The implementation of a chirped fiber-Bragg grating (FBG) for dispersion compensation in high-speed (up to 120 Gbit/s) transmission systems with differential and coherent detection is, for the first time, experimentally investigated. For systems with differential detection, we examine the influence of group-delay ripple (GDR) in 40 GBd 2-, 4-, and 8-ary differential phase shift keying (DPSK) systems. Furthermore, we conduct a nonlinear-tolerance comparison between the systems implementing dispersion-compensating fibers and FBG modules, using a $5\times 80$ Gbit/s 100-GHz-spaced wavelength division multiplexing 4-ary DPSK signal. The results show that the FBG-based system provides a 2 dB higher optimal launch power, which leads to more than 3 dB optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) improvement at the receiver. For systems with coherent detection, we evaluate the influence of GDR in a 112 Gbit/s dual-polarization quadrature phase shift keying system with respect to signal wavelength. In addition, we demonstrate that, at the optimal launch power, the 112 Gbit/s systems implementing FBG modules and that using electronic dispersion compensation provide similar performance after 840 km transmission despite the fact that the FBG-based system delivers lower OSNR at the receiver. Lastly, we quantify the GDR mitigation capability of a digital linear equalizer in the 112 Gbit/s coherent systems with respect to the equalizer tap number ($N_{\mathrm{tap}}$). The results indicate that at least $N_{\mathrm{tap}}=9$ is required to confine Q-factor variation within 1 dB.