson, D. W. Chicken, D. C. O. Pickard, A. C. Lee, G. Briggs, M. Falzon, I. J. Bigio, M. R. Keshtgar, and S. G. Bown, “Elastic scattering spectroscopy for intraoperative determination of sentinel lymph node status in the breast,” J. Biomed. Opt.9(6), 1122–1128 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Fang, M. Ollero, E. Vitkin, L. M. Kimerer, P. Cipolloni, M. M. Zaman, S. D. Freedman, I. J. Bigio, I. Itzkan, E. B. Hanlon, and L. T. Perelman, “Noninvasive sizing of subcellular organelles with light scattering spectroscopy,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.9(2), 267–276 (2003). [CrossRef]
- L. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. Crawford, and M. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: a new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.80(3), 627–630 (1998). [CrossRef]
- R. S. Gurjar, V. Backman, L. T. Perelman, I. Georgakoudi, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Imaging human epithelial properties with polarized light-scattering spectroscopy,” Nat. Med.7(11), 1245–1248 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Backman, R. Gurjar, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, L. T. Perelman, and M. S. Feld, “Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.5(4), 1019–1026 (1999). [CrossRef]
- L. T. Perelman, G. Zonios, V. Backman, R. Gurjar, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, J. Van Dam, and M. S. Feld, “Quantitative analysis of mucosal tissues in patients using light scattering spectroscopy,” Proc. SPIE3597, 474–479 (1999). [CrossRef]
- R. H. Riddell, H. Goldman, D. F. Ransohoff, H. D. Appelman, C. M. Fenoglio, R. C. Haggitt, C. hren, P. Correa, S. R. Hamilton, B. C. Morson, S. C. Sommers, and J. H. Yardley, “Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: standardized classification with provisional clinical applications,” Hum. Pathol.14(11), 931–968 (1983). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Fang, M. Ollero, E. Vitkin, L. M. Kimerer, P. Cipolloni, M. M. Zaman, S. D. Freedman, I. J. Bigio, I. Itzkan, E. B. Hanlon, and L. T. Perelman, “Noninvasive sizing of subcellular organelles with light scattering spectroscopy,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.9(2), 267–276 (2003). [CrossRef]
- V. Backman, R. Gurjar, L. T. Perelman, V. Gopal, M. Kalashnikov, K. Badizadegan, A. Wax, I. Georgakoudi, M. Mueller, and C. W. Boone, “Imaging and measurement of cell structure and organization with submicron accuracy using light scattering spectroscopy,” Proc. SPIE4617, 101–110 (2002). [CrossRef]
- R. S. Gurjar, V. Backman, L. T. Perelman, I. Georgakoudi, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Imaging human epithelial properties with polarized light-scattering spectroscopy,” Nat. Med.7(11), 1245–1248 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. H. Riddell, H. Goldman, D. F. Ransohoff, H. D. Appelman, C. M. Fenoglio, R. C. Haggitt, C. hren, P. Correa, S. R. Hamilton, B. C. Morson, S. C. Sommers, and J. H. Yardley, “Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: standardized classification with provisional clinical applications,” Hum. Pathol.14(11), 931–968 (1983). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Qiu, D. K. Pleskow, R. Chuttani, E. Vitkin, J. Leyden, N. Ozden, S. Itani, L. Guo, A. Sacks, J. D. Goldsmith, M. D. Modell, E. B. Hanlon, I. Itzkan, and L. T. Perelman, “Multispectral scanning during endoscopy guides biopsy of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus,” Nat. Med.16(5), 603–606, 1p, 606 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Backman, R. Gurjar, L. T. Perelman, V. Gopal, M. Kalashnikov, K. Badizadegan, A. Wax, I. Georgakoudi, M. Mueller, and C. W. Boone, “Imaging and measurement of cell structure and organization with submicron accuracy using light scattering spectroscopy,” Proc. SPIE4617, 101–110 (2002). [CrossRef]
- L. Qiu, D. K. Pleskow, R. Chuttani, E. Vitkin, J. Leyden, N. Ozden, S. Itani, L. Guo, A. Sacks, J. D. Goldsmith, M. D. Modell, E. B. Hanlon, I. Itzkan, and L. T. Perelman, “Multispectral scanning during endoscopy guides biopsy of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus,” Nat. Med.16(5), 603–606, 1p, 606 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Backman, R. Gurjar, L. T. Perelman, V. Gopal, M. Kalashnikov, K. Badizadegan, A. Wax, I. Georgakoudi, M. Mueller, and C. W. Boone, “Imaging and measurement of cell structure and organization with submicron accuracy using light scattering spectroscopy,” Proc. SPIE4617, 101–110 (2002). [CrossRef]
- L. T. Perelman, G. Zonios, V. Backman, R. Gurjar, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, J. Van Dam, and M. S. Feld, “Quantitative analysis of mucosal tissues in patients using light scattering spectroscopy,” Proc. SPIE3597, 474–479 (1999). [CrossRef]
- V. Backman, R. Gurjar, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, L. T. Perelman, and M. S. Feld, “Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.5(4), 1019–1026 (1999). [CrossRef]
- R. S. Gurjar, V. Backman, L. T. Perelman, I. Georgakoudi, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Imaging human epithelial properties with polarized light-scattering spectroscopy,” Nat. Med.7(11), 1245–1248 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. H. Riddell, H. Goldman, D. F. Ransohoff, H. D. Appelman, C. M. Fenoglio, R. C. Haggitt, C. hren, P. Correa, S. R. Hamilton, B. C. Morson, S. C. Sommers, and J. H. Yardley, “Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: standardized classification with provisional clinical applications,” Hum. Pathol.14(11), 931–968 (1983). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. Crawford, and M. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: a new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.80(3), 627–630 (1998). [CrossRef]
- R. H. Riddell, H. Goldman, D. F. Ransohoff, H. D. Appelman, C. M. Fenoglio, R. C. Haggitt, C. hren, P. Correa, S. R. Hamilton, B. C. Morson, S. C. Sommers, and J. H. Yardley, “Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: standardized classification with provisional clinical applications,” Hum. Pathol.14(11), 931–968 (1983). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Qiu, D. K. Pleskow, R. Chuttani, E. Vitkin, J. Leyden, N. Ozden, S. Itani, L. Guo, A. Sacks, J. D. Goldsmith, M. D. Modell, E. B. Hanlon, I. Itzkan, and L. T. Perelman, “Multispectral scanning during endoscopy guides biopsy of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus,” Nat. Med.16(5), 603–606, 1p, 606 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Fang, M. Ollero, E. Vitkin, L. M. Kimerer, P. Cipolloni, M. M. Zaman, S. D. Freedman, I. J. Bigio, I. Itzkan, E. B. Hanlon, and L. T. Perelman, “Noninvasive sizing of subcellular organelles with light scattering spectroscopy,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.9(2), 267–276 (2003). [CrossRef]
- R. H. Riddell, H. Goldman, D. F. Ransohoff, H. D. Appelman, C. M. Fenoglio, R. C. Haggitt, C. hren, P. Correa, S. R. Hamilton, B. C. Morson, S. C. Sommers, and J. H. Yardley, “Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: standardized classification with provisional clinical applications,” Hum. Pathol.14(11), 931–968 (1983). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Qiu, D. K. Pleskow, R. Chuttani, E. Vitkin, J. Leyden, N. Ozden, S. Itani, L. Guo, A. Sacks, J. D. Goldsmith, M. D. Modell, E. B. Hanlon, I. Itzkan, and L. T. Perelman, “Multispectral scanning during endoscopy guides biopsy of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus,” Nat. Med.16(5), 603–606, 1p, 606 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Qiu, D. K. Pleskow, R. Chuttani, E. Vitkin, J. Leyden, N. Ozden, S. Itani, L. Guo, A. Sacks, J. D. Goldsmith, M. D. Modell, E. B. Hanlon, I. Itzkan, and L. T. Perelman, “Multispectral scanning during endoscopy guides biopsy of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus,” Nat. Med.16(5), 603–606, 1p, 606 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Fang, M. Ollero, E. Vitkin, L. M. Kimerer, P. Cipolloni, M. M. Zaman, S. D. Freedman, I. J. Bigio, I. Itzkan, E. B. Hanlon, and L. T. Perelman, “Noninvasive sizing of subcellular organelles with light scattering spectroscopy,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.9(2), 267–276 (2003). [CrossRef]
- R. S. Gurjar, V. Backman, L. T. Perelman, I. Georgakoudi, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Imaging human epithelial properties with polarized light-scattering spectroscopy,” Nat. Med.7(11), 1245–1248 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. T. Perelman, G. Zonios, V. Backman, R. Gurjar, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, J. Van Dam, and M. S. Feld, “Quantitative analysis of mucosal tissues in patients using light scattering spectroscopy,” Proc. SPIE3597, 474–479 (1999). [CrossRef]
- V. Backman, R. Gurjar, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, L. T. Perelman, and M. S. Feld, “Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.5(4), 1019–1026 (1999). [CrossRef]
- L. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. Crawford, and M. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: a new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.80(3), 627–630 (1998). [CrossRef]
- K. S. Johnson, D. W. Chicken, D. C. O. Pickard, A. C. Lee, G. Briggs, M. Falzon, I. J. Bigio, M. R. Keshtgar, and S. G. Bown, “Elastic scattering spectroscopy for intraoperative determination of sentinel lymph node status in the breast,” J. Biomed. Opt.9(6), 1122–1128 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Backman, R. Gurjar, L. T. Perelman, V. Gopal, M. Kalashnikov, K. Badizadegan, A. Wax, I. Georgakoudi, M. Mueller, and C. W. Boone, “Imaging and measurement of cell structure and organization with submicron accuracy using light scattering spectroscopy,” Proc. SPIE4617, 101–110 (2002). [CrossRef]
- I. J. Bigio, S. G. Bown, G. Briggs, C. Kelley, S. Lakhani, D. Pickard, P. M. Ripley, I. G. Rose, and C. Saunders, “Diagnosis of breast cancer using elastic-scattering spectroscopy: preliminary clinical results,” J. Biomed. Opt.5(2), 221–228 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. S. Johnson, D. W. Chicken, D. C. O. Pickard, A. C. Lee, G. Briggs, M. Falzon, I. J. Bigio, M. R. Keshtgar, and S. G. Bown, “Elastic scattering spectroscopy for intraoperative determination of sentinel lymph node status in the breast,” J. Biomed. Opt.9(6), 1122–1128 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Fang, M. Ollero, E. Vitkin, L. M. Kimerer, P. Cipolloni, M. M. Zaman, S. D. Freedman, I. J. Bigio, I. Itzkan, E. B. Hanlon, and L. T. Perelman, “Noninvasive sizing of subcellular organelles with light scattering spectroscopy,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.9(2), 267–276 (2003). [CrossRef]
- I. J. Bigio, S. G. Bown, G. Briggs, C. Kelley, S. Lakhani, D. Pickard, P. M. Ripley, I. G. Rose, and C. Saunders, “Diagnosis of breast cancer using elastic-scattering spectroscopy: preliminary clinical results,” J. Biomed. Opt.5(2), 221–228 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. S. Johnson, D. W. Chicken, D. C. O. Pickard, A. C. Lee, G. Briggs, M. Falzon, I. J. Bigio, M. R. Keshtgar, and S. G. Bown, “Elastic scattering spectroscopy for intraoperative determination of sentinel lymph node status in the breast,” J. Biomed. Opt.9(6), 1122–1128 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Suh, O. A’amar, E. Rodriguez-Diaz, S. Lee, I. Bigio, and J. E. Rosen, “Elastic light-scattering spectroscopy for discrimination of benign from malignant disease in thyroid nodules,” Ann. Surg. Oncol.18(5), 1300–1305 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Qiu, D. K. Pleskow, R. Chuttani, E. Vitkin, J. Leyden, N. Ozden, S. Itani, L. Guo, A. Sacks, J. D. Goldsmith, M. D. Modell, E. B. Hanlon, I. Itzkan, and L. T. Perelman, “Multispectral scanning during endoscopy guides biopsy of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus,” Nat. Med.16(5), 603–606, 1p, 606 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. Crawford, and M. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: a new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.80(3), 627–630 (1998). [CrossRef]
- C. S. Mulvey, K. Zhang, W. H. B. Liu, D. J. Waxman, and I. J. Bigio, “Wavelength-dependent backscattering measurements for quantitative monitoring of apoptosis, part 1: early and late spectral changes are indicative of the presence of apoptosis in cell cultures,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(11), 117001 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. Crawford, and M. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: a new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.80(3), 627–630 (1998). [CrossRef]
- L. Qiu, D. K. Pleskow, R. Chuttani, E. Vitkin, J. Leyden, N. Ozden, S. Itani, L. Guo, A. Sacks, J. D. Goldsmith, M. D. Modell, E. B. Hanlon, I. Itzkan, and L. T. Perelman, “Multispectral scanning during endoscopy guides biopsy of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus,” Nat. Med.16(5), 603–606, 1p, 606 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. H. Riddell, H. Goldman, D. F. Ransohoff, H. D. Appelman, C. M. Fenoglio, R. C. Haggitt, C. hren, P. Correa, S. R. Hamilton, B. C. Morson, S. C. Sommers, and J. H. Yardley, “Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: standardized classification with provisional clinical applications,” Hum. Pathol.14(11), 931–968 (1983). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- O. C. Marina, C. K. Sanders, and J. R. Mourant, “Correlating light scattering with internal cellular structures,” Biomed. Opt. Express3(2), 296–312 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. R. Mourant, T. M. Powers, T. J. Bocklage, H. M. Greene, M. H. Dorin, A. G. Waxman, M. M. Zsemlye, and H. O. Smith, “In vivo light scattering for the detection of cancerous and precancerous lesions of the cervix,” Appl. Opt.48(10), D26–D35 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. R. Mourant, J. P. Freyer, A. H. Hielscher, A. A. Eick, D. Shen, and T. M. Johnson, “Mechanisms of light scattering from biological cells relevant to noninvasive optical-tissue diagnostics,” Appl. Opt.37(16), 3586–3593 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Backman, R. Gurjar, L. T. Perelman, V. Gopal, M. Kalashnikov, K. Badizadegan, A. Wax, I. Georgakoudi, M. Mueller, and C. W. Boone, “Imaging and measurement of cell structure and organization with submicron accuracy using light scattering spectroscopy,” Proc. SPIE4617, 101–110 (2002). [CrossRef]
- C. S. Mulvey, K. Zhang, W. H. Bobby Liu, D. J. Waxman, and I. J. Bigio, “Wavelength-dependent backscattering measurements for quantitative monitoring of apoptosis, part 2: early spectral changes during apoptosis are linked to apoptotic volume decrease,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(11), 117002 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. S. Mulvey, K. Zhang, W. H. B. Liu, D. J. Waxman, and I. J. Bigio, “Wavelength-dependent backscattering measurements for quantitative monitoring of apoptosis, part 1: early and late spectral changes are indicative of the presence of apoptosis in cell cultures,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(11), 117001 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. S. Mulvey, A. L. Curtis, S. K. Singh, and I. J. Bigio, “Elastic scattering spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool for apoptosis in cell cultures,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.13(6), 1663–1670 (2007). [CrossRef]
- L. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. Crawford, and M. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: a new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.80(3), 627–630 (1998). [CrossRef]
- H. Fang, M. Ollero, E. Vitkin, L. M. Kimerer, P. Cipolloni, M. M. Zaman, S. D. Freedman, I. J. Bigio, I. Itzkan, E. B. Hanlon, and L. T. Perelman, “Noninvasive sizing of subcellular organelles with light scattering spectroscopy,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.9(2), 267–276 (2003). [CrossRef]
- L. Qiu, D. K. Pleskow, R. Chuttani, E. Vitkin, J. Leyden, N. Ozden, S. Itani, L. Guo, A. Sacks, J. D. Goldsmith, M. D. Modell, E. B. Hanlon, I. Itzkan, and L. T. Perelman, “Multispectral scanning during endoscopy guides biopsy of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus,” Nat. Med.16(5), 603–606, 1p, 606 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. Crawford, and M. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: a new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.80(3), 627–630 (1998). [CrossRef]
- L. Qiu, D. K. Pleskow, R. Chuttani, E. Vitkin, J. Leyden, N. Ozden, S. Itani, L. Guo, A. Sacks, J. D. Goldsmith, M. D. Modell, E. B. Hanlon, I. Itzkan, and L. T. Perelman, “Multispectral scanning during endoscopy guides biopsy of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus,” Nat. Med.16(5), 603–606, 1p, 606 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Fang, M. Ollero, E. Vitkin, L. M. Kimerer, P. Cipolloni, M. M. Zaman, S. D. Freedman, I. J. Bigio, I. Itzkan, E. B. Hanlon, and L. T. Perelman, “Noninvasive sizing of subcellular organelles with light scattering spectroscopy,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.9(2), 267–276 (2003). [CrossRef]
- V. Backman, R. Gurjar, L. T. Perelman, V. Gopal, M. Kalashnikov, K. Badizadegan, A. Wax, I. Georgakoudi, M. Mueller, and C. W. Boone, “Imaging and measurement of cell structure and organization with submicron accuracy using light scattering spectroscopy,” Proc. SPIE4617, 101–110 (2002). [CrossRef]
- R. S. Gurjar, V. Backman, L. T. Perelman, I. Georgakoudi, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Imaging human epithelial properties with polarized light-scattering spectroscopy,” Nat. Med.7(11), 1245–1248 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. T. Perelman, G. Zonios, V. Backman, R. Gurjar, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, J. Van Dam, and M. S. Feld, “Quantitative analysis of mucosal tissues in patients using light scattering spectroscopy,” Proc. SPIE3597, 474–479 (1999). [CrossRef]
- V. Backman, R. Gurjar, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, L. T. Perelman, and M. S. Feld, “Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.5(4), 1019–1026 (1999). [CrossRef]
- I. J. Bigio, S. G. Bown, G. Briggs, C. Kelley, S. Lakhani, D. Pickard, P. M. Ripley, I. G. Rose, and C. Saunders, “Diagnosis of breast cancer using elastic-scattering spectroscopy: preliminary clinical results,” J. Biomed. Opt.5(2), 221–228 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. S. Johnson, D. W. Chicken, D. C. O. Pickard, A. C. Lee, G. Briggs, M. Falzon, I. J. Bigio, M. R. Keshtgar, and S. G. Bown, “Elastic scattering spectroscopy for intraoperative determination of sentinel lymph node status in the breast,” J. Biomed. Opt.9(6), 1122–1128 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Qiu, D. K. Pleskow, R. Chuttani, E. Vitkin, J. Leyden, N. Ozden, S. Itani, L. Guo, A. Sacks, J. D. Goldsmith, M. D. Modell, E. B. Hanlon, I. Itzkan, and L. T. Perelman, “Multispectral scanning during endoscopy guides biopsy of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus,” Nat. Med.16(5), 603–606, 1p, 606 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Qiu, D. K. Pleskow, R. Chuttani, E. Vitkin, J. Leyden, N. Ozden, S. Itani, L. Guo, A. Sacks, J. D. Goldsmith, M. D. Modell, E. B. Hanlon, I. Itzkan, and L. T. Perelman, “Multispectral scanning during endoscopy guides biopsy of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus,” Nat. Med.16(5), 603–606, 1p, 606 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. H. Riddell, H. Goldman, D. F. Ransohoff, H. D. Appelman, C. M. Fenoglio, R. C. Haggitt, C. hren, P. Correa, S. R. Hamilton, B. C. Morson, S. C. Sommers, and J. H. Yardley, “Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: standardized classification with provisional clinical applications,” Hum. Pathol.14(11), 931–968 (1983). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. H. Riddell, H. Goldman, D. F. Ransohoff, H. D. Appelman, C. M. Fenoglio, R. C. Haggitt, C. hren, P. Correa, S. R. Hamilton, B. C. Morson, S. C. Sommers, and J. H. Yardley, “Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: standardized classification with provisional clinical applications,” Hum. Pathol.14(11), 931–968 (1983). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. J. Bigio, S. G. Bown, G. Briggs, C. Kelley, S. Lakhani, D. Pickard, P. M. Ripley, I. G. Rose, and C. Saunders, “Diagnosis of breast cancer using elastic-scattering spectroscopy: preliminary clinical results,” J. Biomed. Opt.5(2), 221–228 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Suh, O. A’amar, E. Rodriguez-Diaz, S. Lee, I. Bigio, and J. E. Rosen, “Elastic light-scattering spectroscopy for discrimination of benign from malignant disease in thyroid nodules,” Ann. Surg. Oncol.18(5), 1300–1305 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. J. Bigio, S. G. Bown, G. Briggs, C. Kelley, S. Lakhani, D. Pickard, P. M. Ripley, I. G. Rose, and C. Saunders, “Diagnosis of breast cancer using elastic-scattering spectroscopy: preliminary clinical results,” J. Biomed. Opt.5(2), 221–228 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Suh, O. A’amar, E. Rodriguez-Diaz, S. Lee, I. Bigio, and J. E. Rosen, “Elastic light-scattering spectroscopy for discrimination of benign from malignant disease in thyroid nodules,” Ann. Surg. Oncol.18(5), 1300–1305 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Qiu, D. K. Pleskow, R. Chuttani, E. Vitkin, J. Leyden, N. Ozden, S. Itani, L. Guo, A. Sacks, J. D. Goldsmith, M. D. Modell, E. B. Hanlon, I. Itzkan, and L. T. Perelman, “Multispectral scanning during endoscopy guides biopsy of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus,” Nat. Med.16(5), 603–606, 1p, 606 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. J. Bigio, S. G. Bown, G. Briggs, C. Kelley, S. Lakhani, D. Pickard, P. M. Ripley, I. G. Rose, and C. Saunders, “Diagnosis of breast cancer using elastic-scattering spectroscopy: preliminary clinical results,” J. Biomed. Opt.5(2), 221–228 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. Crawford, and M. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: a new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.80(3), 627–630 (1998). [CrossRef]
- L. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. Crawford, and M. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: a new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.80(3), 627–630 (1998). [CrossRef]
- C. S. Mulvey, A. L. Curtis, S. K. Singh, and I. J. Bigio, “Elastic scattering spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool for apoptosis in cell cultures,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.13(6), 1663–1670 (2007). [CrossRef]
- R. H. Riddell, H. Goldman, D. F. Ransohoff, H. D. Appelman, C. M. Fenoglio, R. C. Haggitt, C. hren, P. Correa, S. R. Hamilton, B. C. Morson, S. C. Sommers, and J. H. Yardley, “Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: standardized classification with provisional clinical applications,” Hum. Pathol.14(11), 931–968 (1983). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Suh, O. A’amar, E. Rodriguez-Diaz, S. Lee, I. Bigio, and J. E. Rosen, “Elastic light-scattering spectroscopy for discrimination of benign from malignant disease in thyroid nodules,” Ann. Surg. Oncol.18(5), 1300–1305 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. T. Perelman, G. Zonios, V. Backman, R. Gurjar, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, J. Van Dam, and M. S. Feld, “Quantitative analysis of mucosal tissues in patients using light scattering spectroscopy,” Proc. SPIE3597, 474–479 (1999). [CrossRef]
- L. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. Crawford, and M. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: a new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.80(3), 627–630 (1998). [CrossRef]
- L. Qiu, D. K. Pleskow, R. Chuttani, E. Vitkin, J. Leyden, N. Ozden, S. Itani, L. Guo, A. Sacks, J. D. Goldsmith, M. D. Modell, E. B. Hanlon, I. Itzkan, and L. T. Perelman, “Multispectral scanning during endoscopy guides biopsy of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus,” Nat. Med.16(5), 603–606, 1p, 606 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Fang, M. Ollero, E. Vitkin, L. M. Kimerer, P. Cipolloni, M. M. Zaman, S. D. Freedman, I. J. Bigio, I. Itzkan, E. B. Hanlon, and L. T. Perelman, “Noninvasive sizing of subcellular organelles with light scattering spectroscopy,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.9(2), 267–276 (2003). [CrossRef]
- L. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. Crawford, and M. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: a new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.80(3), 627–630 (1998). [CrossRef]
- V. Backman, R. Gurjar, L. T. Perelman, V. Gopal, M. Kalashnikov, K. Badizadegan, A. Wax, I. Georgakoudi, M. Mueller, and C. W. Boone, “Imaging and measurement of cell structure and organization with submicron accuracy using light scattering spectroscopy,” Proc. SPIE4617, 101–110 (2002). [CrossRef]
- C. S. Mulvey, K. Zhang, W. H. B. Liu, D. J. Waxman, and I. J. Bigio, “Wavelength-dependent backscattering measurements for quantitative monitoring of apoptosis, part 1: early and late spectral changes are indicative of the presence of apoptosis in cell cultures,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(11), 117001 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. S. Mulvey, K. Zhang, W. H. Bobby Liu, D. J. Waxman, and I. J. Bigio, “Wavelength-dependent backscattering measurements for quantitative monitoring of apoptosis, part 2: early spectral changes during apoptosis are linked to apoptotic volume decrease,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(11), 117002 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. H. Riddell, H. Goldman, D. F. Ransohoff, H. D. Appelman, C. M. Fenoglio, R. C. Haggitt, C. hren, P. Correa, S. R. Hamilton, B. C. Morson, S. C. Sommers, and J. H. Yardley, “Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: standardized classification with provisional clinical applications,” Hum. Pathol.14(11), 931–968 (1983). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Fang, M. Ollero, E. Vitkin, L. M. Kimerer, P. Cipolloni, M. M. Zaman, S. D. Freedman, I. J. Bigio, I. Itzkan, E. B. Hanlon, and L. T. Perelman, “Noninvasive sizing of subcellular organelles with light scattering spectroscopy,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.9(2), 267–276 (2003). [CrossRef]
- C. S. Mulvey, K. Zhang, W. H. B. Liu, D. J. Waxman, and I. J. Bigio, “Wavelength-dependent backscattering measurements for quantitative monitoring of apoptosis, part 1: early and late spectral changes are indicative of the presence of apoptosis in cell cultures,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(11), 117001 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. S. Mulvey, K. Zhang, W. H. Bobby Liu, D. J. Waxman, and I. J. Bigio, “Wavelength-dependent backscattering measurements for quantitative monitoring of apoptosis, part 2: early spectral changes during apoptosis are linked to apoptotic volume decrease,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(11), 117002 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. T. Perelman, G. Zonios, V. Backman, R. Gurjar, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, J. Van Dam, and M. S. Feld, “Quantitative analysis of mucosal tissues in patients using light scattering spectroscopy,” Proc. SPIE3597, 474–479 (1999). [CrossRef]
- L. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. Crawford, and M. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: a new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.80(3), 627–630 (1998). [CrossRef]
Ann. Surg. Oncol.
- H. Suh, O. A’amar, E. Rodriguez-Diaz, S. Lee, I. Bigio, and J. E. Rosen, “Elastic light-scattering spectroscopy for discrimination of benign from malignant disease in thyroid nodules,” Ann. Surg. Oncol.18(5), 1300–1305 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Appl. Opt.
- J. R. Mourant, J. P. Freyer, A. H. Hielscher, A. A. Eick, D. Shen, and T. M. Johnson, “Mechanisms of light scattering from biological cells relevant to noninvasive optical-tissue diagnostics,” Appl. Opt.37(16), 3586–3593 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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Biomed. Opt. Express
- T. C. Wood and D. S. Elson, “Polarization response measurement and simulation of rigid endoscopes,” Biomed. Opt. Express1(2), 463–470 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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Hum. Pathol.
- R. H. Riddell, H. Goldman, D. F. Ransohoff, H. D. Appelman, C. M. Fenoglio, R. C. Haggitt, C. hren, P. Correa, S. R. Hamilton, B. C. Morson, S. C. Sommers, and J. H. Yardley, “Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: standardized classification with provisional clinical applications,” Hum. Pathol.14(11), 931–968 (1983). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.
- V. Backman, R. Gurjar, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, L. T. Perelman, and M. S. Feld, “Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.5(4), 1019–1026 (1999). [CrossRef]
- C. S. Mulvey, A. L. Curtis, S. K. Singh, and I. J. Bigio, “Elastic scattering spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool for apoptosis in cell cultures,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.13(6), 1663–1670 (2007). [CrossRef]
- H. Fang, M. Ollero, E. Vitkin, L. M. Kimerer, P. Cipolloni, M. M. Zaman, S. D. Freedman, I. J. Bigio, I. Itzkan, E. B. Hanlon, and L. T. Perelman, “Noninvasive sizing of subcellular organelles with light scattering spectroscopy,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.9(2), 267–276 (2003). [CrossRef]
J. Biomed. Opt.
- I. J. Bigio, S. G. Bown, G. Briggs, C. Kelley, S. Lakhani, D. Pickard, P. M. Ripley, I. G. Rose, and C. Saunders, “Diagnosis of breast cancer using elastic-scattering spectroscopy: preliminary clinical results,” J. Biomed. Opt.5(2), 221–228 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. S. Johnson, D. W. Chicken, D. C. O. Pickard, A. C. Lee, G. Briggs, M. Falzon, I. J. Bigio, M. R. Keshtgar, and S. G. Bown, “Elastic scattering spectroscopy for intraoperative determination of sentinel lymph node status in the breast,” J. Biomed. Opt.9(6), 1122–1128 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. S. Mulvey, K. Zhang, W. H. B. Liu, D. J. Waxman, and I. J. Bigio, “Wavelength-dependent backscattering measurements for quantitative monitoring of apoptosis, part 1: early and late spectral changes are indicative of the presence of apoptosis in cell cultures,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(11), 117001 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. S. Mulvey, K. Zhang, W. H. Bobby Liu, D. J. Waxman, and I. J. Bigio, “Wavelength-dependent backscattering measurements for quantitative monitoring of apoptosis, part 2: early spectral changes during apoptosis are linked to apoptotic volume decrease,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(11), 117002 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nat. Med.
- L. Qiu, D. K. Pleskow, R. Chuttani, E. Vitkin, J. Leyden, N. Ozden, S. Itani, L. Guo, A. Sacks, J. D. Goldsmith, M. D. Modell, E. B. Hanlon, I. Itzkan, and L. T. Perelman, “Multispectral scanning during endoscopy guides biopsy of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus,” Nat. Med.16(5), 603–606, 1p, 606 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. S. Gurjar, V. Backman, L. T. Perelman, I. Georgakoudi, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Imaging human epithelial properties with polarized light-scattering spectroscopy,” Nat. Med.7(11), 1245–1248 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Express
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Phys. Rev. Lett.
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Proc. SPIE
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Other
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2012, Marina, Biomed. Opt. Express
- H. Suh, O. A’amar, E. Rodriguez-Diaz, S. Lee, I. Bigio, and J. E. Rosen, “Elastic light-scattering spectroscopy for discrimination of benign from malignant disease in thyroid nodules,” Ann. Surg. Oncol.18(5), 1300–1305 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. S. Mulvey, K. Zhang, W. H. B. Liu, D. J. Waxman, and I. J. Bigio, “Wavelength-dependent backscattering measurements for quantitative monitoring of apoptosis, part 1: early and late spectral changes are indicative of the presence of apoptosis in cell cultures,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(11), 117001 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. S. Mulvey, K. Zhang, W. H. Bobby Liu, D. J. Waxman, and I. J. Bigio, “Wavelength-dependent backscattering measurements for quantitative monitoring of apoptosis, part 2: early spectral changes during apoptosis are linked to apoptotic volume decrease,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(11), 117002 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Qiu, D. K. Pleskow, R. Chuttani, E. Vitkin, J. Leyden, N. Ozden, S. Itani, L. Guo, A. Sacks, J. D. Goldsmith, M. D. Modell, E. B. Hanlon, I. Itzkan, and L. T. Perelman, “Multispectral scanning during endoscopy guides biopsy of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus,” Nat. Med.16(5), 603–606, 1p, 606 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. S. Mulvey, A. L. Curtis, S. K. Singh, and I. J. Bigio, “Elastic scattering spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool for apoptosis in cell cultures,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.13(6), 1663–1670 (2007). [CrossRef]
- K. S. Johnson, D. W. Chicken, D. C. O. Pickard, A. C. Lee, G. Briggs, M. Falzon, I. J. Bigio, M. R. Keshtgar, and S. G. Bown, “Elastic scattering spectroscopy for intraoperative determination of sentinel lymph node status in the breast,” J. Biomed. Opt.9(6), 1122–1128 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Fang, M. Ollero, E. Vitkin, L. M. Kimerer, P. Cipolloni, M. M. Zaman, S. D. Freedman, I. J. Bigio, I. Itzkan, E. B. Hanlon, and L. T. Perelman, “Noninvasive sizing of subcellular organelles with light scattering spectroscopy,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.9(2), 267–276 (2003). [CrossRef]
- V. Backman, R. Gurjar, L. T. Perelman, V. Gopal, M. Kalashnikov, K. Badizadegan, A. Wax, I. Georgakoudi, M. Mueller, and C. W. Boone, “Imaging and measurement of cell structure and organization with submicron accuracy using light scattering spectroscopy,” Proc. SPIE4617, 101–110 (2002). [CrossRef]
- R. S. Gurjar, V. Backman, L. T. Perelman, I. Georgakoudi, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Imaging human epithelial properties with polarized light-scattering spectroscopy,” Nat. Med.7(11), 1245–1248 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. J. Bigio, S. G. Bown, G. Briggs, C. Kelley, S. Lakhani, D. Pickard, P. M. Ripley, I. G. Rose, and C. Saunders, “Diagnosis of breast cancer using elastic-scattering spectroscopy: preliminary clinical results,” J. Biomed. Opt.5(2), 221–228 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Backman, R. Gurjar, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, L. T. Perelman, and M. S. Feld, “Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.5(4), 1019–1026 (1999). [CrossRef]
- L. T. Perelman, G. Zonios, V. Backman, R. Gurjar, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, J. Van Dam, and M. S. Feld, “Quantitative analysis of mucosal tissues in patients using light scattering spectroscopy,” Proc. SPIE3597, 474–479 (1999). [CrossRef]
- L. Perelman, V. Backman, M. Wallace, G. Zonios, R. Manoharan, A. Nusrat, S. Shields, M. Seiler, C. Lima, T. Hamano, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, J. Crawford, and M. Feld, “Observation of periodic fine structure in reflectance from biological tissue: a new technique for measuring nuclear size distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett.80(3), 627–630 (1998). [CrossRef]
- R. H. Riddell, H. Goldman, D. F. Ransohoff, H. D. Appelman, C. M. Fenoglio, R. C. Haggitt, C. hren, P. Correa, S. R. Hamilton, B. C. Morson, S. C. Sommers, and J. H. Yardley, “Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: standardized classification with provisional clinical applications,” Hum. Pathol.14(11), 931–968 (1983). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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