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Noninvasive imaging of flowing blood cells using label-free spectrally encoded flow cytometryLior Golan, Daniella Yeheskely-Hayon, Limor Minai, Eldad J Dann, and Dvir Yelin »View Author Affiliations
Lior Golan,1,*
Daniella Yeheskely-Hayon,1
Limor Minai,1
Eldad J Dann,2,3
and Dvir Yelin1
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel 2Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Blood Bank and Aphaeresis unit, Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel 3Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel *Corresponding author: liorgo@tx.technion.ac.il |
Biomedical Optics Express, Vol. 3, Issue 6, pp. 1455-1464 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/BOE.3.001455
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Abstract
Optical microscopy of blood cells in vivo provides a unique opportunity for clinicians and researchers to visualize the morphology and dynamics of circulating cells, but is usually limited by the imaging speed and by the need for exogenous labeling of the cells. Here we present a label-free approach for in vivo flow cytometry of blood using a compact imaging probe that could be adapted for bedside real-time imaging of patients in clinical settings, and demonstrate subcellular resolution imaging of red and white blood cells flowing in the oral mucosa of a human volunteer. By analyzing the large data sets obtained by the system, valuable blood parameters could be extracted and used for direct, reliable assessment of patient physiology.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(170.1470) Medical optics and biotechnology : Blood or tissue constituent monitoring
(170.1610) Medical optics and biotechnology : Clinical applications
(170.1790) Medical optics and biotechnology : Confocal microscopy
ToC Category:
Microscopy
History
Original Manuscript: March 9, 2012
Revised Manuscript: May 2, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: May 4, 2012
Published: May 21, 2012
Citation
Lior Golan, Daniella Yeheskely-Hayon, Limor Minai, Eldad J Dann, and Dvir Yelin, "Noninvasive imaging of flowing blood cells using label-free spectrally encoded flow cytometry," Biomed. Opt. Express 3, 1455-1464 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/boe/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-3-6-1455
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References
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- M. Rajadhyaksha, M. Grossman, D. Esterowitz, R. H. Webb, and R. R. Anderson, “In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of human skin: melanin provides strong contrast,” J. Invest. Dermatol.104(6), 946–952 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- E. I. Galanzha and V. P. Zharov, “In vivo photoacoustic and photothermal cytometry for monitoring multiple blood rheology parameters,” Cytometry A79A(10), 746–757 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- V. P. Zharov, E. I. Galanzha, and V. V. Tuchin, “Photothermal image flow cytometry in vivo,” Opt. Lett.30(6), 628–630 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology127(3), 706–713 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Georgakoudi, N. Solban, J. Novak, W. L. Rice, X. Wei, T. Hasan, and C. P. Lin, “In vivo flow cytometry: a new method for enumerating circulating cancer cells,” Cancer Res.64(15), 5044–5047 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Novak, I. Georgakoudi, X. Wei, A. Prossin, and C. P. Lin, “In vivo flow cytometer for real-time detection and quantification of circulating cells,” Opt. Lett.29(1), 77–79 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology127(3), 706–713 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. González, R. Sackstein, R. R. Anderson, and M. Rajadhyaksha, “Real-time evidence of in vivo leukocyte trafficking in human skin by reflectance confocal microscopy,” J. Invest. Dermatol.117(2), 384–386 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. M. White, M. Rajadhyaksha, S. González, R. L. Fabian, and R. R. Anderson, “Noninvasive imaging of human oral mucosa in vivo by confocal reflectance microscopy,” Laryngoscope109(10), 1709–1717 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Groner, J. W. Winkelman, A. G. Harris, C. Ince, G. J. Bouma, K. Messmer, and R. G. Nadeau, “Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging: a new method for study of the microcirculation,” Nat. Med.5(10), 1209–1212 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Rajadhyaksha, M. Grossman, D. Esterowitz, R. H. Webb, and R. R. Anderson, “In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of human skin: melanin provides strong contrast,” J. Invest. Dermatol.104(6), 946–952 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Secomski, A. Nowicki, F. Guidi, P. Tortoli, and P. A. Lewin, “Noninvasive in vivo measurements of hematocrit,” J. Ultrasound Med.22(4), 375–384 (2003). [PubMed]
- J. Lindert, J. Werner, M. Redlin, H. Kuppe, H. Habazettl, and A. R. Pries, “OPS imaging of human microcirculation: a short technical report,” J. Vasc. Res.39(4), 368–372 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P.-L. Hsiung, J. Hardy, S. Friedland, R. Soetikno, C. B. Du, A. P. Wu, P. Sahbaie, J. M. Crawford, A. W. Lowe, C. H. Contag, and T. D. Wang, “Detection of colonic dysplasia in vivo using a targeted heptapeptide and confocal microendoscopy,” Nat. Med.14(4), 454–458 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Groner, J. W. Winkelman, A. G. Harris, C. Ince, G. J. Bouma, K. Messmer, and R. G. Nadeau, “Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging: a new method for study of the microcirculation,” Nat. Med.5(10), 1209–1212 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Georgakoudi, N. Solban, J. Novak, W. L. Rice, X. Wei, T. Hasan, and C. P. Lin, “In vivo flow cytometry: a new method for enumerating circulating cancer cells,” Cancer Res.64(15), 5044–5047 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Konstantopoulos, S. Neelamegham, A. R. Burns, E. Hentzen, G. S. Kansas, K. R. Snapp, E. L. Berg, J. D. Hellums, C. W. Smith, L. V. McIntire, and S. I. Simon, “Venous levels of shear support neutrophil-platelet adhesion and neutrophil aggregation in blood via P-selectin and beta2-integrin,” Circulation98(9), 873–882 (1998). [PubMed]
- K. Konstantopoulos, S. Neelamegham, A. R. Burns, E. Hentzen, G. S. Kansas, K. R. Snapp, E. L. Berg, J. D. Hellums, C. W. Smith, L. V. McIntire, and S. I. Simon, “Venous levels of shear support neutrophil-platelet adhesion and neutrophil aggregation in blood via P-selectin and beta2-integrin,” Circulation98(9), 873–882 (1998). [PubMed]
- P.-L. Hsiung, J. Hardy, S. Friedland, R. Soetikno, C. B. Du, A. P. Wu, P. Sahbaie, J. M. Crawford, A. W. Lowe, C. H. Contag, and T. D. Wang, “Detection of colonic dysplasia in vivo using a targeted heptapeptide and confocal microendoscopy,” Nat. Med.14(4), 454–458 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Iddan, G. Meron, A. Glukhovsky, and P. Swain, “Wireless capsule endoscopy,” Nature405(6785), 417 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Ince, “Sidestream dark field imaging: an improved technique to observe sublingual microcirculation,” Crit. Care9(Suppl 1), P72 (2005). [CrossRef]
- W. Groner, J. W. Winkelman, A. G. Harris, C. Ince, G. J. Bouma, K. Messmer, and R. G. Nadeau, “Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging: a new method for study of the microcirculation,” Nat. Med.5(10), 1209–1212 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. J. Bishop, P. R. Nance, A. S. Popel, M. Intaglietta, and P. C. Johnson, “Effect of erythrocyte aggregation on velocity profiles in venules,” Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.280(1), H222–H236 (2001). [PubMed]
- R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology127(3), 706–713 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. J. Bishop, P. R. Nance, A. S. Popel, M. Intaglietta, and P. C. Johnson, “Effect of erythrocyte aggregation on velocity profiles in venules,” Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.280(1), H222–H236 (2001). [PubMed]
- D. Kang, M. J. Suter, C. Boudoux, H. Yoo, P. S. Yachimski, W. P. Puricelli, N. S. Nishioka, M. Mino-Kenudson, G. Y. Lauwers, B. E. Bouma, and G. J. Tearney, “Comprehensive imaging of gastroesophageal biopsy samples by spectrally encoded confocal microscopy,” Gastrointest. Endosc.71(1), 35–43 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Konstantopoulos, S. Neelamegham, A. R. Burns, E. Hentzen, G. S. Kansas, K. R. Snapp, E. L. Berg, J. D. Hellums, C. W. Smith, L. V. McIntire, and S. I. Simon, “Venous levels of shear support neutrophil-platelet adhesion and neutrophil aggregation in blood via P-selectin and beta2-integrin,” Circulation98(9), 873–882 (1998). [PubMed]
- R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology127(3), 706–713 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Konstantopoulos, S. Neelamegham, A. R. Burns, E. Hentzen, G. S. Kansas, K. R. Snapp, E. L. Berg, J. D. Hellums, C. W. Smith, L. V. McIntire, and S. I. Simon, “Venous levels of shear support neutrophil-platelet adhesion and neutrophil aggregation in blood via P-selectin and beta2-integrin,” Circulation98(9), 873–882 (1998). [PubMed]
- J. Lindert, J. Werner, M. Redlin, H. Kuppe, H. Habazettl, and A. R. Pries, “OPS imaging of human microcirculation: a short technical report,” J. Vasc. Res.39(4), 368–372 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Kang, M. J. Suter, C. Boudoux, H. Yoo, P. S. Yachimski, W. P. Puricelli, N. S. Nishioka, M. Mino-Kenudson, G. Y. Lauwers, B. E. Bouma, and G. J. Tearney, “Comprehensive imaging of gastroesophageal biopsy samples by spectrally encoded confocal microscopy,” Gastrointest. Endosc.71(1), 35–43 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Secomski, A. Nowicki, F. Guidi, P. Tortoli, and P. A. Lewin, “Noninvasive in vivo measurements of hematocrit,” J. Ultrasound Med.22(4), 375–384 (2003). [PubMed]
- D. A. Sipkins, X. Wei, J. W. Wu, J. M. Runnels, D. Côté, T. K. Means, A. D. Luster, D. T. Scadden, and C. P. Lin, “In vivo imaging of specialized bone marrow endothelial microdomains for tumour engraftment,” Nature435(7044), 969–973 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Georgakoudi, N. Solban, J. Novak, W. L. Rice, X. Wei, T. Hasan, and C. P. Lin, “In vivo flow cytometry: a new method for enumerating circulating cancer cells,” Cancer Res.64(15), 5044–5047 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Novak, I. Georgakoudi, X. Wei, A. Prossin, and C. P. Lin, “In vivo flow cytometer for real-time detection and quantification of circulating cells,” Opt. Lett.29(1), 77–79 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Lindert, J. Werner, M. Redlin, H. Kuppe, H. Habazettl, and A. R. Pries, “OPS imaging of human microcirculation: a short technical report,” J. Vasc. Res.39(4), 368–372 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P.-L. Hsiung, J. Hardy, S. Friedland, R. Soetikno, C. B. Du, A. P. Wu, P. Sahbaie, J. M. Crawford, A. W. Lowe, C. H. Contag, and T. D. Wang, “Detection of colonic dysplasia in vivo using a targeted heptapeptide and confocal microendoscopy,” Nat. Med.14(4), 454–458 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. A. Sipkins, X. Wei, J. W. Wu, J. M. Runnels, D. Côté, T. K. Means, A. D. Luster, D. T. Scadden, and C. P. Lin, “In vivo imaging of specialized bone marrow endothelial microdomains for tumour engraftment,” Nature435(7044), 969–973 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Konstantopoulos, S. Neelamegham, A. R. Burns, E. Hentzen, G. S. Kansas, K. R. Snapp, E. L. Berg, J. D. Hellums, C. W. Smith, L. V. McIntire, and S. I. Simon, “Venous levels of shear support neutrophil-platelet adhesion and neutrophil aggregation in blood via P-selectin and beta2-integrin,” Circulation98(9), 873–882 (1998). [PubMed]
- R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology127(3), 706–713 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. A. Sipkins, X. Wei, J. W. Wu, J. M. Runnels, D. Côté, T. K. Means, A. D. Luster, D. T. Scadden, and C. P. Lin, “In vivo imaging of specialized bone marrow endothelial microdomains for tumour engraftment,” Nature435(7044), 969–973 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. P. Zharov, E. I. Galanzha, Y. Menyaev, and V. V. Tuchin, “In vivo high-speed imaging of individual cells in fast blood flow,” J. Biomed. Opt.11(5), 054034 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Iddan, G. Meron, A. Glukhovsky, and P. Swain, “Wireless capsule endoscopy,” Nature405(6785), 417 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Groner, J. W. Winkelman, A. G. Harris, C. Ince, G. J. Bouma, K. Messmer, and R. G. Nadeau, “Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging: a new method for study of the microcirculation,” Nat. Med.5(10), 1209–1212 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Kang, M. J. Suter, C. Boudoux, H. Yoo, P. S. Yachimski, W. P. Puricelli, N. S. Nishioka, M. Mino-Kenudson, G. Y. Lauwers, B. E. Bouma, and G. J. Tearney, “Comprehensive imaging of gastroesophageal biopsy samples by spectrally encoded confocal microscopy,” Gastrointest. Endosc.71(1), 35–43 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Groner, J. W. Winkelman, A. G. Harris, C. Ince, G. J. Bouma, K. Messmer, and R. G. Nadeau, “Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging: a new method for study of the microcirculation,” Nat. Med.5(10), 1209–1212 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology127(3), 706–713 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. J. Bishop, P. R. Nance, A. S. Popel, M. Intaglietta, and P. C. Johnson, “Effect of erythrocyte aggregation on velocity profiles in venules,” Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.280(1), H222–H236 (2001). [PubMed]
- K. Konstantopoulos, S. Neelamegham, A. R. Burns, E. Hentzen, G. S. Kansas, K. R. Snapp, E. L. Berg, J. D. Hellums, C. W. Smith, L. V. McIntire, and S. I. Simon, “Venous levels of shear support neutrophil-platelet adhesion and neutrophil aggregation in blood via P-selectin and beta2-integrin,” Circulation98(9), 873–882 (1998). [PubMed]
- R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology127(3), 706–713 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Kang, M. J. Suter, C. Boudoux, H. Yoo, P. S. Yachimski, W. P. Puricelli, N. S. Nishioka, M. Mino-Kenudson, G. Y. Lauwers, B. E. Bouma, and G. J. Tearney, “Comprehensive imaging of gastroesophageal biopsy samples by spectrally encoded confocal microscopy,” Gastrointest. Endosc.71(1), 35–43 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Georgakoudi, N. Solban, J. Novak, W. L. Rice, X. Wei, T. Hasan, and C. P. Lin, “In vivo flow cytometry: a new method for enumerating circulating cancer cells,” Cancer Res.64(15), 5044–5047 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Novak, I. Georgakoudi, X. Wei, A. Prossin, and C. P. Lin, “In vivo flow cytometer for real-time detection and quantification of circulating cells,” Opt. Lett.29(1), 77–79 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Secomski, A. Nowicki, F. Guidi, P. Tortoli, and P. A. Lewin, “Noninvasive in vivo measurements of hematocrit,” J. Ultrasound Med.22(4), 375–384 (2003). [PubMed]
- R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology127(3), 706–713 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. J. Bishop, P. R. Nance, A. S. Popel, M. Intaglietta, and P. C. Johnson, “Effect of erythrocyte aggregation on velocity profiles in venules,” Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.280(1), H222–H236 (2001). [PubMed]
- J. Lindert, J. Werner, M. Redlin, H. Kuppe, H. Habazettl, and A. R. Pries, “OPS imaging of human microcirculation: a short technical report,” J. Vasc. Res.39(4), 368–372 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Kang, M. J. Suter, C. Boudoux, H. Yoo, P. S. Yachimski, W. P. Puricelli, N. S. Nishioka, M. Mino-Kenudson, G. Y. Lauwers, B. E. Bouma, and G. J. Tearney, “Comprehensive imaging of gastroesophageal biopsy samples by spectrally encoded confocal microscopy,” Gastrointest. Endosc.71(1), 35–43 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. González, R. Sackstein, R. R. Anderson, and M. Rajadhyaksha, “Real-time evidence of in vivo leukocyte trafficking in human skin by reflectance confocal microscopy,” J. Invest. Dermatol.117(2), 384–386 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. M. White, M. Rajadhyaksha, S. González, R. L. Fabian, and R. R. Anderson, “Noninvasive imaging of human oral mucosa in vivo by confocal reflectance microscopy,” Laryngoscope109(10), 1709–1717 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Rajadhyaksha, R. R. Anderson, and R. H. Webb, “Video-rate confocal scanning laser microscope for imaging human tissues in vivo,” Appl. Opt.38(10), 2105–2115 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Rajadhyaksha, M. Grossman, D. Esterowitz, R. H. Webb, and R. R. Anderson, “In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of human skin: melanin provides strong contrast,” J. Invest. Dermatol.104(6), 946–952 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Lindert, J. Werner, M. Redlin, H. Kuppe, H. Habazettl, and A. R. Pries, “OPS imaging of human microcirculation: a short technical report,” J. Vasc. Res.39(4), 368–372 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Georgakoudi, N. Solban, J. Novak, W. L. Rice, X. Wei, T. Hasan, and C. P. Lin, “In vivo flow cytometry: a new method for enumerating circulating cancer cells,” Cancer Res.64(15), 5044–5047 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. A. Sipkins, X. Wei, J. W. Wu, J. M. Runnels, D. Côté, T. K. Means, A. D. Luster, D. T. Scadden, and C. P. Lin, “In vivo imaging of specialized bone marrow endothelial microdomains for tumour engraftment,” Nature435(7044), 969–973 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. González, R. Sackstein, R. R. Anderson, and M. Rajadhyaksha, “Real-time evidence of in vivo leukocyte trafficking in human skin by reflectance confocal microscopy,” J. Invest. Dermatol.117(2), 384–386 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P.-L. Hsiung, J. Hardy, S. Friedland, R. Soetikno, C. B. Du, A. P. Wu, P. Sahbaie, J. M. Crawford, A. W. Lowe, C. H. Contag, and T. D. Wang, “Detection of colonic dysplasia in vivo using a targeted heptapeptide and confocal microendoscopy,” Nat. Med.14(4), 454–458 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. H. Sarelius and B. R. Duling, “Direct measurement of microvessel hematocrit, red cell flux, velocity, and transit time,” Am. J. Physiol.243(6), H1018–H1026 (1982). [PubMed]
- D. A. Sipkins, X. Wei, J. W. Wu, J. M. Runnels, D. Côté, T. K. Means, A. D. Luster, D. T. Scadden, and C. P. Lin, “In vivo imaging of specialized bone marrow endothelial microdomains for tumour engraftment,” Nature435(7044), 969–973 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. W. Schmid-Schönbein, S. Usami, R. Skalak, and S. Chien, “The interaction of leukocytes and erythrocytes in capillary and postcapillary vessels,” Microvasc. Res.19(1), 45–70 (1980). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Secomski, A. Nowicki, F. Guidi, P. Tortoli, and P. A. Lewin, “Noninvasive in vivo measurements of hematocrit,” J. Ultrasound Med.22(4), 375–384 (2003). [PubMed]
- K. Yamakoshi, S. Tanaka, and H. Shimazu, “Electrical admittance cuff for noninvasive and simultaneous measurement of haematocrit, arterial pressure and elasticity using volume-oscillometric method,” Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.32(S1Suppl), S99–S107 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Konstantopoulos, S. Neelamegham, A. R. Burns, E. Hentzen, G. S. Kansas, K. R. Snapp, E. L. Berg, J. D. Hellums, C. W. Smith, L. V. McIntire, and S. I. Simon, “Venous levels of shear support neutrophil-platelet adhesion and neutrophil aggregation in blood via P-selectin and beta2-integrin,” Circulation98(9), 873–882 (1998). [PubMed]
- D. A. Sipkins, X. Wei, J. W. Wu, J. M. Runnels, D. Côté, T. K. Means, A. D. Luster, D. T. Scadden, and C. P. Lin, “In vivo imaging of specialized bone marrow endothelial microdomains for tumour engraftment,” Nature435(7044), 969–973 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. W. Schmid-Schönbein, S. Usami, R. Skalak, and S. Chien, “The interaction of leukocytes and erythrocytes in capillary and postcapillary vessels,” Microvasc. Res.19(1), 45–70 (1980). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Konstantopoulos, S. Neelamegham, A. R. Burns, E. Hentzen, G. S. Kansas, K. R. Snapp, E. L. Berg, J. D. Hellums, C. W. Smith, L. V. McIntire, and S. I. Simon, “Venous levels of shear support neutrophil-platelet adhesion and neutrophil aggregation in blood via P-selectin and beta2-integrin,” Circulation98(9), 873–882 (1998). [PubMed]
- K. Konstantopoulos, S. Neelamegham, A. R. Burns, E. Hentzen, G. S. Kansas, K. R. Snapp, E. L. Berg, J. D. Hellums, C. W. Smith, L. V. McIntire, and S. I. Simon, “Venous levels of shear support neutrophil-platelet adhesion and neutrophil aggregation in blood via P-selectin and beta2-integrin,” Circulation98(9), 873–882 (1998). [PubMed]
- P.-L. Hsiung, J. Hardy, S. Friedland, R. Soetikno, C. B. Du, A. P. Wu, P. Sahbaie, J. M. Crawford, A. W. Lowe, C. H. Contag, and T. D. Wang, “Detection of colonic dysplasia in vivo using a targeted heptapeptide and confocal microendoscopy,” Nat. Med.14(4), 454–458 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Georgakoudi, N. Solban, J. Novak, W. L. Rice, X. Wei, T. Hasan, and C. P. Lin, “In vivo flow cytometry: a new method for enumerating circulating cancer cells,” Cancer Res.64(15), 5044–5047 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Kang, M. J. Suter, C. Boudoux, H. Yoo, P. S. Yachimski, W. P. Puricelli, N. S. Nishioka, M. Mino-Kenudson, G. Y. Lauwers, B. E. Bouma, and G. J. Tearney, “Comprehensive imaging of gastroesophageal biopsy samples by spectrally encoded confocal microscopy,” Gastrointest. Endosc.71(1), 35–43 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Iddan, G. Meron, A. Glukhovsky, and P. Swain, “Wireless capsule endoscopy,” Nature405(6785), 417 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Yamakoshi, S. Tanaka, and H. Shimazu, “Electrical admittance cuff for noninvasive and simultaneous measurement of haematocrit, arterial pressure and elasticity using volume-oscillometric method,” Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.32(S1Suppl), S99–S107 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. V. Tuchin, A. Tárnok, and V. P. Zharov, “In vivo flow cytometry: a horizon of opportunities,” Cytometry A79A(10), 737–745 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Kang, M. J. Suter, C. Boudoux, H. Yoo, P. S. Yachimski, W. P. Puricelli, N. S. Nishioka, M. Mino-Kenudson, G. Y. Lauwers, B. E. Bouma, and G. J. Tearney, “Comprehensive imaging of gastroesophageal biopsy samples by spectrally encoded confocal microscopy,” Gastrointest. Endosc.71(1), 35–43 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Yelin, C. Boudoux, B. E. Bouma, and G. J. Tearney, “Large area confocal microscopy,” Opt. Lett.32(9), 1102–1104 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. J. Tearney, R. H. Webb, and B. E. Bouma, “Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy,” Opt. Lett.23(15), 1152–1154 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology127(3), 706–713 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Secomski, A. Nowicki, F. Guidi, P. Tortoli, and P. A. Lewin, “Noninvasive in vivo measurements of hematocrit,” J. Ultrasound Med.22(4), 375–384 (2003). [PubMed]
- V. V. Tuchin, A. Tárnok, and V. P. Zharov, “In vivo flow cytometry: a horizon of opportunities,” Cytometry A79A(10), 737–745 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. P. Zharov, E. I. Galanzha, Y. Menyaev, and V. V. Tuchin, “In vivo high-speed imaging of individual cells in fast blood flow,” J. Biomed. Opt.11(5), 054034 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. P. Zharov, E. I. Galanzha, and V. V. Tuchin, “Photothermal image flow cytometry in vivo,” Opt. Lett.30(6), 628–630 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. W. Schmid-Schönbein, S. Usami, R. Skalak, and S. Chien, “The interaction of leukocytes and erythrocytes in capillary and postcapillary vessels,” Microvasc. Res.19(1), 45–70 (1980). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology127(3), 706–713 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P.-L. Hsiung, J. Hardy, S. Friedland, R. Soetikno, C. B. Du, A. P. Wu, P. Sahbaie, J. M. Crawford, A. W. Lowe, C. H. Contag, and T. D. Wang, “Detection of colonic dysplasia in vivo using a targeted heptapeptide and confocal microendoscopy,” Nat. Med.14(4), 454–458 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Rajadhyaksha, R. R. Anderson, and R. H. Webb, “Video-rate confocal scanning laser microscope for imaging human tissues in vivo,” Appl. Opt.38(10), 2105–2115 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. J. Tearney, R. H. Webb, and B. E. Bouma, “Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy,” Opt. Lett.23(15), 1152–1154 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Rajadhyaksha, M. Grossman, D. Esterowitz, R. H. Webb, and R. R. Anderson, “In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of human skin: melanin provides strong contrast,” J. Invest. Dermatol.104(6), 946–952 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. H. Webb, G. W. Hughes, and F. C. Delori, “Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope,” Appl. Opt.26(8), 1492–1499 (1987). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. A. Sipkins, X. Wei, J. W. Wu, J. M. Runnels, D. Côté, T. K. Means, A. D. Luster, D. T. Scadden, and C. P. Lin, “In vivo imaging of specialized bone marrow endothelial microdomains for tumour engraftment,” Nature435(7044), 969–973 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Georgakoudi, N. Solban, J. Novak, W. L. Rice, X. Wei, T. Hasan, and C. P. Lin, “In vivo flow cytometry: a new method for enumerating circulating cancer cells,” Cancer Res.64(15), 5044–5047 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Novak, I. Georgakoudi, X. Wei, A. Prossin, and C. P. Lin, “In vivo flow cytometer for real-time detection and quantification of circulating cells,” Opt. Lett.29(1), 77–79 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Lindert, J. Werner, M. Redlin, H. Kuppe, H. Habazettl, and A. R. Pries, “OPS imaging of human microcirculation: a short technical report,” J. Vasc. Res.39(4), 368–372 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. M. White, M. Rajadhyaksha, S. González, R. L. Fabian, and R. R. Anderson, “Noninvasive imaging of human oral mucosa in vivo by confocal reflectance microscopy,” Laryngoscope109(10), 1709–1717 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Groner, J. W. Winkelman, A. G. Harris, C. Ince, G. J. Bouma, K. Messmer, and R. G. Nadeau, “Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging: a new method for study of the microcirculation,” Nat. Med.5(10), 1209–1212 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P.-L. Hsiung, J. Hardy, S. Friedland, R. Soetikno, C. B. Du, A. P. Wu, P. Sahbaie, J. M. Crawford, A. W. Lowe, C. H. Contag, and T. D. Wang, “Detection of colonic dysplasia in vivo using a targeted heptapeptide and confocal microendoscopy,” Nat. Med.14(4), 454–458 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. A. Sipkins, X. Wei, J. W. Wu, J. M. Runnels, D. Côté, T. K. Means, A. D. Luster, D. T. Scadden, and C. P. Lin, “In vivo imaging of specialized bone marrow endothelial microdomains for tumour engraftment,” Nature435(7044), 969–973 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Kang, M. J. Suter, C. Boudoux, H. Yoo, P. S. Yachimski, W. P. Puricelli, N. S. Nishioka, M. Mino-Kenudson, G. Y. Lauwers, B. E. Bouma, and G. J. Tearney, “Comprehensive imaging of gastroesophageal biopsy samples by spectrally encoded confocal microscopy,” Gastrointest. Endosc.71(1), 35–43 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Yamakoshi, S. Tanaka, and H. Shimazu, “Electrical admittance cuff for noninvasive and simultaneous measurement of haematocrit, arterial pressure and elasticity using volume-oscillometric method,” Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.32(S1Suppl), S99–S107 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Kang, M. J. Suter, C. Boudoux, H. Yoo, P. S. Yachimski, W. P. Puricelli, N. S. Nishioka, M. Mino-Kenudson, G. Y. Lauwers, B. E. Bouma, and G. J. Tearney, “Comprehensive imaging of gastroesophageal biopsy samples by spectrally encoded confocal microscopy,” Gastrointest. Endosc.71(1), 35–43 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. I. Galanzha and V. P. Zharov, “In vivo photoacoustic and photothermal cytometry for monitoring multiple blood rheology parameters,” Cytometry A79A(10), 746–757 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. V. Tuchin, A. Tárnok, and V. P. Zharov, “In vivo flow cytometry: a horizon of opportunities,” Cytometry A79A(10), 737–745 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. P. Zharov, E. I. Galanzha, Y. Menyaev, and V. V. Tuchin, “In vivo high-speed imaging of individual cells in fast blood flow,” J. Biomed. Opt.11(5), 054034 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. P. Zharov, E. I. Galanzha, and V. V. Tuchin, “Photothermal image flow cytometry in vivo,” Opt. Lett.30(6), 628–630 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Am. J. Physiol.
- I. H. Sarelius and B. R. Duling, “Direct measurement of microvessel hematocrit, red cell flux, velocity, and transit time,” Am. J. Physiol.243(6), H1018–H1026 (1982). [PubMed]
Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.
- J. J. Bishop, P. R. Nance, A. S. Popel, M. Intaglietta, and P. C. Johnson, “Effect of erythrocyte aggregation on velocity profiles in venules,” Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.280(1), H222–H236 (2001). [PubMed]
Appl. Opt.
- M. Rajadhyaksha, R. R. Anderson, and R. H. Webb, “Video-rate confocal scanning laser microscope for imaging human tissues in vivo,” Appl. Opt.38(10), 2105–2115 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Liang, K.-B. Sung, R. R. Richards-Kortum, and M. R. Descour, “Design of a high-numerical-aperture miniature microscope objective for an endoscopic fiber confocal reflectance microscope,” Appl. Opt.41(22), 4603–4610 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. H. Webb, G. W. Hughes, and F. C. Delori, “Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope,” Appl. Opt.26(8), 1492–1499 (1987). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Cancer Res.
- I. Georgakoudi, N. Solban, J. Novak, W. L. Rice, X. Wei, T. Hasan, and C. P. Lin, “In vivo flow cytometry: a new method for enumerating circulating cancer cells,” Cancer Res.64(15), 5044–5047 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Circulation
- K. Konstantopoulos, S. Neelamegham, A. R. Burns, E. Hentzen, G. S. Kansas, K. R. Snapp, E. L. Berg, J. D. Hellums, C. W. Smith, L. V. McIntire, and S. I. Simon, “Venous levels of shear support neutrophil-platelet adhesion and neutrophil aggregation in blood via P-selectin and beta2-integrin,” Circulation98(9), 873–882 (1998). [PubMed]
Crit. Care
- C. Ince, “Sidestream dark field imaging: an improved technique to observe sublingual microcirculation,” Crit. Care9(Suppl 1), P72 (2005). [CrossRef]
Cytometry A
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- E. I. Galanzha and V. P. Zharov, “In vivo photoacoustic and photothermal cytometry for monitoring multiple blood rheology parameters,” Cytometry A79A(10), 746–757 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Gastroenterology
- R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology127(3), 706–713 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Gastrointest. Endosc.
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J. Biomed. Opt.
- V. P. Zharov, E. I. Galanzha, Y. Menyaev, and V. V. Tuchin, “In vivo high-speed imaging of individual cells in fast blood flow,” J. Biomed. Opt.11(5), 054034 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Invest. Dermatol.
- M. Rajadhyaksha, M. Grossman, D. Esterowitz, R. H. Webb, and R. R. Anderson, “In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of human skin: melanin provides strong contrast,” J. Invest. Dermatol.104(6), 946–952 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. González, R. Sackstein, R. R. Anderson, and M. Rajadhyaksha, “Real-time evidence of in vivo leukocyte trafficking in human skin by reflectance confocal microscopy,” J. Invest. Dermatol.117(2), 384–386 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Ultrasound Med.
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J. Vasc. Res.
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Laryngoscope
- W. M. White, M. Rajadhyaksha, S. González, R. L. Fabian, and R. R. Anderson, “Noninvasive imaging of human oral mucosa in vivo by confocal reflectance microscopy,” Laryngoscope109(10), 1709–1717 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.
- K. Yamakoshi, S. Tanaka, and H. Shimazu, “Electrical admittance cuff for noninvasive and simultaneous measurement of haematocrit, arterial pressure and elasticity using volume-oscillometric method,” Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.32(S1Suppl), S99–S107 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Microvasc. Res.
- G. W. Schmid-Schönbein, S. Usami, R. Skalak, and S. Chien, “The interaction of leukocytes and erythrocytes in capillary and postcapillary vessels,” Microvasc. Res.19(1), 45–70 (1980). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nat. Med.
- W. Groner, J. W. Winkelman, A. G. Harris, C. Ince, G. J. Bouma, K. Messmer, and R. G. Nadeau, “Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging: a new method for study of the microcirculation,” Nat. Med.5(10), 1209–1212 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P.-L. Hsiung, J. Hardy, S. Friedland, R. Soetikno, C. B. Du, A. P. Wu, P. Sahbaie, J. M. Crawford, A. W. Lowe, C. H. Contag, and T. D. Wang, “Detection of colonic dysplasia in vivo using a targeted heptapeptide and confocal microendoscopy,” Nat. Med.14(4), 454–458 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nature
- D. A. Sipkins, X. Wei, J. W. Wu, J. M. Runnels, D. Côté, T. K. Means, A. D. Luster, D. T. Scadden, and C. P. Lin, “In vivo imaging of specialized bone marrow endothelial microdomains for tumour engraftment,” Nature435(7044), 969–973 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Iddan, G. Meron, A. Glukhovsky, and P. Swain, “Wireless capsule endoscopy,” Nature405(6785), 417 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
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Other
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2011, Tuchin, Cytometry A
- V. V. Tuchin, A. Tárnok, and V. P. Zharov, “In vivo flow cytometry: a horizon of opportunities,” Cytometry A79A(10), 737–745 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. I. Galanzha and V. P. Zharov, “In vivo photoacoustic and photothermal cytometry for monitoring multiple blood rheology parameters,” Cytometry A79A(10), 746–757 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Kang, M. J. Suter, C. Boudoux, H. Yoo, P. S. Yachimski, W. P. Puricelli, N. S. Nishioka, M. Mino-Kenudson, G. Y. Lauwers, B. E. Bouma, and G. J. Tearney, “Comprehensive imaging of gastroesophageal biopsy samples by spectrally encoded confocal microscopy,” Gastrointest. Endosc.71(1), 35–43 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P.-L. Hsiung, J. Hardy, S. Friedland, R. Soetikno, C. B. Du, A. P. Wu, P. Sahbaie, J. M. Crawford, A. W. Lowe, C. H. Contag, and T. D. Wang, “Detection of colonic dysplasia in vivo using a targeted heptapeptide and confocal microendoscopy,” Nat. Med.14(4), 454–458 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. P. Zharov, E. I. Galanzha, Y. Menyaev, and V. V. Tuchin, “In vivo high-speed imaging of individual cells in fast blood flow,” J. Biomed. Opt.11(5), 054034 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Ince, “Sidestream dark field imaging: an improved technique to observe sublingual microcirculation,” Crit. Care9(Suppl 1), P72 (2005). [CrossRef]
- D. A. Sipkins, X. Wei, J. W. Wu, J. M. Runnels, D. Côté, T. K. Means, A. D. Luster, D. T. Scadden, and C. P. Lin, “In vivo imaging of specialized bone marrow endothelial microdomains for tumour engraftment,” Nature435(7044), 969–973 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- W. Secomski, A. Nowicki, F. Guidi, P. Tortoli, and P. A. Lewin, “Noninvasive in vivo measurements of hematocrit,” J. Ultrasound Med.22(4), 375–384 (2003). [PubMed]
- J. Lindert, J. Werner, M. Redlin, H. Kuppe, H. Habazettl, and A. R. Pries, “OPS imaging of human microcirculation: a short technical report,” J. Vasc. Res.39(4), 368–372 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. González, R. Sackstein, R. R. Anderson, and M. Rajadhyaksha, “Real-time evidence of in vivo leukocyte trafficking in human skin by reflectance confocal microscopy,” J. Invest. Dermatol.117(2), 384–386 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. J. Bishop, P. R. Nance, A. S. Popel, M. Intaglietta, and P. C. Johnson, “Effect of erythrocyte aggregation on velocity profiles in venules,” Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.280(1), H222–H236 (2001). [PubMed]
- G. Iddan, G. Meron, A. Glukhovsky, and P. Swain, “Wireless capsule endoscopy,” Nature405(6785), 417 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Groner, J. W. Winkelman, A. G. Harris, C. Ince, G. J. Bouma, K. Messmer, and R. G. Nadeau, “Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging: a new method for study of the microcirculation,” Nat. Med.5(10), 1209–1212 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. M. White, M. Rajadhyaksha, S. González, R. L. Fabian, and R. R. Anderson, “Noninvasive imaging of human oral mucosa in vivo by confocal reflectance microscopy,” Laryngoscope109(10), 1709–1717 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Konstantopoulos, S. Neelamegham, A. R. Burns, E. Hentzen, G. S. Kansas, K. R. Snapp, E. L. Berg, J. D. Hellums, C. W. Smith, L. V. McIntire, and S. I. Simon, “Venous levels of shear support neutrophil-platelet adhesion and neutrophil aggregation in blood via P-selectin and beta2-integrin,” Circulation98(9), 873–882 (1998). [PubMed]
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- K. Yamakoshi, S. Tanaka, and H. Shimazu, “Electrical admittance cuff for noninvasive and simultaneous measurement of haematocrit, arterial pressure and elasticity using volume-oscillometric method,” Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.32(S1Suppl), S99–S107 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. H. Sarelius and B. R. Duling, “Direct measurement of microvessel hematocrit, red cell flux, velocity, and transit time,” Am. J. Physiol.243(6), H1018–H1026 (1982). [PubMed]
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