This study explored using a novel diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) flow-oximeter to noninvasively monitor blood flow and oxygenation changes in head and neck tumors during radiation delivery. A fiber-optic probe connected to the DCS flow-oximeter was placed on the surface of the radiologically/clinically involved cervical lymph node. The DCS flow-oximeter in the treatment room was remotely operated by a computer in the control room. From the early measurements, abnormal signals were observed when the optical device was placed in close proximity to the radiation beams. Through phantom tests, the artifacts were shown to be caused by scattered x rays and consequentially avoided by moving the optical device away from the x-ray beams. Eleven patients with head and neck tumors were continually measured once a week over a treatment period of seven weeks, although there were some missing data due to the patient related events. Large inter-patient variations in tumor hemodynamic responses were observed during radiation delivery. A significant increase in tumor blood flow was observed at the first week of treatment, which may be a physiologic response to hypoxia created by radiation oxygen consumption. Only small and insignificant changes were found in tumor blood oxygenation, suggesting that oxygen utilizations in tumors during the short period of fractional radiation deliveries were either minimal or balanced by other effects such as blood flow regulation. Further investigations in a large patient population are needed to correlate the individual hemodynamic responses with the clinical outcomes for determining the prognostic value of optical measurements.

© 2012 OSA

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Acta Oncol.

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AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.

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Am. Surg.

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Appl. Opt.

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Biomed. Opt. Express

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Clin. Cancer Res.

• G. Yu, T. Durduran, C. Zhou, H. W. Wang, M. E. Putt, H. M. Saunders, C. M. Sehgal, E. Glatstein, A. G. Yodh, and T. M. Busch, “Noninvasive monitoring of murine tumor blood flow during and after photodynamic therapy provides early assessment of therapeutic efficacy,” Clin. Cancer Res.11(9), 3543–3552 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng.

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Curr. Opin. Oncol.

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IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag.

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• M. J. Mäntylä, J. T. Toivanen, M. A. Pitkänen, and A. H. Rekonen, “Radiation-induced changes in regional blood flow in human tumors,” Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.8(10), 1711–1717 (1982). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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J. Biomed. Opt.

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• C. Zhou, R. Choe, N. Shah, T. Durduran, G. Yu, A. Durkin, D. Hsiang, R. Mehta, J. Butler, A. Cerussi, B. J. Tromberg, and A. G. Yodh, “Diffuse optical monitoring of blood flow and oxygenation in human breast cancer during early stages of neoadjuvant chemotherapy,” J. Biomed. Opt.12(5), 051903 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• R. Choe, S. D. Konecky, A. Corlu, K. Lee, T. Durduran, D. R. Busch, S. Pathak, B. J. Czerniecki, J. Tchou, D. L. Fraker, A. Demichele, B. Chance, S. R. Arridge, M. Schweiger, J. P. Culver, M. D. Schnall, M. E. Putt, M. A. Rosen, and A. G. Yodh, “Differentiation of benign and malignant breast tumors by in-vivo three-dimensional parallel-plate diffuse optical tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt.14(2), 024020 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• G. Yu, Y. Shang, Y. Zhao, R. Cheng, L. Dong, and S. P. Saha, “Intraoperative evaluation of revascularization effect on ischemic muscle hemodynamics using near-infrared diffuse optical spectroscopies,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(2), 027004 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Neurooncol.

• R. G. Steen, K. Kitagishi, and K. Morgan, “In vivo measurement of tumor blood oxygenation by near-infrared spectroscopy: immediate effects of pentobarbital overdose or carmustine treatment,” J. Neurooncol.22(3), 209–220 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A

• D. A. Boas and A. G. Yodh, “Spatially varying dynamical properties of turbid media probed with diffusing temporal light correlation,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A14(1), 192–215 (1997). [CrossRef]

Med. Phys.

• B. J. Tromberg, B. W. Pogue, K. D. Paulsen, A. G. Yodh, D. A. Boas, and A. E. Cerussi, “Assessing the future of diffuse optical imaging technologies for breast cancer management,” Med. Phys.35(6), 2443–2451 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Methods Enzymol.

• H. Liu, Y. Gu, J. G. Kim, and R. P. Mason, “Near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging of tumor vascular oxygenation,” Methods Enzymol.386, 349–378 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nucl. Med. Biol.

• S. L. Bacharach, S. K. Libutti, and J. A. Carrasquillo, “Measuring tumor blood flow with H(2)(15)O: practical considerations,” Nucl. Med. Biol.27(7), 671–676 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Express

• Y. Shang, L. Chen, M. Toborek, and G. Yu, “Diffuse optical monitoring of repeated cerebral ischemia in mice,” Opt. Express19(21), 20301–20315 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett.

• Y. Shang, Y. Zhao, R. Cheng, L. Dong, D. Irwin, and G. Yu, “Portable optical tissue flow oximeter based on diffuse correlation spectroscopy,” Opt. Lett.34(22), 3556–3558 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• T. Durduran, R. Choe, G. Yu, C. Zhou, J. C. Tchou, B. J. Czerniecki, and A. G. Yodh, “Diffuse optical measurement of blood flow in breast tumors,” Opt. Lett.30(21), 2915–2917 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Photochem. Photobiol.

• Y. Gu, W. R. Chen, M. Xia, S. W. Jeong, and H. Liu, “Effect of photothermal therapy on breast tumor vascular contents: noninvasive monitoring by near-infrared spectroscopy,” Photochem. Photobiol.81(4), 1002–1009 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• T. H. Pham, R. Hornung, M. W. Berns, Y. Tadir, and B. J. Tromberg, “Monitoring tumor response during photodynamic therapy using near-infrared photon-migration spectroscopy,” Photochem. Photobiol.73(6), 669–677 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Med. Biol.

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