The editors introduce the Biomedical Optics Express feature issue on “Phantoms for the Performance Evaluation and Validation of Optical Medical Imaging Devices.” This topic was the focus of a technical workshop that was held on November 7–8, 2011, in Washington, D.C. The feature issue includes 13 contributions from workshop attendees.

© 2012 OSA

1. C. H. Contag and M. H. Bachmann, “Advances in in vivo bioluminescence imaging of gene expression,” Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng.4(1), 235–260 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. C. H. Contag and B. D. Ross, “It’s not just about anatomy: in vivo bioluminescence imaging as an eyepiece into biology,” J. Magn. Reson. Imaging16(4), 378–387 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. C. E. Cooper and R. Springett, “Measurement of cytochrome oxidase and mitochondrial energetics by near-infrared spectroscopy,” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.352(1354), 669–676 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. J. G. Fujimoto, C. Pitris, S. A. Boppart, and M. E. Brezinski, “Optical coherence tomography: an emerging technology for biomedical imaging and optical biopsy,” Neoplasia2(1/2), 9–25 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. E. Gratton, S. Fantini, M. A. Franceschini, G. Gratton, and M. Fabiani, “Measurements of scattering and absorption changes in muscle and brain,” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.352(1354), 727–735 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. D. J. Hawrysz and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Developments toward diagnostic breast cancer imaging using near-infrared optical measurements and fluorescent contrast agents,” Neoplasia2(5), 388–417 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. J. C. Hebden, “Advances in optical imaging of the newborn infant brain,” Psychophysiology40(4), 501–510 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
8. V. Ntziachristos, C. Bremer, E. E. Graves, J. Ripoll, and R. Weissleder, “In vivo tomographic imaging of near-infrared fluorescent probes,” Mol. Imaging1(2), 82–88 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. V. Ntziachristos, C. H. Tung, C. Bremer, and R. Weissleder, “Fluorescence molecular tomography resolves protease activity in vivo,” Nat. Med.8(7), 757–761 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. B. W. Pogue, J. D. Pitts, M. A. Mycek, R. D. Sloboda, C. M. Wilmot, J. F. Brandsema, and J. A. O’Hara, “In vivo NADH fluorescence monitoring as an assay for cellular damage in photodynamic therapy,” Photochem. Photobiol.74(6), 817–824 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. E. M. Sevick-Muraca, J. P. Houston, and M. Gurfinkel, “Fluorescence-enhanced, near infrared diagnostic imaging with contrast agents,” Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol.6(5), 642–650 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. B. C. Wilson, P. J. Muller, and J. C. Yanch, “Instrumentation and light dosimetry for intra-operative photodynamic therapy (PDT) of malignant brain tumours,” Phys. Med. Biol.31(2), 125–133 (1986). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. S. R. Arridge, M. Cope, and D. T. Delpy, “The theoretical basis for the determination of optical pathlengths in tissue: temporal and frequency analysis,” Phys. Med. Biol.37(7), 1531–1560 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. S. L. Jacques, “Laser-tissue interactions. Photochemical, photothermal, and photomechanical,” Surg. Clin. North Am.72(3), 531–558 (1992). [PubMed]
15. S. J. Madsen, B. C. Wilson, M. S. Patterson, Y. D. Park, S. L. Jacques, and Y. Hefetz, “Experimental tests of a simple diffusion model for the estimation of scattering and absorption coefficients of turbid media from time-resolved diffuse reflectance measurements,” Appl. Opt.31(18), 3509–3517 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16. V. G. Peters, D. R. Wyman, M. S. Patterson, and G. L. Frank, “Optical properties of normal and diseased human breast tissues in the visible and near infrared,” Phys. Med. Biol.35(9), 1317–1334 (1990). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. W. M. Star, J. P. Marijnissen, and M. J. C. van Gemert, “Light dosimetry in optical phantoms and in tissues: I. Multiple flux and transport theory,” Phys. Med. Biol.33(4), 437–454 (1988). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18. D. R. Wyman, M. S. Patterson, and B. C. Wilson, “Similarity relations for the interaction parameters in radiation transport,” Appl. Opt.28(24), 5243–5249 (1989). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19. W. B. Cai and X. Y. Chen, “Multimodality molecular imaging of tumor angiogenesis,” J. Nucl. Med.49(Suppl 2), 113S–128S (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. M. Moseley and G. Donnan, “Multimodality imaging - Introduction,” Stroke35(11_suppl_1), 2632–2634 (2004). [CrossRef]
21. W. J. M. Mulder, G. J. Strijkers, J. W. Habets, E. J. W. Bleeker, D. W. J. van der Schaft, G. Storm, G. A. Koning, A. W. Griffioen, and K. Nicolay, “MR molecular imaging and fluorescence microscopy for identification of activated tumor endothelium using a bimodal lipidic nanoparticle,” FASEB J.19(14), 2008–2010 (2005). [PubMed]
22. M. B. Aldrich, M. V. Marshall, E. M. Sevick-Muraca, G. Lanza, J. Kotyk, J. Culver, L. V. Wang, J. Uddin, B. C. Crews, L. J. Marnett, J. C. Liao, C. Contag, J. M. Crawford, K. Wang, B. Reisdorph, H. Appelman, D. K. Turgeon, C. Meyer, and T. Wang, “Seeing it through: translational validation of new medical imaging modalities,” Biomed. Opt. Express3(4), 764–776 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23. US FDA Guidance documents on “General and Cross-Cutting Topics,” http://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm122044.htm
24. G. Cohen, “Contrast--detail--dose analysis of six different computed tomographic scanners,” J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr.3(2), 197–203 (1979). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
25. J. B. Olsen and E. M. Sager, “Subjective evaluation of image quality based on images obtained with a breast tissue phantom: comparison with a conventional image quality phantom,” Br. J. Radiol.68(806), 160–164 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
26. S. E. Seltzer, R. G. Swensson, P. F. Judy, and R. D. Nawfel, “Size discrimination in computed tomographic images. Effects of feature contrast and display window,” Invest. Radiol.23(6), 455–462 (1988). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27. “About NIST Standard Reference Materials®, SRM,” http://www.nist.gov/srm/definitions.cfm
28. B. W. Pogue and M. S. Patterson, “Review of tissue simulating phantoms for optical spectroscopy, imaging and dosimetry,” J. Biomed. Opt.11(4), 041102 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29. “Traceability - NIST Policy and Supplementary Materials” http://www.nist.gov/traceability/
30. M. L. Huebschman, R. A. Schultz, and H. R. Garner, “Characteristics and capabilities of the hyperspectral imaging microscope,” IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag.21(4), 104–117 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
31. D. W. Allen, M. Litorja, S. W. Brown, and Y. Q. Zong, “Evaluation of a portable hyperspectral imager for medical imaging applications,” Proc. SPIE3765, 67650F, 67650F-10 (2007). [CrossRef]
32. B. S. Sorg, B. J. Moeller, O. Donovan, Y. Cao, and M. W. Dewhirst, “Hyperspectral imaging of hemoglobin saturation in tumor microvasculature and tumor hypoxia development,” J. Biomed. Opt.10(4), 044004 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
33. J. Y. Lee, M. L. Clarke, F. Tokumasu, J. F. Lesoine, D. W. Allen, R. Chang, M. Litorja, and J. Hwang, “Absorption-based hyperspectral imaging and analysis of single erythrocytes,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. (early access).
34. D. W. Allen, S. Maxwell, J. P. Rice, R. C. Chang, M. Litorja, J. Hwang, J. Cadeddu, E. Livingston, E. Wehner, and K. J. Zuzak, “Hyperspectral image projection of a pig kidney for the evaluation of imagers used for oximetry,” Proc. SPIE7906, 79060V, 79060V-9 (2011). [CrossRef]
35. R. Tibshirani, “Regression shrinkage and selection via the Lasso,” J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Methodological58, 267–288 (1996).
36. D. Samarov, M. L. Clarke, J. Lee, D. W. Allen, M. Litorja, and J. Hwang, “Validating the lasso algorithm by unmixing spectral signatures in multicolor phantoms,” Proc. SPIE8229, 82290Z, 82290Z-9 (2012). [CrossRef]
37. M. B. Sinclair, J. A. Timlin, D. M. Haaland, and M. Werner-Washburne, “Design, construction, characterization, and application of a hyperspectral microarray scanner,” Appl. Opt.43(10), 2079–2088 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
38. A. F. Fercher, C. K. Hitzenberger, W. Drexler, G. Kamp, and H. Sattmann, “In vivo optical coherence tomography,” Am. J. Ophthalmol.116(1), 113–114 (1993). [PubMed]
39. E. A. Swanson, J. A. Izatt, M. R. Hee, D. Huang, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “In vivo retinal imaging by optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett.18(21), 1864–1866 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
40. G. B. Airy, “On the diffraction of an object-glass with circular aperture,” Trans. Cambridge Philos.l Soc.5, 283–291 (1835).
41. M. Roy, A. Kim, F. Dadani, and B. C. Wilson, “Homogenized tissue phantoms for quantitative evaluation of subsurface fluorescence contrast,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(1), 016013 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
42. A. Bednov, S. Ulyanov, C. Cheung, and A. G. Yodh, “Correlation properties of multiple scattered light: implication to coherent diagnostics of burned skin,” J. Biomed. Opt.9(2), 347–352 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
43. J. P. Culver, T. Durduran, D. Furuya, C. Cheung, J. H. Greenberg, and A. G. Yodh, “Diffuse optical tomography of cerebral blood flow, oxygenation, and metabolism in rat during focal ischemia,” J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.23(8), 911–924 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
44. E. M. Hillman, D. A. Boas, A. M. Dale, and A. K. Dunn, “Laminar optical tomography: demonstration of millimeter-scale depth-resolved imaging in turbid media,” Opt. Lett.29(14), 1650–1652 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
45. S. L. Jacques and S. J. Kirkpatrick, “Acoustically modulated speckle imaging of biological tissues,” Opt. Lett.23(11), 879–881 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
46. M. Larsson, W. Steenbergen, and T. Strömberg, “Influence of optical properties and fiber separation on laser doppler flowmetry,” J. Biomed. Opt.7(2), 236–243 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
47. G. Soelkner, G. Mitic, and R. Lohwasser, “Monte Carlo simulations and laser Doppler flow measurements with high penetration depth in biological tissuelike head phantoms,” Appl. Opt.36(22), 5647–5654 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
48. S. T. Flock, S. L. Jacques, B. C. Wilson, W. M. Star, and M. J. van Gemert, “Optical properties of Intralipid: a phantom medium for light propagation studies,” Lasers Surg. Med.12(5), 510–519 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Am. J. Ophthalmol.

• A. F. Fercher, C. K. Hitzenberger, W. Drexler, G. Kamp, and H. Sattmann, “In vivo optical coherence tomography,” Am. J. Ophthalmol.116(1), 113–114 (1993). [PubMed]

Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng.

• C. H. Contag and M. H. Bachmann, “Advances in in vivo bioluminescence imaging of gene expression,” Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng.4(1), 235–260 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Appl. Opt.

• S. J. Madsen, B. C. Wilson, M. S. Patterson, Y. D. Park, S. L. Jacques, and Y. Hefetz, “Experimental tests of a simple diffusion model for the estimation of scattering and absorption coefficients of turbid media from time-resolved diffuse reflectance measurements,” Appl. Opt.31(18), 3509–3517 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• D. R. Wyman, M. S. Patterson, and B. C. Wilson, “Similarity relations for the interaction parameters in radiation transport,” Appl. Opt.28(24), 5243–5249 (1989). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. B. Sinclair, J. A. Timlin, D. M. Haaland, and M. Werner-Washburne, “Design, construction, characterization, and application of a hyperspectral microarray scanner,” Appl. Opt.43(10), 2079–2088 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• G. Soelkner, G. Mitic, and R. Lohwasser, “Monte Carlo simulations and laser Doppler flow measurements with high penetration depth in biological tissuelike head phantoms,” Appl. Opt.36(22), 5647–5654 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Biomed. Opt. Express

• M. B. Aldrich, M. V. Marshall, E. M. Sevick-Muraca, G. Lanza, J. Kotyk, J. Culver, L. V. Wang, J. Uddin, B. C. Crews, L. J. Marnett, J. C. Liao, C. Contag, J. M. Crawford, K. Wang, B. Reisdorph, H. Appelman, D. K. Turgeon, C. Meyer, and T. Wang, “Seeing it through: translational validation of new medical imaging modalities,” Biomed. Opt. Express3(4), 764–776 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Br. J. Radiol.

• J. B. Olsen and E. M. Sager, “Subjective evaluation of image quality based on images obtained with a breast tissue phantom: comparison with a conventional image quality phantom,” Br. J. Radiol.68(806), 160–164 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol.

• E. M. Sevick-Muraca, J. P. Houston, and M. Gurfinkel, “Fluorescence-enhanced, near infrared diagnostic imaging with contrast agents,” Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol.6(5), 642–650 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

FASEB J.

• W. J. M. Mulder, G. J. Strijkers, J. W. Habets, E. J. W. Bleeker, D. W. J. van der Schaft, G. Storm, G. A. Koning, A. W. Griffioen, and K. Nicolay, “MR molecular imaging and fluorescence microscopy for identification of activated tumor endothelium using a bimodal lipidic nanoparticle,” FASEB J.19(14), 2008–2010 (2005). [PubMed]

IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag.

• M. L. Huebschman, R. A. Schultz, and H. R. Garner, “Characteristics and capabilities of the hyperspectral imaging microscope,” IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag.21(4), 104–117 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.

• J. Y. Lee, M. L. Clarke, F. Tokumasu, J. F. Lesoine, D. W. Allen, R. Chang, M. Litorja, and J. Hwang, “Absorption-based hyperspectral imaging and analysis of single erythrocytes,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. (early access).

Invest. Radiol.

• S. E. Seltzer, R. G. Swensson, P. F. Judy, and R. D. Nawfel, “Size discrimination in computed tomographic images. Effects of feature contrast and display window,” Invest. Radiol.23(6), 455–462 (1988). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Biomed. Opt.

• B. W. Pogue and M. S. Patterson, “Review of tissue simulating phantoms for optical spectroscopy, imaging and dosimetry,” J. Biomed. Opt.11(4), 041102 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• B. S. Sorg, B. J. Moeller, O. Donovan, Y. Cao, and M. W. Dewhirst, “Hyperspectral imaging of hemoglobin saturation in tumor microvasculature and tumor hypoxia development,” J. Biomed. Opt.10(4), 044004 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. Roy, A. Kim, F. Dadani, and B. C. Wilson, “Homogenized tissue phantoms for quantitative evaluation of subsurface fluorescence contrast,” J. Biomed. Opt.16(1), 016013 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• A. Bednov, S. Ulyanov, C. Cheung, and A. G. Yodh, “Correlation properties of multiple scattered light: implication to coherent diagnostics of burned skin,” J. Biomed. Opt.9(2), 347–352 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. Larsson, W. Steenbergen, and T. Strömberg, “Influence of optical properties and fiber separation on laser doppler flowmetry,” J. Biomed. Opt.7(2), 236–243 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.

• J. P. Culver, T. Durduran, D. Furuya, C. Cheung, J. H. Greenberg, and A. G. Yodh, “Diffuse optical tomography of cerebral blood flow, oxygenation, and metabolism in rat during focal ischemia,” J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.23(8), 911–924 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr.

• G. Cohen, “Contrast--detail--dose analysis of six different computed tomographic scanners,” J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr.3(2), 197–203 (1979). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging

• C. H. Contag and B. D. Ross, “It’s not just about anatomy: in vivo bioluminescence imaging as an eyepiece into biology,” J. Magn. Reson. Imaging16(4), 378–387 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Nucl. Med.

• W. B. Cai and X. Y. Chen, “Multimodality molecular imaging of tumor angiogenesis,” J. Nucl. Med.49(Suppl 2), 113S–128S (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Methodological

• R. Tibshirani, “Regression shrinkage and selection via the Lasso,” J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Methodological58, 267–288 (1996).

Lasers Surg. Med.

• S. T. Flock, S. L. Jacques, B. C. Wilson, W. M. Star, and M. J. van Gemert, “Optical properties of Intralipid: a phantom medium for light propagation studies,” Lasers Surg. Med.12(5), 510–519 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Mol. Imaging

• V. Ntziachristos, C. Bremer, E. E. Graves, J. Ripoll, and R. Weissleder, “In vivo tomographic imaging of near-infrared fluorescent probes,” Mol. Imaging1(2), 82–88 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nat. Med.

• V. Ntziachristos, C. H. Tung, C. Bremer, and R. Weissleder, “Fluorescence molecular tomography resolves protease activity in vivo,” Nat. Med.8(7), 757–761 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Neoplasia

• D. J. Hawrysz and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Developments toward diagnostic breast cancer imaging using near-infrared optical measurements and fluorescent contrast agents,” Neoplasia2(5), 388–417 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• J. G. Fujimoto, C. Pitris, S. A. Boppart, and M. E. Brezinski, “Optical coherence tomography: an emerging technology for biomedical imaging and optical biopsy,” Neoplasia2(1/2), 9–25 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett.

• E. A. Swanson, J. A. Izatt, M. R. Hee, D. Huang, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “In vivo retinal imaging by optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett.18(21), 1864–1866 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• E. M. Hillman, D. A. Boas, A. M. Dale, and A. K. Dunn, “Laminar optical tomography: demonstration of millimeter-scale depth-resolved imaging in turbid media,” Opt. Lett.29(14), 1650–1652 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• S. L. Jacques and S. J. Kirkpatrick, “Acoustically modulated speckle imaging of biological tissues,” Opt. Lett.23(11), 879–881 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.

• E. Gratton, S. Fantini, M. A. Franceschini, G. Gratton, and M. Fabiani, “Measurements of scattering and absorption changes in muscle and brain,” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.352(1354), 727–735 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• C. E. Cooper and R. Springett, “Measurement of cytochrome oxidase and mitochondrial energetics by near-infrared spectroscopy,” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.352(1354), 669–676 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Photochem. Photobiol.

• B. W. Pogue, J. D. Pitts, M. A. Mycek, R. D. Sloboda, C. M. Wilmot, J. F. Brandsema, and J. A. O’Hara, “In vivo NADH fluorescence monitoring as an assay for cellular damage in photodynamic therapy,” Photochem. Photobiol.74(6), 817–824 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Med. Biol.

• V. G. Peters, D. R. Wyman, M. S. Patterson, and G. L. Frank, “Optical properties of normal and diseased human breast tissues in the visible and near infrared,” Phys. Med. Biol.35(9), 1317–1334 (1990). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• W. M. Star, J. P. Marijnissen, and M. J. C. van Gemert, “Light dosimetry in optical phantoms and in tissues: I. Multiple flux and transport theory,” Phys. Med. Biol.33(4), 437–454 (1988). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• B. C. Wilson, P. J. Muller, and J. C. Yanch, “Instrumentation and light dosimetry for intra-operative photodynamic therapy (PDT) of malignant brain tumours,” Phys. Med. Biol.31(2), 125–133 (1986). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• S. R. Arridge, M. Cope, and D. T. Delpy, “The theoretical basis for the determination of optical pathlengths in tissue: temporal and frequency analysis,” Phys. Med. Biol.37(7), 1531–1560 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Proc. SPIE

• D. Samarov, M. L. Clarke, J. Lee, D. W. Allen, M. Litorja, and J. Hwang, “Validating the lasso algorithm by unmixing spectral signatures in multicolor phantoms,” Proc. SPIE8229, 82290Z, 82290Z-9 (2012). [CrossRef]
• D. W. Allen, S. Maxwell, J. P. Rice, R. C. Chang, M. Litorja, J. Hwang, J. Cadeddu, E. Livingston, E. Wehner, and K. J. Zuzak, “Hyperspectral image projection of a pig kidney for the evaluation of imagers used for oximetry,” Proc. SPIE7906, 79060V, 79060V-9 (2011). [CrossRef]
• D. W. Allen, M. Litorja, S. W. Brown, and Y. Q. Zong, “Evaluation of a portable hyperspectral imager for medical imaging applications,” Proc. SPIE3765, 67650F, 67650F-10 (2007). [CrossRef]

Psychophysiology

• J. C. Hebden, “Advances in optical imaging of the newborn infant brain,” Psychophysiology40(4), 501–510 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Stroke

• M. Moseley and G. Donnan, “Multimodality imaging - Introduction,” Stroke35(11_suppl_1), 2632–2634 (2004). [CrossRef]

Surg. Clin. North Am.

• S. L. Jacques, “Laser-tissue interactions. Photochemical, photothermal, and photomechanical,” Surg. Clin. North Am.72(3), 531–558 (1992). [PubMed]

Trans. Cambridge Philos.l Soc.

• G. B. Airy, “On the diffraction of an object-glass with circular aperture,” Trans. Cambridge Philos.l Soc.5, 283–291 (1835).

Other

• US FDA Guidance documents on “General and Cross-Cutting Topics,” http://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm122044.htm
• “Traceability - NIST Policy and Supplementary Materials” http://www.nist.gov/traceability/
• “About NIST Standard Reference Materials®, SRM,” http://www.nist.gov/srm/definitions.cfm

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