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Enzyme activity assays within microstructured optical fibers enabled by automated alignmentStephen C. Warren-Smith, Guiying Nie, Erik P. Schartner, Lois A. Salamonsen, and Tanya M. Monro »View Author Affiliations
Stephen C. Warren-Smith,1,*
Guiying Nie,2
Erik P. Schartner,1
Lois A. Salamonsen,2
and Tanya M. Monro1
1Institute for Photonics & Advanced Sensing (IPAS) and School of Chemistry & Physics, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia 2Prince Henry’s Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia *Corresponding author: stephen.warrensmith@adelaide.edu.au |
Biomedical Optics Express, Vol. 3, Issue 12, pp. 3304-3313 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/BOE.3.003304
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Abstract
A fluorescence-based enzyme activity assay has been demonstrated within a small-core microstructured optical fiber (MOF) for the first time. To achieve this, a reflection-based automated alignment system has been developed, which uses feedback and piezoelectric actuators to maintain optical alignment. The auto-alignment system provides optical stability for the time required to perform an activity assay. The chosen assay is based on the enzyme proprotein convertase 5/6 (PC6) and has important applications in women’s health.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(060.2370) Fiber optics and optical communications : Fiber optics sensors
(280.1415) Remote sensing and sensors : Biological sensing and sensors
(060.4005) Fiber optics and optical communications : Microstructured fibers
ToC Category:
Biosensors and Molecular Diagnostics
History
Original Manuscript: October 9, 2012
Revised Manuscript: November 7, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: November 9, 2012
Published: November 20, 2012
Citation
Stephen C. Warren-Smith, Guiying Nie, Erik P. Schartner, Lois A. Salamonsen, and Tanya M. Monro, "Enzyme activity assays within microstructured optical fibers enabled by automated alignment," Biomed. Opt. Express 3, 3304-3313 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/boe/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-3-12-3304
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References
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- S. C. Warren-Smith, S. Afshar, and T. M. Monro, “Fluorescence-based sensing with optical nanowires: a generalized model and experimental validation,” Opt. Express18(9), 9474–9485 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Afshar, W. Q. Zhang, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, and T. M. Monro, “Small core optical waveguides are more nonlinear than expected: experimental confirmation,” Opt. Lett.34(22), 3577–3579 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Afshar, S. C. Warren-Smith, and T. M. Monro, “Enhancement of fluorescence-based sensing using microstructured optical fibres,” Opt. Express15(26), 17891–17901 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. H. Frosz, A. Stefani, and O. Bang, “Highly sensitive and simple method for refractive index sensing of liquids in microstructured optical fibers using four-wave mixing,” Opt. Express19(11), 10471–10484 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Wang, W. Yuan, O. Hansen, and O. Bang, “Selective filling of photonic crystal fibers using focused ion beam milled microchannels,” Opt. Express19(18), 17585–17590 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. R. Ott, M. Heuck, C. Agger, P. D. Rasmussen, and O. Bang, “Label-free and selective nonlinear fiber-optical biosensing,” Opt. Express16(25), 20834–20847 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Emiliyanov, J. B. Jensen, O. Bang, P. E. Hoiby, L. H. Pedersen, E. M. Kjaer, and L. Lindvold, “Localized biosensing with Topas microstructured polymer optical fiber,” Opt. Lett.32(5), 460–462 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Rindorf, P. E. Høiby, J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, O. Bang, and O. Geschke, “Towards biochips using microstructured optical fiber sensors,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem.385(8), 1370–1375 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Rindorf, J. B. Jensen, M. Dufva, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Høiby, and O. Bang, “Photonic crystal fiber long-period gratings for biochemical sensing,” Opt. Express14(18), 8224–8231 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. B. Jensen, P. E. Hoiby, G. Emiliyanov, O. Bang, L. H. Pedersen, and A. Bjarklev, “Selective detection of antibodies in microstructured polymer optical fibers,” Opt. Express13(15), 5883–5889 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. R. Jaroszewicz, M. Murawski, T. Nasilowski, K. Stasiewicz, P. Marc, M. Szymanski, P. Mergo, W. Urbanczyk, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Low-loss patch cords by effective splicing of various photonic crystal fibers with standard single mode fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol.29(19), 2940–2946 (2011). [CrossRef]
- Y. Zhu, R. T. Bise, J. Kanka, P. Peterka, and H. Du, “Fabrication and characterization of solid-core photonic crystal fiber with steering-wheel air-cladding for strong evanescent field overlap,” Opt. Commun.281(1), 55–60 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. B. Jensen, P. E. Hoiby, G. Emiliyanov, O. Bang, L. H. Pedersen, and A. Bjarklev, “Selective detection of antibodies in microstructured polymer optical fibers,” Opt. Express13(15), 5883–5889 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett.29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett.29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. F. Casper, “It’s time to pay attention to the endometrium,” Fertil. Steril.96(3), 519–521 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. G. Euser, J. S. Y. Chen, M. Scharrer, P. S. J. Russell, N. J. Farrer, and P. J. Sadler, “Quantitative broadband chemical sensing in air-suspended solid-core fibers,” J. Appl. Phys.103(10), 103108 (2008). [CrossRef]
- L. Xiao, M. S. Demokan, W. Jin, Y. Wang, and C.-L. Zhao, “Fusion splicing photonic crystal fibers and conventional single-mode fibers: microhole collapse effect,” J. Lightwave Technol.25(11), 3563–3574 (2007). [CrossRef]
- L. Xiao, W. Jin, and M. S. Demokan, “Fusion splicing small-core photonic crystal fibers and single-mode fibers by repeated arc discharges,” Opt. Lett.32(2), 115–117 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. K. Khaing Oo, Y. Han, J. Kanka, S. Sukhishvili, and H. Du, “Structure fits the purpose: photonic crystal fibers for evanescent-field surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,” Opt. Lett.35(4), 466–468 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Han, S. Tan, M. K. K. Oo, D. Pristinski, S. Sukhishvili, and H. Du, “Towards full-length accumulative surface-enhanced Raman scattering-active photonic crystal fibers,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)22(24), 2647–2651 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Zhu, R. T. Bise, J. Kanka, P. Peterka, and H. Du, “Fabrication and characterization of solid-core photonic crystal fiber with steering-wheel air-cladding for strong evanescent field overlap,” Opt. Commun.281(1), 55–60 (2008). [CrossRef]
- E. P. Schartner, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, S. C. Warren-Smith, R. T. White, and T. M. Monro, “Driving down the detection limit in microstructured fiber-based chemical dip sensors,” Sensors (Basel)11(3), 2961–2971 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. V. Englich, T. C. Foo, A. C. Richardson, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, C. J. Sumby, and T. M. Monro, “Photoinduced electron transfer based ion sensing within an optical fiber,” Sensors (Basel)11(10), 9560–9572 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. M. Monro, S. C. Warren-Smith, E. P. Schartner, A. Francois, S. Heng, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, and S. Afshar, “Sensing with suspended-core optical fibers,” Opt. Fiber Technol.16(6), 343–356 (2010). [CrossRef]
- H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, S. C. Warren-Smith, and T. M. Monro, “Suspended nanowires: fabrication, design and characterization of fibers with nanoscale cores,” Opt. Express17(4), 2646–2657 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Afshar, W. Q. Zhang, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, and T. M. Monro, “Small core optical waveguides are more nonlinear than expected: experimental confirmation,” Opt. Lett.34(22), 3577–3579 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Ruan, T. C. Foo, S. C. Warren-Smith, P. Hoffmann, R. C. Moore, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, and T. M. Monro, “Antibody immobilization within glass microstructured fibers: a route to sensitive and selective biosensors,” Opt. Express16(22), 18514–18523 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Ruan, E. P. Schartner, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, P. Hoffmann, and T. M. Monro, “Detection of quantum-dot labelled proteins using soft glass microstructured optical fibers,” Opt. Express15(26), 17819–17826 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Emiliyanov, J. B. Jensen, O. Bang, P. E. Hoiby, L. H. Pedersen, E. M. Kjaer, and L. Lindvold, “Localized biosensing with Topas microstructured polymer optical fiber,” Opt. Lett.32(5), 460–462 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. B. Jensen, P. E. Hoiby, G. Emiliyanov, O. Bang, L. H. Pedersen, and A. Bjarklev, “Selective detection of antibodies in microstructured polymer optical fibers,” Opt. Express13(15), 5883–5889 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. V. Englich, T. C. Foo, A. C. Richardson, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, C. J. Sumby, and T. M. Monro, “Photoinduced electron transfer based ion sensing within an optical fiber,” Sensors (Basel)11(10), 9560–9572 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. G. Euser, J. S. Y. Chen, M. Scharrer, P. S. J. Russell, N. J. Farrer, and P. J. Sadler, “Quantitative broadband chemical sensing in air-suspended solid-core fibers,” J. Appl. Phys.103(10), 103108 (2008). [CrossRef]
- T. G. Euser, J. S. Y. Chen, M. Scharrer, P. S. J. Russell, N. J. Farrer, and P. J. Sadler, “Quantitative broadband chemical sensing in air-suspended solid-core fibers,” J. Appl. Phys.103(10), 103108 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett.29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. V. Englich, T. C. Foo, A. C. Richardson, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, C. J. Sumby, and T. M. Monro, “Photoinduced electron transfer based ion sensing within an optical fiber,” Sensors (Basel)11(10), 9560–9572 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Ruan, T. C. Foo, S. C. Warren-Smith, P. Hoffmann, R. C. Moore, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, and T. M. Monro, “Antibody immobilization within glass microstructured fibers: a route to sensitive and selective biosensors,” Opt. Express16(22), 18514–18523 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. M. Monro, S. C. Warren-Smith, E. P. Schartner, A. Francois, S. Heng, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, and S. Afshar, “Sensing with suspended-core optical fibers,” Opt. Fiber Technol.16(6), 343–356 (2010). [CrossRef]
- L. Rindorf, P. E. Høiby, J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, O. Bang, and O. Geschke, “Towards biochips using microstructured optical fiber sensors,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem.385(8), 1370–1375 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. J. Mathews and B. E. Hamilton, “Mean age of mother, 1970-2000,” Natl. Vital Stat. Rep.51(1), 1–13 (2002). [PubMed]
- Y. Han, S. Tan, M. K. K. Oo, D. Pristinski, S. Sukhishvili, and H. Du, “Towards full-length accumulative surface-enhanced Raman scattering-active photonic crystal fibers,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)22(24), 2647–2651 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. K. Khaing Oo, Y. Han, J. Kanka, S. Sukhishvili, and H. Du, “Structure fits the purpose: photonic crystal fibers for evanescent-field surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,” Opt. Lett.35(4), 466–468 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- N. J. Hannan, G. Nie, A. Rainzcuk, L. J. Rombauts, and L. A. Salamonsen, “Uterine lavage or aspirate: which view of the intrauterine environment?” Reprod. Sci.19(10), 1125–1132 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Heng, N. J. Hannan, L. J. F. Rombauts, L. A. Salamonsen, and G. Nie, “PC6 levels in uterine lavage are closely associated with uterine receptivity and significantly lower in a subgroup of women with unexplained infertility,” Hum. Reprod.26(4), 840–846 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett.29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Heng, N. J. Hannan, L. J. F. Rombauts, L. A. Salamonsen, and G. Nie, “PC6 levels in uterine lavage are closely associated with uterine receptivity and significantly lower in a subgroup of women with unexplained infertility,” Hum. Reprod.26(4), 840–846 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. M. Monro, S. C. Warren-Smith, E. P. Schartner, A. Francois, S. Heng, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, and S. Afshar, “Sensing with suspended-core optical fibers,” Opt. Fiber Technol.16(6), 343–356 (2010). [CrossRef]
- Y. Ruan, T. C. Foo, S. C. Warren-Smith, P. Hoffmann, R. C. Moore, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, and T. M. Monro, “Antibody immobilization within glass microstructured fibers: a route to sensitive and selective biosensors,” Opt. Express16(22), 18514–18523 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Ruan, E. P. Schartner, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, P. Hoffmann, and T. M. Monro, “Detection of quantum-dot labelled proteins using soft glass microstructured optical fibers,” Opt. Express15(26), 17819–17826 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Emiliyanov, J. B. Jensen, O. Bang, P. E. Hoiby, L. H. Pedersen, E. M. Kjaer, and L. Lindvold, “Localized biosensing with Topas microstructured polymer optical fiber,” Opt. Lett.32(5), 460–462 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. B. Jensen, P. E. Hoiby, G. Emiliyanov, O. Bang, L. H. Pedersen, and A. Bjarklev, “Selective detection of antibodies in microstructured polymer optical fibers,” Opt. Express13(15), 5883–5889 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett.29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Rindorf, P. E. Høiby, J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, O. Bang, and O. Geschke, “Towards biochips using microstructured optical fiber sensors,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem.385(8), 1370–1375 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Rindorf, J. B. Jensen, M. Dufva, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Høiby, and O. Bang, “Photonic crystal fiber long-period gratings for biochemical sensing,” Opt. Express14(18), 8224–8231 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. R. Jaroszewicz, M. Murawski, T. Nasilowski, K. Stasiewicz, P. Marc, M. Szymanski, and P. Mergo, “Methodology of splicing large air filling factor suspended core photonic crystal fibres,” Opto-Electron. Rev.19(2), 256–259 (2011). [CrossRef]
- L. R. Jaroszewicz, M. Murawski, T. Nasilowski, K. Stasiewicz, P. Marc, M. Szymanski, P. Mergo, W. Urbanczyk, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Low-loss patch cords by effective splicing of various photonic crystal fibers with standard single mode fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol.29(19), 2940–2946 (2011). [CrossRef]
- G. Emiliyanov, J. B. Jensen, O. Bang, P. E. Hoiby, L. H. Pedersen, E. M. Kjaer, and L. Lindvold, “Localized biosensing with Topas microstructured polymer optical fiber,” Opt. Lett.32(5), 460–462 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- L. R. Jaroszewicz, M. Murawski, T. Nasilowski, K. Stasiewicz, P. Marc, M. Szymanski, and P. Mergo, “Methodology of splicing large air filling factor suspended core photonic crystal fibres,” Opto-Electron. Rev.19(2), 256–259 (2011). [CrossRef]
- E. P. Schartner, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, S. C. Warren-Smith, R. T. White, and T. M. Monro, “Driving down the detection limit in microstructured fiber-based chemical dip sensors,” Sensors (Basel)11(3), 2961–2971 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. V. Englich, T. C. Foo, A. C. Richardson, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, C. J. Sumby, and T. M. Monro, “Photoinduced electron transfer based ion sensing within an optical fiber,” Sensors (Basel)11(10), 9560–9572 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. C. Warren-Smith, S. Afshar, and T. M. Monro, “Fluorescence-based sensing with optical nanowires: a generalized model and experimental validation,” Opt. Express18(9), 9474–9485 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. M. Monro, S. C. Warren-Smith, E. P. Schartner, A. Francois, S. Heng, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, and S. Afshar, “Sensing with suspended-core optical fibers,” Opt. Fiber Technol.16(6), 343–356 (2010). [CrossRef]
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- G. Emiliyanov, J. B. Jensen, O. Bang, P. E. Hoiby, L. H. Pedersen, E. M. Kjaer, and L. Lindvold, “Localized biosensing with Topas microstructured polymer optical fiber,” Opt. Lett.32(5), 460–462 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Rindorf, P. E. Høiby, J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, O. Bang, and O. Geschke, “Towards biochips using microstructured optical fiber sensors,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem.385(8), 1370–1375 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett.29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Zhu, R. T. Bise, J. Kanka, P. Peterka, and H. Du, “Fabrication and characterization of solid-core photonic crystal fiber with steering-wheel air-cladding for strong evanescent field overlap,” Opt. Commun.281(1), 55–60 (2008). [CrossRef]
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- Y. Han, S. Tan, M. K. K. Oo, D. Pristinski, S. Sukhishvili, and H. Du, “Towards full-length accumulative surface-enhanced Raman scattering-active photonic crystal fibers,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)22(24), 2647–2651 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- N. J. Hannan, G. Nie, A. Rainzcuk, L. J. Rombauts, and L. A. Salamonsen, “Uterine lavage or aspirate: which view of the intrauterine environment?” Reprod. Sci.19(10), 1125–1132 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. V. Englich, T. C. Foo, A. C. Richardson, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, C. J. Sumby, and T. M. Monro, “Photoinduced electron transfer based ion sensing within an optical fiber,” Sensors (Basel)11(10), 9560–9572 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. S. Webb, F. Poletti, D. J. Richardson, and J. K. Sahu, “Suspended-core holey fiber for evanescent-field sensing,” Opt. Eng.46(1), 010503 (2007). [CrossRef]
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- L. Rindorf, P. E. Høiby, J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, O. Bang, and O. Geschke, “Towards biochips using microstructured optical fiber sensors,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem.385(8), 1370–1375 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- Y. Ruan, E. P. Schartner, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, P. Hoffmann, and T. M. Monro, “Detection of quantum-dot labelled proteins using soft glass microstructured optical fibers,” Opt. Express15(26), 17819–17826 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. G. Euser, J. S. Y. Chen, M. Scharrer, P. S. J. Russell, N. J. Farrer, and P. J. Sadler, “Quantitative broadband chemical sensing in air-suspended solid-core fibers,” J. Appl. Phys.103(10), 103108 (2008). [CrossRef]
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- A. S. Webb, F. Poletti, D. J. Richardson, and J. K. Sahu, “Suspended-core holey fiber for evanescent-field sensing,” Opt. Eng.46(1), 010503 (2007). [CrossRef]
- N. J. Hannan, G. Nie, A. Rainzcuk, L. J. Rombauts, and L. A. Salamonsen, “Uterine lavage or aspirate: which view of the intrauterine environment?” Reprod. Sci.19(10), 1125–1132 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- T. G. Euser, J. S. Y. Chen, M. Scharrer, P. S. J. Russell, N. J. Farrer, and P. J. Sadler, “Quantitative broadband chemical sensing in air-suspended solid-core fibers,” J. Appl. Phys.103(10), 103108 (2008). [CrossRef]
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- T. M. Monro, S. C. Warren-Smith, E. P. Schartner, A. Francois, S. Heng, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, and S. Afshar, “Sensing with suspended-core optical fibers,” Opt. Fiber Technol.16(6), 343–356 (2010). [CrossRef]
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- Y. Han, S. Tan, M. K. K. Oo, D. Pristinski, S. Sukhishvili, and H. Du, “Towards full-length accumulative surface-enhanced Raman scattering-active photonic crystal fibers,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)22(24), 2647–2651 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- S. Afshar, S. C. Warren-Smith, and T. M. Monro, “Enhancement of fluorescence-based sensing using microstructured optical fibres,” Opt. Express15(26), 17891–17901 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- L. Xiao, W. Jin, and M. S. Demokan, “Fusion splicing small-core photonic crystal fibers and single-mode fibers by repeated arc discharges,” Opt. Lett.32(2), 115–117 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)
- Y. Han, S. Tan, M. K. K. Oo, D. Pristinski, S. Sukhishvili, and H. Du, “Towards full-length accumulative surface-enhanced Raman scattering-active photonic crystal fibers,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)22(24), 2647–2651 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Anal. Bioanal. Chem.
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Anal. Chem.
- O. S. Wolfbeis, “Fiber-optic chemical sensors and biosensors,” Anal. Chem.78(12), 3859–3874 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Fertil. Steril.
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Hum. Reprod.
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J. Appl. Phys.
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J. Lightwave Technol.
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Opt. Commun.
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