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Corneal topography with high-speed swept source OCT in clinical examinationKarol Karnowski, Bartlomiej J. Kaluzny, Maciej Szkulmowski, Michalina Gora, and Maciej Wojtkowski »View Author Affiliations
Karol Karnowski,1,3
Bartlomiej J. Kaluzny,2,3
Maciej Szkulmowski,1
Michalina Gora,1
and Maciej Wojtkowski1,*
1Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University,Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland 2Department of Ophthalmology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University Curie-Sklodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland 3Authors contributed equally to this work *Corresponding author: max@fizyka.umk.pl |
Biomedical Optics Express, Vol. 2, Issue 9, pp. 2709-2720 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/BOE.2.002709
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Abstract
We present the applicability of high-speed swept source (SS) optical coherence tomography (OCT) for quantitative evaluation of the corneal topography. A high-speed OCT device of 108,000 lines/s permits dense 3D imaging of the anterior segment within a time period of less than one fourth of second, minimizing the influence of motion artifacts on final images and topographic analysis. The swept laser performance was specially adapted to meet imaging depth requirements. For the first time to our knowledge the results of a quantitative corneal analysis based on SS OCT for clinical pathologies such as keratoconus, a cornea with superficial postinfectious scar, and a cornea 5 months after penetrating keratoplasty are presented. Additionally, a comparison with widely used commercial systems, a Placido-based topographer and a Scheimpflug imaging-based topographer, is demonstrated.
© 2011 OSA
OCIS Codes
(170.3880) Medical optics and biotechnology : Medical and biological imaging
(170.4470) Medical optics and biotechnology : Ophthalmology
(170.4500) Medical optics and biotechnology : Optical coherence tomography
ToC Category:
Ophthalmology Applications
History
Original Manuscript: May 2, 2011
Revised Manuscript: July 23, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: August 26, 2011
Published: August 29, 2011
Citation
Karol Karnowski, Bartlomiej J. Kaluzny, Maciej Szkulmowski, Michalina Gora, and Maciej Wojtkowski, "Corneal topography with high-speed swept source OCT in clinical examination," Biomed. Opt. Express 2, 2709-2720 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/boe/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-2-9-2709
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References
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- M. Wojtkowski, V. Srinivasan, T. Ko, J. Fujimoto, A. Kowalczyk, and J. Duker, “Ultrahigh-resolution, high-speed, Fourier domain optical coherence tomography and methods for dispersion compensation,” Opt. Express 12(11), 2404–2422 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Huber, D. C. Adler, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Buffered Fourier domain mode locking: Unidirectional swept laser sources for optical coherence tomography imaging at 370,000 lines/s,” Opt. Lett. 31(20), 2975–2977 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Huber, M. Wojtkowski, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Fourier Domain Mode Locking (FDML): A new laser operating regime and applications for optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 14(8), 3225–3237 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wojtkowski, V. Srinivasan, J. G. Fujimoto, T. Ko, J. S. Schuman, A. Kowalczyk, and J. S. Duker, “Three-dimensional retinal imaging with high-speed ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography,” Ophthalmology 112(10), 1734–1746 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. A. Izatt, M. R. Hee, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, D. Huang, J. S. Schuman, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Micrometer-scale resolution imaging of the anterior eye in vivo with optical coherence tomography,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 112(12), 1584–1589 (1994). [PubMed]
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. J. Maldonado, L. Ruiz-Oblitas, J. M. Munuera, D. Aliseda, A. García-Layana, and J. Moreno-Montañés, “Optical coherence tomography evaluation of the corneal cap and stromal bed features after laser in situ keratomileusis for high myopia and astigmatism,” Ophthalmology 107(1), 81–87, discussion 88 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Z. Reinstein, T. J. Archer, and M. Gobbe, “Corneal epithelial thickness profile in the diagnosis of keratoconus,” J. Refract. Surg. 25(7), 604–610 (2009). [PubMed]
- M. Gora, K. Karnowski, M. Szkulmowski, B. J. Kaluzny, R. Huber, A. Kowalczyk, and M. Wojtkowski, “Ultra high-speed swept source OCT imaging of the anterior segment of human eye at 200 kHz with adjustable imaging range,” Opt. Express 17(17), 14880–14894 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Grulkowski, M. Gora, M. Szkulmowski, I. Gorczynska, D. Szlag, S. Marcos, A. Kowalczyk, and M. Wojtkowski, “Anterior segment imaging with Spectral OCT system using a high-speed CMOS camera,” Opt. Express 17(6), 4842–4858 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Grulkowski, M. Gora, M. Szkulmowski, I. Gorczynska, D. Szlag, S. Marcos, A. Kowalczyk, and M. Wojtkowski, “Anterior segment imaging with Spectral OCT system using a high-speed CMOS camera,” Opt. Express 17(6), 4842–4858 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. J. Kaluzny, J. J. Kałuzny, A. Szkulmowska, I. Gorczyńska, M. Szkulmowski, T. Bajraszewski, M. Wojtkowski, and P. Targowski, “Spectral optical coherence tomography: a novel technique for cornea imaging,” Cornea 25(8), 960–965 (2006). [PubMed]
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Ortiz, D. Siedlecki, I. Grulkowski, L. Remon, D. Pascual, M. Wojtkowski, and S. Marcos, “Optical distortion correction in optical coherence tomography for quantitative ocular anterior segment by three-dimensional imaging,” Opt. Express 18(3), 2782–2796 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Grulkowski, M. Gora, M. Szkulmowski, I. Gorczynska, D. Szlag, S. Marcos, A. Kowalczyk, and M. Wojtkowski, “Anterior segment imaging with Spectral OCT system using a high-speed CMOS camera,” Opt. Express 17(6), 4842–4858 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Häusler and M. W. Lindner, “‘Coherence Radar’ and ‘Spectral Radar’—new tools for dermatological diagnosis,” J. Biomed. Opt. 3(1), 21–31 (1998). [CrossRef]
- J. A. Izatt, M. R. Hee, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, D. Huang, J. S. Schuman, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Micrometer-scale resolution imaging of the anterior eye in vivo with optical coherence tomography,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 112(12), 1584–1589 (1994). [PubMed]
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. F. Fercher, C. K. Hitzenberger, G. Kamp, and S. Y. El-Zaiat, “Measurement of intraocular distances by backscattering spectral interferometry,” Opt. Commun. 117(1-2), 43–48 (1995). [CrossRef]
- H. Hoerauf, C. Wirbelauer, C. Scholz, R. Engelhardt, P. Koch, H. Laqua, and R. Birngruber, “Slit-lamp-adapted optical coherence tomography of the anterior segment,” Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 238(1), 8–18 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Savini, P. Barboni, M. Carbonelli, and K. J. Hoffer, “Agreement between Pentacam and videokeratography in corneal power assessment,” J. Refract. Surg. 25(6), 534–538 (2009). [PubMed]
- R. Huber, M. Wojtkowski, K. Taira, J. Fujimoto, and K. Hsu, “Amplified, frequency swept lasers for frequency domain reflectometry and OCT imaging: design and scaling principles,” Opt. Express 13(9), 3513–3528 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. A. Choma, K. Hsu, and J. A. Izatt, “Swept source optical coherence tomography using an all-fiber 1300-nm ring laser source,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(4), 044009 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. A. Izatt, M. R. Hee, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, D. Huang, J. S. Schuman, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Micrometer-scale resolution imaging of the anterior eye in vivo with optical coherence tomography,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 112(12), 1584–1589 (1994). [PubMed]
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- M. Wojtkowski, V. Srinivasan, T. Ko, J. Fujimoto, A. Kowalczyk, and J. Duker, “Ultrahigh-resolution, high-speed, Fourier domain optical coherence tomography and methods for dispersion compensation,” Opt. Express 12(11), 2404–2422 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wojtkowski, R. Leitgeb, A. Kowalczyk, T. Bajraszewski, and A. F. Fercher, “In vivo human retinal imaging by Fourier domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7(3), 457–463 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. K. S. Leung, W.-M. Chan, C. Y. Ko, S. I. Chui, J. Woo, M.-K. Tsang, and R. K. K. Tse, “Visualization of anterior chamber angle dynamics using optical coherence tomography,” Ophthalmology 112(6), 980–984 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. K. K. Leung, A. Mariampillai, B. A. Standish, K. K. C. Lee, N. R. Munce, I. A. Vitkin, and V. X. D. Yang, “High-power wavelength-swept laser in Littman telescope-less polygon filter and dual-amplifier configuration for multichannel optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 34(18), 2814–2816 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Radhakrishnan, A. M. Rollins, J. E. Roth, S. Yazdanfar, V. Westphal, D. S. Bardenstein, and J. A. Izatt, “Real-time optical coherence tomography of the anterior segment at 1310 nm,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 119(8), 1179–1185 (2001). [PubMed]
- W. Y. Oh, S. H. Yun, G. J. Tearney, and B. E. Bouma, “115 kHz tuning repetition rate ultrahigh-speed wavelength-swept semiconductor laser,” Opt. Lett. 30(23), 3159–3161 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. H. Yun, G. Tearney, J. de Boer, and B. Bouma, “Motion artifacts in optical coherence tomography with frequency-domain ranging,” Opt. Express 12(13), 2977–2998 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Appl. Opt.
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Arch. Ophthalmol.
- J. A. Izatt, M. R. Hee, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, D. Huang, J. S. Schuman, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Micrometer-scale resolution imaging of the anterior eye in vivo with optical coherence tomography,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 112(12), 1584–1589 (1994). [PubMed]
- S. Radhakrishnan, A. M. Rollins, J. E. Roth, S. Yazdanfar, V. Westphal, D. S. Bardenstein, and J. A. Izatt, “Real-time optical coherence tomography of the anterior segment at 1310 nm,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 119(8), 1179–1185 (2001). [PubMed]
Clin. Experiment. Ophthalmol.
- M. W. Belin and S. S. Khachikian, “An introduction to understanding elevation-based topography: how elevation data are displayed - a review,” Clin. Experiment. Ophthalmol. 37(1), 14–29 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Cornea
- B. J. Kaluzny, J. J. Kałuzny, A. Szkulmowska, I. Gorczyńska, M. Szkulmowski, T. Bajraszewski, M. Wojtkowski, and P. Targowski, “Spectral optical coherence tomography: a novel technique for cornea imaging,” Cornea 25(8), 960–965 (2006). [PubMed]
Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol.
- H. Hoerauf, C. Wirbelauer, C. Scholz, R. Engelhardt, P. Koch, H. Laqua, and R. Birngruber, “Slit-lamp-adapted optical coherence tomography of the anterior segment,” Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 238(1), 8–18 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.
- S. D. Klyce, “Computer-assisted corneal topography. High-resolution graphic presentation and analysis of keratoscopy,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 25(12), 1426–1435 (1984). [PubMed]
J. Biomed. Opt.
- M. A. Choma, K. Hsu, and J. A. Izatt, “Swept source optical coherence tomography using an all-fiber 1300-nm ring laser source,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(4), 044009 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wojtkowski, R. Leitgeb, A. Kowalczyk, T. Bajraszewski, and A. F. Fercher, “In vivo human retinal imaging by Fourier domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7(3), 457–463 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Häusler and M. W. Lindner, “‘Coherence Radar’ and ‘Spectral Radar’—new tools for dermatological diagnosis,” J. Biomed. Opt. 3(1), 21–31 (1998). [CrossRef]
J. Cataract Refract. Surg.
- G. Baikoff, E. Lutun, C. Ferraz, and J. Wei, “Static and dynamic analysis of the anterior segment with optical coherence tomography,” J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 30(9), 1843–1850 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Roberts, “Corneal topography: a review of terms and concepts,” J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 22(5), 624–629 (1996). [PubMed]
J. Refract. Surg.
- G. Savini, P. Barboni, M. Carbonelli, and K. J. Hoffer, “Agreement between Pentacam and videokeratography in corneal power assessment,” J. Refract. Surg. 25(6), 534–538 (2009). [PubMed]
- D. Z. Reinstein, T. J. Archer, and M. Gobbe, “Corneal epithelial thickness profile in the diagnosis of keratoconus,” J. Refract. Surg. 25(7), 604–610 (2009). [PubMed]
Ophthalmology
- M. J. Maldonado, L. Ruiz-Oblitas, J. M. Munuera, D. Aliseda, A. García-Layana, and J. Moreno-Montañés, “Optical coherence tomography evaluation of the corneal cap and stromal bed features after laser in situ keratomileusis for high myopia and astigmatism,” Ophthalmology 107(1), 81–87, discussion 88 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. K. S. Leung, W.-M. Chan, C. Y. Ko, S. I. Chui, J. Woo, M.-K. Tsang, and R. K. K. Tse, “Visualization of anterior chamber angle dynamics using optical coherence tomography,” Ophthalmology 112(6), 980–984 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wojtkowski, V. Srinivasan, J. G. Fujimoto, T. Ko, J. S. Schuman, A. Kowalczyk, and J. S. Duker, “Three-dimensional retinal imaging with high-speed ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography,” Ophthalmology 112(10), 1734–1746 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Commun.
- A. F. Fercher, C. K. Hitzenberger, G. Kamp, and S. Y. El-Zaiat, “Measurement of intraocular distances by backscattering spectral interferometry,” Opt. Commun. 117(1-2), 43–48 (1995). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
- R. Leitgeb, C. Hitzenberger, and A. Fercher, “Performance of fourier domain vs. time domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 11(8), 889–894 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wojtkowski, V. Srinivasan, T. Ko, J. Fujimoto, A. Kowalczyk, and J. Duker, “Ultrahigh-resolution, high-speed, Fourier domain optical coherence tomography and methods for dispersion compensation,” Opt. Express 12(11), 2404–2422 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Grulkowski, M. Gora, M. Szkulmowski, I. Gorczynska, D. Szlag, S. Marcos, A. Kowalczyk, and M. Wojtkowski, “Anterior segment imaging with Spectral OCT system using a high-speed CMOS camera,” Opt. Express 17(6), 4842–4858 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. H. Yun, G. Tearney, J. de Boer, and B. Bouma, “Motion artifacts in optical coherence tomography with frequency-domain ranging,” Opt. Express 12(13), 2977–2998 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Bajraszewski, M. Wojtkowski, M. Szkulmowski, A. Szkulmowska, R. Huber, and A. Kowalczyk, “Improved spectral optical coherence tomography using optical frequency comb,” Opt. Express 16(6), 4163–4176 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Gora, K. Karnowski, M. Szkulmowski, B. J. Kaluzny, R. Huber, A. Kowalczyk, and M. Wojtkowski, “Ultra high-speed swept source OCT imaging of the anterior segment of human eye at 200 kHz with adjustable imaging range,” Opt. Express 17(17), 14880–14894 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Ortiz, D. Siedlecki, I. Grulkowski, L. Remon, D. Pascual, M. Wojtkowski, and S. Marcos, “Optical distortion correction in optical coherence tomography for quantitative ocular anterior segment by three-dimensional imaging,” Opt. Express 18(3), 2782–2796 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Huber, M. Wojtkowski, K. Taira, J. Fujimoto, and K. Hsu, “Amplified, frequency swept lasers for frequency domain reflectometry and OCT imaging: design and scaling principles,” Opt. Express 13(9), 3513–3528 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Huber, M. Wojtkowski, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Fourier Domain Mode Locking (FDML): A new laser operating regime and applications for optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 14(8), 3225–3237 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Choma, M. Sarunic, C. Yang, and J. Izatt, “Sensitivity advantage of swept source and Fourier domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 11(18), 2183–2189 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Yun, G. Tearney, J. de Boer, N. Iftimia, and B. Bouma, “High-speed optical frequency-domain imaging,” Opt. Express 11(22), 2953–2963 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
- W. Y. Oh, S. H. Yun, G. J. Tearney, and B. E. Bouma, “115 kHz tuning repetition rate ultrahigh-speed wavelength-swept semiconductor laser,” Opt. Lett. 30(23), 3159–3161 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. K. K. Leung, A. Mariampillai, B. A. Standish, K. K. C. Lee, N. R. Munce, I. A. Vitkin, and V. X. D. Yang, “High-power wavelength-swept laser in Littman telescope-less polygon filter and dual-amplifier configuration for multichannel optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 34(18), 2814–2816 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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Science
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Other
- American National Standards Institute, “American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers,” ANSI Z136.1 (2007).
2010, Wojtkowski, Appl. Opt.
- D. Z. Reinstein, T. J. Archer, and M. Gobbe, “Corneal epithelial thickness profile in the diagnosis of keratoconus,” J. Refract. Surg. 25(7), 604–610 (2009). [PubMed]
- M. W. Belin and S. S. Khachikian, “An introduction to understanding elevation-based topography: how elevation data are displayed - a review,” Clin. Experiment. Ophthalmol. 37(1), 14–29 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Savini, P. Barboni, M. Carbonelli, and K. J. Hoffer, “Agreement between Pentacam and videokeratography in corneal power assessment,” J. Refract. Surg. 25(6), 534–538 (2009). [PubMed]
- M. K. K. Leung, A. Mariampillai, B. A. Standish, K. K. C. Lee, N. R. Munce, I. A. Vitkin, and V. X. D. Yang, “High-power wavelength-swept laser in Littman telescope-less polygon filter and dual-amplifier configuration for multichannel optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 34(18), 2814–2816 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. J. Kaluzny, J. J. Kałuzny, A. Szkulmowska, I. Gorczyńska, M. Szkulmowski, T. Bajraszewski, M. Wojtkowski, and P. Targowski, “Spectral optical coherence tomography: a novel technique for cornea imaging,” Cornea 25(8), 960–965 (2006). [PubMed]
- C. K. S. Leung, W.-M. Chan, C. Y. Ko, S. I. Chui, J. Woo, M.-K. Tsang, and R. K. K. Tse, “Visualization of anterior chamber angle dynamics using optical coherence tomography,” Ophthalmology 112(6), 980–984 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wojtkowski, V. Srinivasan, J. G. Fujimoto, T. Ko, J. S. Schuman, A. Kowalczyk, and J. S. Duker, “Three-dimensional retinal imaging with high-speed ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography,” Ophthalmology 112(10), 1734–1746 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. A. Choma, K. Hsu, and J. A. Izatt, “Swept source optical coherence tomography using an all-fiber 1300-nm ring laser source,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(4), 044009 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Baikoff, E. Lutun, C. Ferraz, and J. Wei, “Static and dynamic analysis of the anterior segment with optical coherence tomography,” J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 30(9), 1843–1850 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wojtkowski, R. Leitgeb, A. Kowalczyk, T. Bajraszewski, and A. F. Fercher, “In vivo human retinal imaging by Fourier domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7(3), 457–463 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Radhakrishnan, A. M. Rollins, J. E. Roth, S. Yazdanfar, V. Westphal, D. S. Bardenstein, and J. A. Izatt, “Real-time optical coherence tomography of the anterior segment at 1310 nm,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 119(8), 1179–1185 (2001). [PubMed]
- M. J. Maldonado, L. Ruiz-Oblitas, J. M. Munuera, D. Aliseda, A. García-Layana, and J. Moreno-Montañés, “Optical coherence tomography evaluation of the corneal cap and stromal bed features after laser in situ keratomileusis for high myopia and astigmatism,” Ophthalmology 107(1), 81–87, discussion 88 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Hoerauf, C. Wirbelauer, C. Scholz, R. Engelhardt, P. Koch, H. Laqua, and R. Birngruber, “Slit-lamp-adapted optical coherence tomography of the anterior segment,” Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 238(1), 8–18 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Häusler and M. W. Lindner, “‘Coherence Radar’ and ‘Spectral Radar’—new tools for dermatological diagnosis,” J. Biomed. Opt. 3(1), 21–31 (1998). [CrossRef]
- C. Roberts, “Corneal topography: a review of terms and concepts,” J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 22(5), 624–629 (1996). [PubMed]
- A. F. Fercher, C. K. Hitzenberger, G. Kamp, and S. Y. El-Zaiat, “Measurement of intraocular distances by backscattering spectral interferometry,” Opt. Commun. 117(1-2), 43–48 (1995). [CrossRef]
- J. A. Izatt, M. R. Hee, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, D. Huang, J. S. Schuman, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Micrometer-scale resolution imaging of the anterior eye in vivo with optical coherence tomography,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 112(12), 1584–1589 (1994). [PubMed]
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. D. Klyce, “Computer-assisted corneal topography. High-resolution graphic presentation and analysis of keratoscopy,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 25(12), 1426–1435 (1984). [PubMed]
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