Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering hyperspectral tissue imaging with a wavelength-swept system

doi:10.1364/BOE.2.001296

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering hyperspectral tissue imaging with a wavelength-swept system

Steve Bégin, Bryan Burgoyne, Vincent Mercier, Alain Villeneuve, Réal Vallée, and Daniel Côté »View Author Affiliations

Biomedical Optics Express, Vol. 2, Issue 5, pp. 1296-1306 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/BOE.2.001296

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Abstract

We present a wavelength-swept coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (WS-CARS) spectroscopy system for hyperspectral imaging in thick tissue. We use a strategy where the Raman lines are excited sequentially, circumventing the need for a spectrometer. This fibre laser system, consisting of a pump laser synchronized with a rapidly tunable programmable laser (PL), can access Raman lines over a significant fraction of the high wavenumber region (2700–2950 cm⁻¹) at rates of up to 10,000 spectral points per second. To demonstrate its capabilities, we have acquired WS-CARS spectra of several samples as well as images and hyperspectral images (HSI) of thick tissue both in forward and epi-detection. This instrument should be especially useful in providing local biochemical information with surrounding context supplied by imaging.

OCIS Codes
(170.3880) Medical optics and biotechnology : Medical and biological imaging
(300.6230) Spectroscopy : Spectroscopy, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering
(180.4315) Microscopy : Nonlinear microscopy

ToC Category:
Spectroscopic Diagnostics

History
Original Manuscript: January 6, 2011
Revised Manuscript: March 19, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: March 22, 2011
Published: April 22, 2011

Citation
Steve Bégin, Bryan Burgoyne, Vincent Mercier, Alain Villeneuve, Réal Vallée, and Daniel Côté, "Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering hyperspectral tissue imaging with a wavelength-swept system," Biomed. Opt. Express 2, 1296-1306 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/boe/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-2-5-1296

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References

C. Kendall, M. Isabelle, F. Bazant-Hegemark, J. Hutchings, L. Orr, J. Babrah, R. Baker, and N. Stone, “Vibrational spectroscopy: a clinical tool for cancer diagnostics,” Analyst 134(6), 1029–45 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
C. Krafft, G. Steiner, C. Beleites, and R. Salzer, “Disease recognition by infrared and Raman spectroscopy,” J. Biophoton. 2(1–2), 13–28 (2009). [CrossRef]
M. D. Duncan, J. Reintjes, and T. J. Manuccia, “Scanning coherent anti-Stokes Raman microscope,” Opt. Lett. 7(8), 350–352 (1982). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Zumbusch, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Three-dimensional vibrational imaging by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(20), 4142–4145 (1999). [CrossRef]
C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, M. Puoris’haag, D. Côté, C. P. Lin, and X. S. Xie, “Chemical imaging of tissue in vivo with video-rate coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102(46), 16, 807–16,812 (2005). [CrossRef]
F. Ganikhanov, S. Carrasco, X. S. Xie, M. Katz, W. Seitz, and D. Kopf, “Broadly tunable dual-wavelength light source for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 31(9), 1292–1294 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
E. O. Potma, D. J. Jones, J.-X. Cheng, X. S. Xie, and J. Ye, “High-sensitivity coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy with two tightly synchronized picosecond lasers.” Opt. Lett. 27(13), 1168–1170 (2002). [CrossRef]
C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, and X. S. Xie, “Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectral interferometry: determination of the real and imaginary components of nonlinear susceptibility χ(3) for vibrational microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 29(24), 2923–2925 (2004). [CrossRef]
E. Bélanger, S. Bégin, S. Laffray, Y. De Koninck, R. Vallée, and D. C. Côté, “Quantitative myelin imaging with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy: alleviating the excitation polarization dependence with circularly polarized laser beams,” Opt. Express 17(21), 18,419–18,432 (2009). [CrossRef]
C. L. Evans and X. S. Xie, “Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy: Chemical Imaging for Biology and Medicine,” Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 1(1), 883–909 (2008). [CrossRef]
J.-X. Cheng, A. Volkmer, L. D. Book, and X. S. Xie, “Multiplex coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microspectroscopy and study of lipid vesicles,” J. Phys. Chem. B 106(34), 8493–8498 (2002). [CrossRef]
M. Muller and J. M. Schins, “Imaging the thermodynamic state of lipid membranes with multiplex CARS microscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. B 106(14), 3715–3723 (2002). [CrossRef]
R. Selm, M. Winterhalder, A. Zumbusch, G. Krauss, T. Hanke, A. Sell, and A. Leitenstorfer, “Ultrabroadband background-free coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy based on a compact Er:fiber laser system,” Opt. Lett. 35(19), 3282–4 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
T. W. Kee and M. T. Cicerone, “Simple approach to one-laser, broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 29(23), 2701–2703 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. F. Pegoraro, A. Ridsdale, D. J. Moffatt, Y. Jia, J. P. Pezacki, and A. Stolow, “Optimally chirped multimodal CARS microscopy based on a single Ti:sapphire oscillator,” Opt. Express 17(4), 2984–2996 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
W. Langbein, I. Rocha-Mendoza, and P. Borri, “Single source coherent anti-Stokes Raman microspectroscopy using spectral focusing,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(8), 081109 (2009). [CrossRef]
B. Chen, J. Sung, and S. Lim, “Chemical imaging with frequency modulation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy at the vibrational fingerprint region,” J. Phys. Chem. B 114(50), 16871–16880 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
B. Burgoyne and A. Villeneuve, “Programmable lasers: design and applications,” in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, vol. 7580 of Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, pp. 758,002–758,002–15 (2010).
S. Li and K. T. Chan, “Electrical wavelength-tunable actively mode-locked fiber ring laser with a linearly chirped fiber Bragg grating,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 10(6), 799–801 (1998). [CrossRef]
M. Balu, G. Liu, Z. Chen, B. J. Tromberg, and E. O. Potma, “Fiber delivered probe for efficient CARS imaging of tissues,” Opt. Express 18(3), 2380–2388 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
T. A. Pologruto, B. L. Sabatini, and K. Svoboda, “ScanImage: flexible software for operating laser scanning microscopes,” Biomed. Eng. 2(1), 13 (2003).
J.-X. Cheng, A. Volkmer, L. D. Book, and X. S. Xie, “An epi-detected coherent anti-stokes raman scattering (E-CARS) microscope with high spectral resolution and high sensitivity,” J. Phys. Chem. B 105(7), 1277–1280 (2001). [CrossRef]
P. D. Chowdary, W. A. Benalcazar, Z. Jiang, D. M. Marks, S. A. Boppart, and M. Gruebele, “High speed nonlinear interferometric vibrational analysis of lipids by spectral decomposition,” Anal. Chem. 82(9),3812–8 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science 322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. Wang, C. W. Freudiger, J. H. Lee, B. G. Saar, X. S. Xie, and C. Xu, “Synchronized time-lens source for coherent Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Express 18(23), 24019–24024 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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[1] C. Kendall, M. Isabelle, F. Bazant-Hegemark, J. Hutchings, L. Orr, J. Babrah, R. Baker, and N. Stone, “Vibrational spectroscopy: a clinical tool for cancer diagnostics,” Analyst 134(6), 1029–45 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[2] C. Krafft, G. Steiner, C. Beleites, and R. Salzer, “Disease recognition by infrared and Raman spectroscopy,” J. Biophoton. 2(1–2), 13–28 (2009). [CrossRef]

[3] M. D. Duncan, J. Reintjes, and T. J. Manuccia, “Scanning coherent anti-Stokes Raman microscope,” Opt. Lett. 7(8), 350–352 (1982). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[4] A. Zumbusch, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Three-dimensional vibrational imaging by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(20), 4142–4145 (1999). [CrossRef]

[5] C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, M. Puoris’haag, D. Côté, C. P. Lin, and X. S. Xie, “Chemical imaging of tissue in vivo with video-rate coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102(46), 16, 807–16,812 (2005). [CrossRef]

[6] F. Ganikhanov, S. Carrasco, X. S. Xie, M. Katz, W. Seitz, and D. Kopf, “Broadly tunable dual-wavelength light source for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 31(9), 1292–1294 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[7] E. O. Potma, D. J. Jones, J.-X. Cheng, X. S. Xie, and J. Ye, “High-sensitivity coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy with two tightly synchronized picosecond lasers.” Opt. Lett. 27(13), 1168–1170 (2002). [CrossRef]

[8] C. L. Evans, E. O. Potma, and X. S. Xie, “Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectral interferometry: determination of the real and imaginary components of nonlinear susceptibility χ(3) for vibrational microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 29(24), 2923–2925 (2004). [CrossRef]

[9] E. Bélanger, S. Bégin, S. Laffray, Y. De Koninck, R. Vallée, and D. C. Côté, “Quantitative myelin imaging with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy: alleviating the excitation polarization dependence with circularly polarized laser beams,” Opt. Express 17(21), 18,419–18,432 (2009). [CrossRef]

[10] C. L. Evans and X. S. Xie, “Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy: Chemical Imaging for Biology and Medicine,” Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 1(1), 883–909 (2008). [CrossRef]

[11] J.-X. Cheng, A. Volkmer, L. D. Book, and X. S. Xie, “Multiplex coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microspectroscopy and study of lipid vesicles,” J. Phys. Chem. B 106(34), 8493–8498 (2002). [CrossRef]

[12] M. Muller and J. M. Schins, “Imaging the thermodynamic state of lipid membranes with multiplex CARS microscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. B 106(14), 3715–3723 (2002). [CrossRef]

[13] R. Selm, M. Winterhalder, A. Zumbusch, G. Krauss, T. Hanke, A. Sell, and A. Leitenstorfer, “Ultrabroadband background-free coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy based on a compact Er:fiber laser system,” Opt. Lett. 35(19), 3282–4 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[14] T. W. Kee and M. T. Cicerone, “Simple approach to one-laser, broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 29(23), 2701–2703 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[15] A. F. Pegoraro, A. Ridsdale, D. J. Moffatt, Y. Jia, J. P. Pezacki, and A. Stolow, “Optimally chirped multimodal CARS microscopy based on a single Ti:sapphire oscillator,” Opt. Express 17(4), 2984–2996 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[16] W. Langbein, I. Rocha-Mendoza, and P. Borri, “Single source coherent anti-Stokes Raman microspectroscopy using spectral focusing,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(8), 081109 (2009). [CrossRef]

[17] B. Chen, J. Sung, and S. Lim, “Chemical imaging with frequency modulation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy at the vibrational fingerprint region,” J. Phys. Chem. B 114(50), 16871–16880 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[18] B. Burgoyne and A. Villeneuve, “Programmable lasers: design and applications,” in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, vol. 7580 of Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, pp. 758,002–758,002–15 (2010).

[19] S. Li and K. T. Chan, “Electrical wavelength-tunable actively mode-locked fiber ring laser with a linearly chirped fiber Bragg grating,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 10(6), 799–801 (1998). [CrossRef]

[20] M. Balu, G. Liu, Z. Chen, B. J. Tromberg, and E. O. Potma, “Fiber delivered probe for efficient CARS imaging of tissues,” Opt. Express 18(3), 2380–2388 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[21] T. A. Pologruto, B. L. Sabatini, and K. Svoboda, “ScanImage: flexible software for operating laser scanning microscopes,” Biomed. Eng. 2(1), 13 (2003).

[22] J.-X. Cheng, A. Volkmer, L. D. Book, and X. S. Xie, “An epi-detected coherent anti-stokes raman scattering (E-CARS) microscope with high spectral resolution and high sensitivity,” J. Phys. Chem. B 105(7), 1277–1280 (2001). [CrossRef]

[23] P. D. Chowdary, W. A. Benalcazar, Z. Jiang, D. M. Marks, S. A. Boppart, and M. Gruebele, “High speed nonlinear interferometric vibrational analysis of lipids by spectral decomposition,” Anal. Chem. 82(9),3812–8 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[24] C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science 322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[25] K. Wang, C. W. Freudiger, J. H. Lee, B. G. Saar, X. S. Xie, and C. Xu, “Synchronized time-lens source for coherent Raman scattering microscopy,” Opt. Express 18(23), 24019–24024 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering hyperspectral tissue imaging with a wavelength-swept system