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Simultaneous real-time imaging of the ocular anterior segment including the ciliary muscle during accommodationYilei Shao, Aizhu Tao, Hong Jiang, Meixiao Shen, Jianguang Zhong, Fan Lu, and Jianhua Wang »View Author Affiliations
Yilei Shao,1,2,5
Aizhu Tao,1,2,5
Hong Jiang,1
Meixiao Shen,2
Jianguang Zhong,1,3
Fan Lu,2
and Jianhua Wang1,4,*
1Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA 2School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 3Department of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China 4Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA 5These authors contributed equally to this work *Corresponding author: jwang3@med.miami.edu |
Biomedical Optics Express, Vol. 4, Issue 3, pp. 466-480 (2013)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/BOE.4.000466
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Abstract
We demonstrated a novel approach of imaging the anterior segment including the ciliary muscle using combined and synchronized two spectral domain optical coherence tomography devices (SD-OCT). In one SD-OCT, a Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Transistor (CMOS) camera and an alternating reference arm was used to image the anterior segment from the cornea to the lens. Another SD-OCT for imaging the ciliary muscle was equipped with a light source with a center wavelength of 1,310 nm and a bandwidth of 75 nm. Repeated measurements were performed under relaxed and 4.00 D accommodative stimulus states in six eyes from 6 subjects. We also imaged dynamic changes in the anterior segment in one eye during accommodation. The biometry of the anterior segment and the ciliary muscle was obtained. The combined system appeared to be capable to simultaneously real-time image the biometry of the anterior segment, including the ciliary muscle, in vivo during accommodation.
© 2013 OSA
OCIS Codes
(170.3880) Medical optics and biotechnology : Medical and biological imaging
(170.4500) Medical optics and biotechnology : Optical coherence tomography
(170.4580) Medical optics and biotechnology : Optical diagnostics for medicine
(330.4460) Vision, color, and visual optics : Ophthalmic optics and devices
(330.7322) Vision, color, and visual optics : Visual optics, accommodation
ToC Category:
Ophthalmology Applications
History
Original Manuscript: December 10, 2012
Revised Manuscript: February 14, 2013
Manuscript Accepted: February 18, 2013
Published: February 21, 2013
Citation
Yilei Shao, Aizhu Tao, Hong Jiang, Meixiao Shen, Jianguang Zhong, Fan Lu, and Jianhua Wang, "Simultaneous real-time imaging of the ocular anterior segment including the ciliary
muscle during accommodation," Biomed. Opt. Express 4, 466-480 (2013)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/boe/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-4-3-466
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References
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- A. L. Sheppard and L. N. Davies, “In vivo analysis of ciliary muscle morphologic changes with accommodation and axial ametropia,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.51(12), 6882–6889 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Siedlecki, A. de Castro, E. Gambra, S. Ortiz, D. Borja, S. Uhlhorn, F. Manns, S. Marcos, and J. M. Parel, “Distortion correction of OCT images of the crystalline lens: gradient index approach,” Optom. Vis. Sci.89(5), E709–E718 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- S. A. Strenk, J. L. Semmlow, L. M. Strenk, P. Munoz, J. Gronlund-Jacob, and J. K. DeMarco, “Age-related changes in human ciliary muscle and lens: a magnetic resonance imaging study,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.40(6), 1162–1169 (1999). [PubMed]
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- B. Potsaid, B. Baumann, D. Huang, S. Barry, A. E. Cable, J. S. Schuman, J. S. Duker, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Ultrahigh speed 1050nm swept source/Fourier domain OCT retinal and anterior segment imaging at 100,000 to 400,000 axial scans per second,” Opt. Express18(19), 20029–20048 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt.
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Am. J. Physiol.
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Arch. Ophthalmol.
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Arch. Ophthalmol.
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Biomed. Opt. Express
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Biomed. Opt. Express
- I. Grulkowski, J. J. Liu, B. Potsaid, V. Jayaraman, C. D. Lu, J. Jiang, A. E. Cable, J. S. Duker, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Retinal, anterior segment and full eye imaging using ultrahigh speed swept source OCT with vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers,” Biomed. Opt. Express3(11), 2733–2751 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Ruggeri, S. R. Uhlhorn, C. De Freitas, A. Ho, F. Manns, and J. M. Parel, “Imaging and full-length biometry of the eye during accommodation using spectral domain OCT with an optical switch,” Biomed. Opt. Express3(7), 1506–1520 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Ortiz, P. Pérez-Merino, E. Gambra, A. de Castro, and S. Marcos, “In vivo human crystalline lens topography,” Biomed. Opt. Express3(10), 2471–2488 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Ortiz, P. Pérez-Merino, N. Alejandre, E. Gambra, I. Jimenez-Alfaro, and S. Marcos, “Quantitative OCT-based corneal topography in keratoconus with intracorneal ring segments,” Biomed. Opt. Express3(5), 814–824 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Cornea
- C. Du, J. Wang, L. Cui, M. Shen, and Y. Yuan, “Vertical and horizontal corneal epithelial thickness profiles determined by ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography,” Cornea31(9), 1036–1043 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Ergonomics
- T. E. Lockhart and W. Shi, “Effects of age on dynamic accommodation,” Ergonomics53(7), 892–903 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Exp. Eye Res.
- S. Jeon, W. K. Lee, K. Lee, and N. J. Moon, “Diminished ciliary muscle movement on accommodation in myopia,” Exp. Eye Res.105, 9–14 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Eye Contact Lens
- Y. Yuan, F. Chen, M. Shen, F. Lu, and J. Wang, “Repeated measurements of the anterior segment during accommodation using long scan depth optical coherence tomography,” Eye Contact Lens38(2), 102–108 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.
- J. F. Koretz, C. A. Cook, and P. L. Kaufman, “Accommodation and presbyopia in the human eye. Changes in the anterior segment and crystalline lens with focus,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.38(3), 569–578 (1997). [PubMed]
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.
- S. A. Strenk, J. L. Semmlow, L. M. Strenk, P. Munoz, J. Gronlund-Jacob, and J. K. DeMarco, “Age-related changes in human ciliary muscle and lens: a magnetic resonance imaging study,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.40(6), 1162–1169 (1999). [PubMed]
- A. L. Sheppard and L. N. Davies, “In vivo analysis of ciliary muscle morphologic changes with accommodation and axial ametropia,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.51(12), 6882–6889 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.
- M. D. Bailey, L. T. Sinnott, and D. O. Mutti, “Ciliary body thickness and refractive error in children,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.49(10), 4353–4360 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Du, D. Zhu, M. Shen, M. Li, M. R. Wang, and J. Wang, “Novel optical coherence tomography for imaging the entire anterior segment of the eye,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.52, ARVO E-Abstract 3023 (2011). [PubMed]
- A. L. Sheppard and L. N. Davies, “The effect of ageing on in vivo human ciliary muscle morphology and contractility,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.52(3), 1809–1816 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. A. Croft, A. Glasser, G. Heatley, J. McDonald, T. Ebbert, D. B. Dahl, N. V. Nadkarni, and P. L. Kaufman, “Accommodative ciliary body and lens function in rhesus monkeys, I: normal lens, zonule and ciliary process configuration in the iridectomized eye,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.47(3), 1076–1086 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Biomed. Opt.
- J. Jungwirth, B. Baumann, M. Pircher, E. Götzinger, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Extended in vivo anterior eye-segment imaging with full-range complex spectral domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.14(5), 050501 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Biomed. Opt.
- D. Zhu, M. Shen, H. Jiang, M. Li, M. R. Wang, Y. Wang, L. Ge, J. Qu, and J. Wang, “Broadband superluminescent diode-based ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography for ophthalmic imaging,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(12), 126006 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Biomed. Opt.
- M. Wojtkowski, R. Leitgeb, A. Kowalczyk, T. Bajraszewski, and A. F. Fercher, “In vivo human retinal imaging by Fourier domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.7(3), 457–463 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Shen, L. Cui, M. Li, D. Zhu, M. R. Wang, and J. Wang, “Extended scan depth optical coherence tomography for evaluating ocular surface shape,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(5), 056007 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Opt. Soc. Am. A
- D. A. Atchison and G. Smith, “Chromatic dispersion of the ocular media of human eyes,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A22(1), 29–37 (2005). [CrossRef]
Mech. Ageing Dev.
- S. Tamm, E. Tamm, and J. W. Rohen, “Age-related changes of the human ciliary muscle. A quantitative morphometric study,” Mech. Ageing Dev.62(2), 209–221 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt.
- D. A. Atchison, “Accommodation and presbyopia,” Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt.15(4), 255–272 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging
- T. Leng, B. J. Lujan, S. H. Yoo, and J. Wang, “Three-dimensional spectral domain optical coherence tomography of a clear corneal cataract incision,” Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging39(4Suppl), S132–S134 (2008). [PubMed]
Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging
- T. Ide, J. Wang, A. Tao, T. Leng, G. D. Kymionis, T. P. O’Brien, and S. H. Yoo, “Intraoperative use of three-dimensional spectral-domain optical coherence tomography,” Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging41(2), 250–254 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Ophthalmology
- C. Du, M. Shen, M. Li, D. Zhu, M. R. Wang, and J. Wang, “Anterior segment biometry during accommodation imaged with ultralong scan depth optical coherence tomography,” Ophthalmology119(12), 2479–2485 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. S. Yan, H. T. Lin, Q. L. Wang, and Z. P. Zhang, “Anterior segment variations with age and accommodation demonstrated by slit-lamp-adapted optical coherence tomography,” Ophthalmology117(12), 2301–2307 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Glasser and P. L. Kaufman, “The mechanism of accommodation in primates,” Ophthalmology106(5), 863–872 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Express
- H. W. Jeong, S. W. Lee, and B. M. Kim, “Spectral-domain OCT with dual illumination and interlaced detection for simultaneous anterior segment and retina imaging,” Opt. Express20(17), 19148–19159 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Gora, K. Karnowski, M. Szkulmowski, B. J. Kaluzny, R. Huber, A. Kowalczyk, and M. Wojtkowski, “Ultra high-speed swept source OCT imaging of the anterior segment of human eye at 200 kHz with adjustable imaging range,” Opt. Express17(17), 14880–14894 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
- H. Wang, Y. Pan, and A. M. Rollins, “Extending the effective imaging range of Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography using a fiber optic switch,” Opt. Lett.33(22), 2632–2634 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Express
- C. Kerbage, H. Lim, W. Sun, M. Mujat, and J. F. de Boer, “Large depth-high resolution full 3D imaging of the anterior segments of the eye using high speed optical frequency domain imaging,” Opt. Express15(12), 7117–7125 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Potsaid, B. Baumann, D. Huang, S. Barry, A. E. Cable, J. S. Schuman, J. S. Duker, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Ultrahigh speed 1050nm swept source/Fourier domain OCT retinal and anterior segment imaging at 100,000 to 400,000 axial scans per second,” Opt. Express18(19), 20029–20048 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Zhou, J. Wang, and S. Jiao, “Dual channel dual focus optical coherence tomography for imaging accommodation of the eye,” Opt. Express17(11), 8947–8955 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Dai, C. Zhou, S. Fan, Z. Chen, X. Chai, Q. Ren, and S. Jiao, “Optical coherence tomography for whole eye segment imaging,” Opt. Express20(6), 6109–6115 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Grulkowski, M. Gora, M. Szkulmowski, I. Gorczynska, D. Szlag, S. Marcos, A. Kowalczyk, and M. Wojtkowski, “Anterior segment imaging with Spectral OCT system using a high-speed CMOS camera,” Opt. Express17(6), 4842–4858 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Ortiz, D. Siedlecki, I. Grulkowski, L. Remon, D. Pascual, M. Wojtkowski, and S. Marcos, “Optical distortion correction in optical coherence tomography for quantitative ocular anterior segment by three-dimensional imaging,” Opt. Express18(3), 2782–2796 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
- M. Wojtkowski, A. Kowalczyk, R. Leitgeb, and A. F. Fercher, “Full range complex spectral optical coherence tomography technique in eye imaging,” Opt. Lett.27(16), 1415–1417 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Optom. Vis. Sci.
- A. P. Beers and G. L. van der Heijde, “Age-related changes in the accommodation mechanism,” Optom. Vis. Sci.73(4), 235–242 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. A. Lewis, C. Y. Kao, L. T. Sinnott, and M. D. Bailey, “Changes in ciliary muscle thickness during accommodation in children,” Optom. Vis. Sci.89(5), 727–737 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Siedlecki, A. de Castro, E. Gambra, S. Ortiz, D. Borja, S. Uhlhorn, F. Manns, S. Marcos, and J. M. Parel, “Distortion correction of OCT images of the crystalline lens: gradient index approach,” Optom. Vis. Sci.89(5), E709–E718 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Richdale, M. D. Bailey, L. T. Sinnott, C. Y. Kao, K. Zadnik, and M. A. Bullimore, “The effect of phenylephrine on the ciliary muscle and accommodation,” Optom. Vis. Sci.89(10), e1507–e1511 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. A. Lossing, L. T. Sinnott, C. Y. Kao, K. Richdale, and M. D. Bailey, “Measuring changes in ciliary muscle thickness with accommodation in young adults,” Optom. Vis. Sci.89(5), 719–726 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. T. Pardue and J. G. Sivak, “Age-related changes in human ciliary muscle,” Optom. Vis. Sci.77(4), 204–210 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Proc. SPIE
- S. R. Uhlhorn, F. Manns, H. Tahi, P. O. Rol, and J.-M. A. Parel, “Corneal group refractive index measurement using low-coherence interferometry,” Proc. SPIE3246, 14–21 (1998). [CrossRef]
Prog. Retin. Eye Res.
- S. A. Strenk, L. M. Strenk, and J. F. Koretz, “The mechanism of presbyopia,” Prog. Retin. Eye Res.24(3), 379–393 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Vision Res.
- A. P. Beers and G. L. Van Der Heijde, “In vivo determination of the biomechanical properties of the component elements of the accommodation mechanism,” Vision Res.34(21), 2897–2905 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Vision Res.
- J. A. Mordi and K. J. Ciuffreda, “Dynamic aspects of accommodation: age and presbyopia,” Vision Res.44(6), 591–601 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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Other
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2012, Du, Ophthalmology
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- Y. Yuan, F. Chen, M. Shen, F. Lu, and J. Wang, “Repeated measurements of the anterior segment during accommodation using long scan depth optical coherence tomography,” Eye Contact Lens38(2), 102–108 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. A. Lossing, L. T. Sinnott, C. Y. Kao, K. Richdale, and M. D. Bailey, “Measuring changes in ciliary muscle thickness with accommodation in young adults,” Optom. Vis. Sci.89(5), 719–726 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Richdale, M. D. Bailey, L. T. Sinnott, C. Y. Kao, K. Zadnik, and M. A. Bullimore, “The effect of phenylephrine on the ciliary muscle and accommodation,” Optom. Vis. Sci.89(10), e1507–e1511 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Grulkowski, J. J. Liu, B. Potsaid, V. Jayaraman, C. D. Lu, J. Jiang, A. E. Cable, J. S. Duker, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Retinal, anterior segment and full eye imaging using ultrahigh speed swept source OCT with vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers,” Biomed. Opt. Express3(11), 2733–2751 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Siedlecki, A. de Castro, E. Gambra, S. Ortiz, D. Borja, S. Uhlhorn, F. Manns, S. Marcos, and J. M. Parel, “Distortion correction of OCT images of the crystalline lens: gradient index approach,” Optom. Vis. Sci.89(5), E709–E718 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Du, J. Wang, L. Cui, M. Shen, and Y. Yuan, “Vertical and horizontal corneal epithelial thickness profiles determined by ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography,” Cornea31(9), 1036–1043 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Jeon, W. K. Lee, K. Lee, and N. J. Moon, “Diminished ciliary muscle movement on accommodation in myopia,” Exp. Eye Res.105, 9–14 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. A. Lewis, C. Y. Kao, L. T. Sinnott, and M. D. Bailey, “Changes in ciliary muscle thickness during accommodation in children,” Optom. Vis. Sci.89(5), 727–737 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. W. Jeong, S. W. Lee, and B. M. Kim, “Spectral-domain OCT with dual illumination and interlaced detection for simultaneous anterior segment and retina imaging,” Opt. Express20(17), 19148–19159 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Zhu, M. Shen, H. Jiang, M. Li, M. R. Wang, Y. Wang, L. Ge, J. Qu, and J. Wang, “Broadband superluminescent diode-based ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography for ophthalmic imaging,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(12), 126006 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Du, D. Zhu, M. Shen, M. Li, M. R. Wang, and J. Wang, “Novel optical coherence tomography for imaging the entire anterior segment of the eye,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.52, ARVO E-Abstract 3023 (2011). [PubMed]
- A. L. Sheppard and L. N. Davies, “The effect of ageing on in vivo human ciliary muscle morphology and contractility,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.52(3), 1809–1816 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Shen, L. Cui, M. Li, D. Zhu, M. R. Wang, and J. Wang, “Extended scan depth optical coherence tomography for evaluating ocular surface shape,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(5), 056007 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Furukawa, H. Hiro-Oka, N. Satoh, R. Yoshimura, D. Choi, M. Nakanishi, A. Igarashi, H. Ishikawa, K. Ohbayashi, and K. Shimizu, “Full-range imaging of eye accommodation by high-speed long-depth range optical frequency domain imaging,” Biomed. Opt. Express1(5), 1491–1501 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. S. Yan, H. T. Lin, Q. L. Wang, and Z. P. Zhang, “Anterior segment variations with age and accommodation demonstrated by slit-lamp-adapted optical coherence tomography,” Ophthalmology117(12), 2301–2307 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Ide, J. Wang, A. Tao, T. Leng, G. D. Kymionis, T. P. O’Brien, and S. H. Yoo, “Intraoperative use of three-dimensional spectral-domain optical coherence tomography,” Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging41(2), 250–254 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Potsaid, B. Baumann, D. Huang, S. Barry, A. E. Cable, J. S. Schuman, J. S. Duker, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Ultrahigh speed 1050nm swept source/Fourier domain OCT retinal and anterior segment imaging at 100,000 to 400,000 axial scans per second,” Opt. Express18(19), 20029–20048 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. L. Sheppard and L. N. Davies, “In vivo analysis of ciliary muscle morphologic changes with accommodation and axial ametropia,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.51(12), 6882–6889 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. E. Lockhart and W. Shi, “Effects of age on dynamic accommodation,” Ergonomics53(7), 892–903 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Jungwirth, B. Baumann, M. Pircher, E. Götzinger, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Extended in vivo anterior eye-segment imaging with full-range complex spectral domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.14(5), 050501 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Gora, K. Karnowski, M. Szkulmowski, B. J. Kaluzny, R. Huber, A. Kowalczyk, and M. Wojtkowski, “Ultra high-speed swept source OCT imaging of the anterior segment of human eye at 200 kHz with adjustable imaging range,” Opt. Express17(17), 14880–14894 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Leng, B. J. Lujan, S. H. Yoo, and J. Wang, “Three-dimensional spectral domain optical coherence tomography of a clear corneal cataract incision,” Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging39(4Suppl), S132–S134 (2008). [PubMed]
- M. V. Sarunic, S. Asrani, and J. A. Izatt, “Imaging the ocular anterior segment with real-time, full-range Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography,” Arch. Ophthalmol.126(4), 537–542 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- M. D. Bailey, L. T. Sinnott, and D. O. Mutti, “Ciliary body thickness and refractive error in children,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.49(10), 4353–4360 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Wang, Y. Pan, and A. M. Rollins, “Extending the effective imaging range of Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography using a fiber optic switch,” Opt. Lett.33(22), 2632–2634 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. A. Croft, A. Glasser, G. Heatley, J. McDonald, T. Ebbert, D. B. Dahl, N. V. Nadkarni, and P. L. Kaufman, “Accommodative ciliary body and lens function in rhesus monkeys, I: normal lens, zonule and ciliary process configuration in the iridectomized eye,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.47(3), 1076–1086 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. A. Strenk, L. M. Strenk, and J. F. Koretz, “The mechanism of presbyopia,” Prog. Retin. Eye Res.24(3), 379–393 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. A. Mordi and K. J. Ciuffreda, “Dynamic aspects of accommodation: age and presbyopia,” Vision Res.44(6), 591–601 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wojtkowski, R. Leitgeb, A. Kowalczyk, T. Bajraszewski, and A. F. Fercher, “In vivo human retinal imaging by Fourier domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.7(3), 457–463 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. T. Pardue and J. G. Sivak, “Age-related changes in human ciliary muscle,” Optom. Vis. Sci.77(4), 204–210 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. A. Strenk, J. L. Semmlow, L. M. Strenk, P. Munoz, J. Gronlund-Jacob, and J. K. DeMarco, “Age-related changes in human ciliary muscle and lens: a magnetic resonance imaging study,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.40(6), 1162–1169 (1999). [PubMed]
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- J. F. Koretz, C. A. Cook, and P. L. Kaufman, “Accommodation and presbyopia in the human eye. Changes in the anterior segment and crystalline lens with focus,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.38(3), 569–578 (1997). [PubMed]
- A. P. Beers and G. L. van der Heijde, “Age-related changes in the accommodation mechanism,” Optom. Vis. Sci.73(4), 235–242 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. A. Atchison, “Accommodation and presbyopia,” Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt.15(4), 255–272 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. P. Beers and G. L. Van Der Heijde, “In vivo determination of the biomechanical properties of the component elements of the accommodation mechanism,” Vision Res.34(21), 2897–2905 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. J. Wyatt, “Application of a simple mechanical model of accommodation to the aging eye,” Vision Res.33(5-6), 731–738 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Tamm, E. Tamm, and J. W. Rohen, “Age-related changes of the human ciliary muscle. A quantitative morphometric study,” Mech. Ageing Dev.62(2), 209–221 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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