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The influence of frontal sinus in brain activation measurements by near-infrared spectroscopy analyzed by realistic head modelsKazuki Kurihara, Hiroshi Kawaguchi, Takayuki Obata, Hiroshi Ito, Kaoru Sakatani, and Eiji Okada »View Author Affiliations
Kazuki Kurihara,1,*
Hiroshi Kawaguchi,2
Takayuki Obata,2
Hiroshi Ito,2
Kaoru Sakatani,3
and Eiji Okada1
1Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan 2Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 1-9-4, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan 3Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University, 30-1, Oyaguchi Kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 175-8610, Japan *Corresponding author: kurihara@okd.elec.keio.ac.jp |
Biomedical Optics Express, Vol. 3, Issue 9, pp. 2121-2130 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/BOE.3.002121
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Abstract
Adequate modeling of light propagation in the head is important to predict the sensitivity of NIRS signal and the spatial sensitivity profile of source-detector pairs. The 3D realistic head models of which the geometry is based upon the anatomical images acquired by magnetic resonance imaging and x-ray computed tomography are constructed to investigate the influence of the frontal sinus on the NIRS signal and spatial sensitivity. Light propagation in the head is strongly affected by the presence of the frontal sinus. The light tends to propagate around the frontal sinus. The influence of the frontal sinus on the sensitivity of the NIRS signal to the brain activation is not consistent and depends on the depth of the frontal sinus, the optical properties of the superficial tissues and the relative position between the source-detector pair and the frontal sinus. The frontal sinus located in the shallow region of the skull tends to reduce the sensitivity of the NIRS signal while the deep frontal sinus can increase the sensitivity of the NIRS signal.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(170.3660) Medical optics and biotechnology : Light propagation in tissues
(170.5280) Medical optics and biotechnology : Photon migration
(170.2655) Medical optics and biotechnology : Functional monitoring and imaging
ToC Category:
Optics of Tissue and Turbid Media
History
Original Manuscript: June 18, 2012
Revised Manuscript: July 29, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: July 29, 2012
Published: August 14, 2012
Virtual Issues
BIOMED 2012
(2012) Biomedical Optics Express
Citation
Kazuki Kurihara, Hiroshi Kawaguchi, Takayuki Obata, Hiroshi Ito, Kaoru Sakatani, and Eiji Okada, "The influence of frontal sinus in brain activation measurements by
near-infrared spectroscopy analyzed by realistic head models," Biomed. Opt. Express 3, 2121-2130 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/boe/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-3-9-2121
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References
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- M. Firbank, M. Hiraoka, M. Essenpreis, and D. T. Delpy, “Measurement of the optical properties of the skull in the wavelength range 650-950 nm,” Phys. Med. Biol.38(4), 503–510 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Hiraoka, M. Firbank, M. Essenpreis, M. Cope, S. R. Arridge, P. van der Zee, and D. T. Delpy, “A Monte Carlo investigation of optical pathlength in inhomogeneous tissue and its application to near-infrared spectroscopy,” Phys. Med. Biol.38(12), 1859–1876 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Hoshi, B. H. Tsou, V. A. Billock, M. Tanosaki, Y. Iguchi, M. Shimada, T. Shinba, Y. Yamada, and I. Oda, “Spatiotemporal characteristics of hemodynamic changes in the human lateral prefrontal cortex during working memory tasks,” Neuroimage20(3), 1493–1504 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Okada, D. Yamamoto, N. Kiryu, A. Katagiri, N. Yokose, T. Awano, K. Igarashi, S. Nakamura, T. Hoshino, Y. Murata, T. Kano, K. Sakatani, and Y. Katayama, “Theoretical and experimental investigation of the influence of frontal sinus on the sensitivity of the NIRS signal in the adult head,” Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.662, 231–236 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Sakatani, Y. Murata, N. Fujiwara, T. Hoshino, S. Nakamura, T. Kano, and Y. Katayama, “Comparison of blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging and near-infrared spectroscopy recording during functional brain activation in patients with stroke and brain tumors,” J. Biomed. Opt.12(6), 062110 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. A. Franceschini, D. K. Joseph, T. J. Huppert, S. G. Diamond, and D. A. Boas, “Diffuse optical imaging of the whole head,” J. Biomed. Opt.11(5), 054007 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Okada, D. Yamamoto, N. Kiryu, A. Katagiri, N. Yokose, T. Awano, K. Igarashi, S. Nakamura, T. Hoshino, Y. Murata, T. Kano, K. Sakatani, and Y. Katayama, “Theoretical and experimental investigation of the influence of frontal sinus on the sensitivity of the NIRS signal in the adult head,” Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.662, 231–236 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Hoshi, B. H. Tsou, V. A. Billock, M. Tanosaki, Y. Iguchi, M. Shimada, T. Shinba, Y. Yamada, and I. Oda, “Spatiotemporal characteristics of hemodynamic changes in the human lateral prefrontal cortex during working memory tasks,” Neuroimage20(3), 1493–1504 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Suto, M. Fukuda, M. Ito, T. Uehara, and M. Mikuni, “Multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy in depression and schizophrenia: cognitive brain activation study,” Biol. Psychiatry55(5), 501–511 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Wang, S. L. Jacques, and L. Zheng, “MCML—Monte Carlo modeling of light transport in multi-layered tissues,” Comput. Methods Programs Biomed.47(2), 131–146 (1995). [CrossRef]
- M. A. Franceschini, D. K. Joseph, T. J. Huppert, S. G. Diamond, and D. A. Boas, “Diffuse optical imaging of the whole head,” J. Biomed. Opt.11(5), 054007 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Okada, D. Yamamoto, N. Kiryu, A. Katagiri, N. Yokose, T. Awano, K. Igarashi, S. Nakamura, T. Hoshino, Y. Murata, T. Kano, K. Sakatani, and Y. Katayama, “Theoretical and experimental investigation of the influence of frontal sinus on the sensitivity of the NIRS signal in the adult head,” Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.662, 231–236 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- I. Miyai, H. C. Tanabe, I. Sase, H. Eda, I. Oda, I. Konishi, Y. Tsunazawa, T. Suzuki, T. Yanagida, and K. Kubota, “Cortical mapping of gait in humans: a near-infrared spectroscopic topography study,” Neuroimage14(5), 1186–1192 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. N. Yaroslavsky, P. C. Schulze, I. V. Yaroslavsky, R. Schober, F. Ulrich, and H.-J. Schwarzmaier, “Optical properties of selected native and coagulated human brain tissues in vitro in the visible and near infrared spectral range,” Phys. Med. Biol.47(12), 2059–2073 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. N. Yaroslavsky, P. C. Schulze, I. V. Yaroslavsky, R. Schober, F. Ulrich, and H.-J. Schwarzmaier, “Optical properties of selected native and coagulated human brain tissues in vitro in the visible and near infrared spectral range,” Phys. Med. Biol.47(12), 2059–2073 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Okada, D. Yamamoto, N. Kiryu, A. Katagiri, N. Yokose, T. Awano, K. Igarashi, S. Nakamura, T. Hoshino, Y. Murata, T. Kano, K. Sakatani, and Y. Katayama, “Theoretical and experimental investigation of the influence of frontal sinus on the sensitivity of the NIRS signal in the adult head,” Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.662, 231–236 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Wang, S. L. Jacques, and L. Zheng, “MCML—Monte Carlo modeling of light transport in multi-layered tissues,” Comput. Methods Programs Biomed.47(2), 131–146 (1995). [CrossRef]
Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.
- H. Wabnitz, M. Moeller, A. Liebert, H. Obrig, J. Steinbrink, and R. Macdonald, “Time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging of the adult human brain,” Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.662, 143–148 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.
- E. Okada, D. Yamamoto, N. Kiryu, A. Katagiri, N. Yokose, T. Awano, K. Igarashi, S. Nakamura, T. Hoshino, Y. Murata, T. Kano, K. Sakatani, and Y. Katayama, “Theoretical and experimental investigation of the influence of frontal sinus on the sensitivity of the NIRS signal in the adult head,” Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.662, 231–236 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Appl. Opt.
- H. Koizumi, T. Yamamoto, A. Maki, Y. Yamashita, H. Sato, H. Kawaguchi, and N. Ichikawa, “Optical topography: practical problems and new applications,” Appl. Opt.42(16), 3054–3062 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Okada, M. Firbank, M. Schweiger, S. R. Arridge, M. Cope, and D. T. Delpy, “Theoretical and experimental investigation of near-infrared light propagation in a model of the adult head,” Appl. Opt.36(1), 21–31 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Okada and D. T. Delpy, “Near-infrared light propagation in an adult head model. I. Modeling of low-level scattering in the cerebrospinal fluid layer,” Appl. Opt.42(16), 2906–2914 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Fukui, Y. Ajichi, and E. Okada, “Monte Carlo prediction of near-infrared light propagation in realistic adult and neonatal head models,” Appl. Opt.42(16), 2881–2887 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Kawaguchi, T. Koyama, and E. Okada, “Effect of probe arrangement on reproducibility of images by near-infrared topography evaluated by a virtual head phantom,” Appl. Opt.46(10), 1658–1668 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Biol. Psychiatry
- T. Suto, M. Fukuda, M. Ito, T. Uehara, and M. Mikuni, “Multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy in depression and schizophrenia: cognitive brain activation study,” Biol. Psychiatry55(5), 501–511 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Biomed. Opt. Express
- M. Dehaes, L. Gagnon, F. Lesage, M. Pélégrini-Issac, A. Vignaud, R. Valabrègue, R. Grebe, F. Wallois, and H. Benali, “Quantitative investigation of the effect of the extra-cerebral vasculature in diffuse optical imaging: a simulation study,” Biomed. Opt. Express2(3), 680–695 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Comput. Methods Programs Biomed.
- L. Wang, S. L. Jacques, and L. Zheng, “MCML—Monte Carlo modeling of light transport in multi-layered tissues,” Comput. Methods Programs Biomed.47(2), 131–146 (1995). [CrossRef]
J. Biomed. Opt.
- K. Sakatani, Y. Murata, N. Fujiwara, T. Hoshino, S. Nakamura, T. Kano, and Y. Katayama, “Comparison of blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging and near-infrared spectroscopy recording during functional brain activation in patients with stroke and brain tumors,” J. Biomed. Opt.12(6), 062110 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Biomed. Opt.
- M. A. Franceschini, D. K. Joseph, T. J. Huppert, S. G. Diamond, and D. A. Boas, “Diffuse optical imaging of the whole head,” J. Biomed. Opt.11(5), 054007 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wolf, M. Ferrari, and V. Quaresima, “Progress of near-infrared spectroscopy and topography for brain and muscle clinical applications,” J. Biomed. Opt.12(6), 062104 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Med. Phys.
- B. C. Wilson and G. Adam, “A Monte Carlo model for the absorption and flux distributions of light in tissue,” Med. Phys.10(6), 824–830 (1983). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Neurocrit. Care
- S. Muehlschlegel, J. Selb, M. Patel, S. G. Diamond, M. A. Franceschini, A. G. Sorensen, D. A. Boas, and L. H. Schwamm, “Feasibility of NIRS in the neurointensive care unit: a pilot study in stroke using physiological oscillations,” Neurocrit. Care11(2), 288–295 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Neuroimage
- Y. Hoshi, B. H. Tsou, V. A. Billock, M. Tanosaki, Y. Iguchi, M. Shimada, T. Shinba, Y. Yamada, and I. Oda, “Spatiotemporal characteristics of hemodynamic changes in the human lateral prefrontal cortex during working memory tasks,” Neuroimage20(3), 1493–1504 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Taga and K. Asakawa, “Selectivity and localization of cortical response to auditory and visual stimulation in awake infants aged 2 to 4 months,” Neuroimage36(4), 1246–1252 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Uludağ, J. Steinbrink, M. Kohl-Bareis, R. Wenzel, A. Villringer, and H. Obrig, “Cytochrome-c-oxidase redox changes during visual stimulation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy cannot be explained by a mere cross talk artefact,” Neuroimage22(1), 109–119 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Miyai, H. C. Tanabe, I. Sase, H. Eda, I. Oda, I. Konishi, Y. Tsunazawa, T. Suzuki, T. Yanagida, and K. Kubota, “Cortical mapping of gait in humans: a near-infrared spectroscopic topography study,” Neuroimage14(5), 1186–1192 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Ferrari and V. Quaresima, “A brief review on the history of human functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) development and fields of application,” Neuroimage (to be published). [PubMed]
- J. Ashburner, “A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm,” Neuroimage38(1), 95–113 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Neurosci. Lett.
- E. Watanabe, A. Maki, F. Kawaguchi, K. Takashiro, Y. Yamashita, H. Koizumi, and Y. Mayanagi, “Non-invasive assessment of language dominance with near-infrared spectroscopic mapping,” Neurosci. Lett.256(1), 49–52 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Express
- D. A. Boas, J. P. Culver, J. J. Stott, and A. K. Dunn, “Three dimensional Monte Carlo code for photon migration through complex heterogeneous media including the adult human head,” Opt. Express10(3), 159–170 (2002). [PubMed]
Phys. Med. Biol.
- J. Heiskala, P. Hiltunen, and I. Nissilä, “Significance of background optical properties, time-resolved information and optode arrangement in diffuse optical imaging of term neonates,” Phys. Med. Biol.54(3), 535–554 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. N. Yaroslavsky, P. C. Schulze, I. V. Yaroslavsky, R. Schober, F. Ulrich, and H.-J. Schwarzmaier, “Optical properties of selected native and coagulated human brain tissues in vitro in the visible and near infrared spectral range,” Phys. Med. Biol.47(12), 2059–2073 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Med. Biol.
- M. Hiraoka, M. Firbank, M. Essenpreis, M. Cope, S. R. Arridge, P. van der Zee, and D. T. Delpy, “A Monte Carlo investigation of optical pathlength in inhomogeneous tissue and its application to near-infrared spectroscopy,” Phys. Med. Biol.38(12), 1859–1876 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. R. Simpson, M. Kohl, M. Essenpreis, and M. Cope, “Near-infrared optical properties of ex vivo human skin and subcutaneous tissues measured using the Monte Carlo inversion technique,” Phys. Med. Biol.43(9), 2465–2478 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Firbank, M. Hiraoka, M. Essenpreis, and D. T. Delpy, “Measurement of the optical properties of the skull in the wavelength range 650-950 nm,” Phys. Med. Biol.38(4), 503–510 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wolf, M. Keel, V. Dietz, K. von Siebenthal, H. U. Bucher, and O. Baenziger, “The influence of a clear layer on near-infrared spectrophotometry measurements using a liquid neonatal head phantom,” Phys. Med. Biol.44(7), 1743–1753 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Proc. SPIE
- P. van der Zee, M. Essenpreis, and D. T. Delpy, “Optical properties of brain tissue,” Proc. SPIE1888, 454–465 (1993). [CrossRef]
- A. Roggan, O. Minet, C. Shröder, and G. Müller, “The determination of optical tissue properties with double integrating sphere technique and Monte Carlo simulation,” Proc. SPIE2100, 42–56 (1994). [CrossRef]
Signal Process.
- J. Thiran, V. Warscotte, and B. Macq, “A queue-based region growing algorithm for accurate segmentation of multi-dimensional digital images,” Signal Process.60(1), 1–10 (1997). [CrossRef]
2011, Dehaes, Biomed. Opt. Express
- M. Dehaes, L. Gagnon, F. Lesage, M. Pélégrini-Issac, A. Vignaud, R. Valabrègue, R. Grebe, F. Wallois, and H. Benali, “Quantitative investigation of the effect of the extra-cerebral vasculature in diffuse optical imaging: a simulation study,” Biomed. Opt. Express2(3), 680–695 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Okada, D. Yamamoto, N. Kiryu, A. Katagiri, N. Yokose, T. Awano, K. Igarashi, S. Nakamura, T. Hoshino, Y. Murata, T. Kano, K. Sakatani, and Y. Katayama, “Theoretical and experimental investigation of the influence of frontal sinus on the sensitivity of the NIRS signal in the adult head,” Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.662, 231–236 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Wabnitz, M. Moeller, A. Liebert, H. Obrig, J. Steinbrink, and R. Macdonald, “Time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging of the adult human brain,” Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.662, 143–148 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Muehlschlegel, J. Selb, M. Patel, S. G. Diamond, M. A. Franceschini, A. G. Sorensen, D. A. Boas, and L. H. Schwamm, “Feasibility of NIRS in the neurointensive care unit: a pilot study in stroke using physiological oscillations,” Neurocrit. Care11(2), 288–295 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Heiskala, P. Hiltunen, and I. Nissilä, “Significance of background optical properties, time-resolved information and optode arrangement in diffuse optical imaging of term neonates,” Phys. Med. Biol.54(3), 535–554 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Ashburner, “A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm,” Neuroimage38(1), 95–113 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wolf, M. Ferrari, and V. Quaresima, “Progress of near-infrared spectroscopy and topography for brain and muscle clinical applications,” J. Biomed. Opt.12(6), 062104 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Sakatani, Y. Murata, N. Fujiwara, T. Hoshino, S. Nakamura, T. Kano, and Y. Katayama, “Comparison of blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging and near-infrared spectroscopy recording during functional brain activation in patients with stroke and brain tumors,” J. Biomed. Opt.12(6), 062110 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Taga and K. Asakawa, “Selectivity and localization of cortical response to auditory and visual stimulation in awake infants aged 2 to 4 months,” Neuroimage36(4), 1246–1252 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. A. Franceschini, D. K. Joseph, T. J. Huppert, S. G. Diamond, and D. A. Boas, “Diffuse optical imaging of the whole head,” J. Biomed. Opt.11(5), 054007 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Uludağ, J. Steinbrink, M. Kohl-Bareis, R. Wenzel, A. Villringer, and H. Obrig, “Cytochrome-c-oxidase redox changes during visual stimulation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy cannot be explained by a mere cross talk artefact,” Neuroimage22(1), 109–119 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Suto, M. Fukuda, M. Ito, T. Uehara, and M. Mikuni, “Multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy in depression and schizophrenia: cognitive brain activation study,” Biol. Psychiatry55(5), 501–511 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Hoshi, B. H. Tsou, V. A. Billock, M. Tanosaki, Y. Iguchi, M. Shimada, T. Shinba, Y. Yamada, and I. Oda, “Spatiotemporal characteristics of hemodynamic changes in the human lateral prefrontal cortex during working memory tasks,” Neuroimage20(3), 1493–1504 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. N. Yaroslavsky, P. C. Schulze, I. V. Yaroslavsky, R. Schober, F. Ulrich, and H.-J. Schwarzmaier, “Optical properties of selected native and coagulated human brain tissues in vitro in the visible and near infrared spectral range,” Phys. Med. Biol.47(12), 2059–2073 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Miyai, H. C. Tanabe, I. Sase, H. Eda, I. Oda, I. Konishi, Y. Tsunazawa, T. Suzuki, T. Yanagida, and K. Kubota, “Cortical mapping of gait in humans: a near-infrared spectroscopic topography study,” Neuroimage14(5), 1186–1192 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wolf, M. Keel, V. Dietz, K. von Siebenthal, H. U. Bucher, and O. Baenziger, “The influence of a clear layer on near-infrared spectrophotometry measurements using a liquid neonatal head phantom,” Phys. Med. Biol.44(7), 1743–1753 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Watanabe, A. Maki, F. Kawaguchi, K. Takashiro, Y. Yamashita, H. Koizumi, and Y. Mayanagi, “Non-invasive assessment of language dominance with near-infrared spectroscopic mapping,” Neurosci. Lett.256(1), 49–52 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. R. Simpson, M. Kohl, M. Essenpreis, and M. Cope, “Near-infrared optical properties of ex vivo human skin and subcutaneous tissues measured using the Monte Carlo inversion technique,” Phys. Med. Biol.43(9), 2465–2478 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Thiran, V. Warscotte, and B. Macq, “A queue-based region growing algorithm for accurate segmentation of multi-dimensional digital images,” Signal Process.60(1), 1–10 (1997). [CrossRef]
- L. Wang, S. L. Jacques, and L. Zheng, “MCML—Monte Carlo modeling of light transport in multi-layered tissues,” Comput. Methods Programs Biomed.47(2), 131–146 (1995). [CrossRef]
- A. Roggan, O. Minet, C. Shröder, and G. Müller, “The determination of optical tissue properties with double integrating sphere technique and Monte Carlo simulation,” Proc. SPIE2100, 42–56 (1994). [CrossRef]
- M. Hiraoka, M. Firbank, M. Essenpreis, M. Cope, S. R. Arridge, P. van der Zee, and D. T. Delpy, “A Monte Carlo investigation of optical pathlength in inhomogeneous tissue and its application to near-infrared spectroscopy,” Phys. Med. Biol.38(12), 1859–1876 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Firbank, M. Hiraoka, M. Essenpreis, and D. T. Delpy, “Measurement of the optical properties of the skull in the wavelength range 650-950 nm,” Phys. Med. Biol.38(4), 503–510 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. van der Zee, M. Essenpreis, and D. T. Delpy, “Optical properties of brain tissue,” Proc. SPIE1888, 454–465 (1993). [CrossRef]
- B. C. Wilson and G. Adam, “A Monte Carlo model for the absorption and flux distributions of light in tissue,” Med. Phys.10(6), 824–830 (1983). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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