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Color specifications (I.C.I. and Munsell) for 11 series containing 200 samples included in this test.
From spectrophotometric curves
Color name
Color series No.
Color order
I.C.I. data for C illuminant
Munsell renotations
X
Y
Z
x
y
H
V
C
Dusky green yellow
1
Std.
0.1532
0.1707
0.1068
0.3556
0.3964
1.8 GY
4.70
3.10
1
.1442
.1622
.1006
.3543
.3986
2.3 GY
4.58
3.15
2
.1448
.1620
.1038
.3627
.3945
2.2 GY
4.58
2.99
3
.1572
.1748
.1167
.3504
.3896
2.0 GY
4.74
2.89
4
.1745
.1934
.1281
.3518
.3899
1.7 GY
4.95
3.00
5
.1650
.1840
.1185
.3529
.3936
2.0 GY
4.84
3.09
6
.1271
.1424
.0893
.3543
.3969
2.1 GY
4.32
2.95
7
.1268
.1424
.0882
.3547
.3985
2.1 GY
4.32
3.01
8
.1680
.1882
.1138
.3574
.4005
1.9 GY
4.89
3.40
9
.1436
.1611
.0965
.3579
.4016
1.8 GY
4.57
3.25
10
.1701
.1901
.1174
.3562
.3980
1.8 GY
4.91
3.31
11
.1553
.1738
.1025
.3597
.4028
1.7 GY
4.72
3.38
12
.1336
.1487
.0882
.3606
.4014
1.2 GY
4.41
3.15
13
.1409
.1570
.0923
.3611
.4023
1.2 GY
4.52
3.24
14
.1606
.1778
.1100
.3582
.3964
1.2 GY
4.77
3.15
15
.1654
.1849
.1103
.3592
.4014
1.6 GY
4.86
3.40
16
.1632
.1840
.1093
.3574
.4032
2.2 GY
4.85
3.50
17
.1599
.1788
.1054
.3600
.4027
1.6 GY
4.78
3.42
18
.1589
.1784
.1085
.3564
.4002
2.0 GY
4.78
3.33
19
.1666
.1862
.1155
.3558
.3976
1.9 GY
4.87
3.27
20
.1753
.1943
.1179
.3596
.3985
1.2 GY
4.96
3.35
21
.1718
.1918
.1159
.3582
.4000
1.7 GY
4.93
3.39
22
.1386
.1568
.0840
.3654
.4133
1.6 GY
4.51
3.63
23
.1306
.1442
.0882
.3597
.3973
1.2 GY
4.35
2.96
24
.1318
.1456
.0874
.3614
.3992
0.8 GY
4.37
3.05
25
.1220
.1350
.0893
.3522
.3899
1.6 GY
4.22
2.63
Average
.1518
.1695
.1039
.3561
.3987
1.7 GY
4.66
3.20
Weak olive green
2
Std.
.1086
.1231
.0890
.3386
.3838
4.5 GY
4.05
2.50
1
.1204
.1368
.1030
.3343
.3798
5.0 GY
4.25
2.50
2
.1158
.1294
.0973
.3381
.3779
3.9 GY
4.14
2.31
3
.1163
.1306
.1011
.3342
.3752
4.8 GY
4.16
2.28
4
.1081
.1218
.0962
.3316
.3734
5.2 GY
4.03
2.21
5
.1100
.1224
.0970
.3338
.3716
4.3 GY
4.04
2.10
6
.1275
.1419
.1066
.3391
.3774
3.6 GY
4.32
2.35
7
.1111
.1240
.1009
.3306
.3690
5.0 GY
4.06
2.08
8
.1259
.1394
.1092
.3361
.3721
3.8 GY
4.28
2.18
9
.1323
.1488
.1135
.3353
.3771
4.8 GY
4.41
2.45
10
.1479
.1646
.1311
.3334
.3711
5.0 GY
4.61
2.30
11
.1216
.1383
.1093
.3293
.3746
5.8 GY
4.27
2.40
12
.1303
.1478
.1194
.3277
.3718
6.1 GY
4.40
2.35
13
.1170
.1292
.0991
.3388
.3742
3.0 GY
4.14
2.20
14
.1397
.1558
.1123
.3426
.3819
3.2 GY
4.50
2.62
15
.1201
.1355
.0904
.3471
.3915
3.1 GY
4.23
2.74
16
.1473
.1647
.1184
.3423
.3827
3.4 GY
4.61
2.64
17
.1468
.1650
.1194
.3405
.3826
3.9 GY
4.62
2.67
18
.1482
.1639
.1290
.3360
.3715
3.7 GY
4.60
2.25
19
.1224
.1369
.0913
.3491
.3905
2.6 GY
4.25
2.69
20
.1491
.1658
.1191
.3435
.3820
2.9 GY
4.63
2.61
21
.1470
.1636
.1239
.3384
.3764
3.7 GY
4.60
2.44
22
.1557
.1716
.1349
.3369
.3712
3.4 GY
4.70
2.26
23
.1463
.1617
.1339
.3311
.3659
4.8 GY
4.58
2.05
24
.1503
.1658
.1316
.3356
.3703
3.7 GY
4.63
2.22
25
.1461
.1603
.1259
.3380
.3708
2.8 GY
4.56
2.17
Average
.1321
.1474
.1126
.3369
.3761
4.1 GY
4.38
2.36
Light yellowish brown
3
Std.
.2940
.2973
.2035
.3698
.3741
2.5 Y
5.97
3.30
1
.3090
.3141
.2178
.3675
.3735
2.5 Y
6.12
3.20
2
.3028
.3081
.2170
.3658
.3722
3.0 Y
6.06
3.14
3
.3322
.3362
.2332
.3684
.3729
2.5 Y
6.30
3.32
3
4
.3429
.3490
.2393
.3682
.3748
3.0 Y
6.40
3.38
5
.3242
.3272
.2160
.3738
.3772
2.3 Y
6.22
3.58
6
.3312
.3365
.2428
.3638
.3696
2.7 Y
6.30
3.08
7
.3431
.3473
.2342
.3710
.3757
2.5 Y
6.39
3.50
8
.3154
.3189
.2032
.3766
.3808
2.6 Y
6.16
3.72
9
.3556
.3612
.2491
.3682
.3739
2.7 Y
6.49
3.38
10
.2985
.3010
.1855
.3803
.3835
2.5 Y
6.00
3.83
11
.3259
.3274
.2190
.3736
.3753
1.9 Y
6.22
3.51
12
.2994
.3016
.1832
.3818
.3846
2.5 Y
6.01
3.92
13
.3592
.3638
.2685
.3623
.3669
2.3 Y
6.51
3.03
14
.3596
.3651
.2595
.3654
.3710
2.8 Y
6.52
3.24
15
.2780
.2801
.1685
.3826
.3855
2.6 Y
5.82
3.87
16
.3309
.3325
.2217
.3738
.3757
2.0 Y
6.27
3.58
17
.3675
.3699
.2435
.3747
.3771
2.1 Y
6.56
3.75
18
.2751
.2772
.1702
.3808
.3837
2.6 Y
5.79
3.77
19
.3470
.3479
.2148
.3814
.3824
2.0 Y
6.39
3.95
20
.3641
.3646
.2425
.3749
.3754
1.6 Y
6.52
4.26
21
.3334
.3345
.2059
.3816
.3828
2.0 Y
6.28
4.01
22
.3717
.3745
.2426
.3759
.3787
5.0 Y
6.60
3.80
23
.3400
.3377
.1996
.3876
.3849
1.4 Y
6.31
4.32
24
.3213
.3189
.1989
.3830
.3801
1.3 Y
6.16
4.00
25
.3355
.3317
.1965
.3884
.3840
1.1 Y
6.26
4.32
26
.3244
.3213
.1871
.3895
.3858
1.3 Y
6.18
4.37
Average
.3303
.3326
.2177
.3754
.3780
2.4 Y
6.26
3.69
Pale brown
4
Std.
.1574
.1561
.1022
.3786
.3755
1.7 Y
4.50
2.95
1
.1535
.1522
.1006
.3778
.3747
1.7 Y
4.45
2.86
2
.1531
.1521
.0989
.3788
.3764
1.9 Y
4.45
2.91
3
.1557
.1550
.1046
.3749
.3732
2.0 Y
4.49
2.76
4
.1520
.1512
.0973
.3794
.3776
2.1 Y
4.44
2.93
5
.1745
.1733
.1107
.3807
.3781
1.9 Y
4.72
3.14
6
.1312
.1314
.0848
.3777
.3782
2.5 Y
4.17
2.73
7
.1710
.1706
.1106
.3782
.3772
2.2 Y
4.69
3.05
8
.1614
.1599
.1024
.3809
.3773
1.7 Y
4.55
2.94
9
.1699
.1700
.1148
.3737
.3738
2.2 Y
4.68
2.76
10
.1723
.1716
.1157
.3749
.3733
1.9 Y
4.70
2.88
11
.1325
.1311
.0868
.3782
.3742
1.5 Y
4.17
2.70
12
.1895
.1893
.1315
.3715
.3709
1.9 Y
4.90
2.84
13
.1940
.1924
.1370
.3707
.3675
1.1 Y
4.94
2.83
14
.1826
.1821
.1329
.3669
.3660
1.6 Y
4.82
2.57
15
.1878
.1868
.1363
.3676
.3656
1.2 Y
4.88
2.63
16
.2090
.2090
.1472
.3697
.3698
1.9 Y
5.12
2.87
17
.1751
.1719
.1286
.3681
.3615
0.1 Y
4.70
2.52
18
.1749
.1707
.1249
.3717
.3628
9.7 YR
4.69
2.68
19
.1680
.1652
.1240
.3675
.3612
0.2 Y
4.62
2.43
Average
.1688
.1677
.1152
.3742
.3715
1.5 Y
4.64
2.79
Weak brown
5
Std.
.1160
.1170
.0838
.3662
.3692
2.8 Y
3.95
2.15
1
.1010
.1021
.0689
.3712
.3755
3.4 Y
3.71
2.39
2
.1060
.1073
.0748
.3682
.3723
3.3 Y
3.80
2.22
3
.1058
.1072
.0721
.3711
.3759
3.4 Y
3.80
2.37
4
.1154
.1170
.0796
.3700
.3749
3.5 Y
3.95
2.38
5
.1093
.1112
.0765
.3680
.3745
3.9 Y
3.86
2.28
6
.1174
.1188
.0789
.3726
.3770
3.3 Y
3.98
2.47
7
.1202
.1214
.0823
.3711
.3748
3.2 Y
4.02
2.43
8
.1125
.1132
.0735
.3761
.3784
3.0 Y
3.90
2.58
9
.1143
.1161
.0753
.3738
.3798
3.7 Y
3.94
2.56
10
.1053
.1060
.0667
.3787
.3813
3.1 Y
3.78
2.65
11
.1302
.1313
.0934
.3670
.3700
2.9 Y
4.17
2.28
12
.1330
.1350
.0975
.3638
.3693
3.5 Y
4.22
2.18
13
.1265
.1252
.0903
.3699
.3660
1.1 Y
4.08
2.25
14
.1381
.1370
.0953
.3729
.3698
3.4 Y
4.25
2.49
15
.1322
.1317
.0818
.3823
.3809
2.3 Y
4.17
2.92
Average
.1177
.1187
.0805
.3718
.3747
3.1 Y
3.98
2.43
Mod. yellowish brown
6
Std.
.2448
.2292
.0977
.4281
.4008
9.5 YR
5.32
5.63
1
.2396
.2238
.0943
.4296
.4013
9.5 YR
5.28
5.67
2
.2322
.2182
.0982
.4232
.3978
9.5 YR
5.22
5.31
3
.2583
.2414
.1018
.4294
.4013
9.4 YR
5.46
5.84
4
.2415
.2264
.0942
.4297
.4027
9.7 YR
5.31
5.71
5
.2404
.2243
.0930
.4310
.4022
9.5 YR
5.28
5.74
6
.2649
.2494
.1103
.4241
.3993
9.6 YR
5.53
5.61
7
.2233
.2086
.0879
.4297
.4013
9.6 YR
5.12
5.52
8
.2662
.2526
.1139
.4207
.3992
9.9 YR
5.57
5.51
9
.2701
.2559
.1188
.4188
.3969
9.8 YR
5.60
5.42
10
.2726
.2566
.1136
.4240
.3992
9.6 YR
5.60
5.67
11
.2718
.2567
.1181
.4204
.3970
9.6 YR
5.60
5.52
12
.2781
.2637
.1241
.4177
.3960
9.7 YR
5.67
5.43
13
.2782
.2624
.1182
.4223
.3984
9.6 YR
5.66
5.64
14
.2782
.2573
.1134
.4287
.3966
8.7 YR
5.61
5.90
15
.2740
.2532
.1103
.4298
.3972
8.7 YR
5.57
5.93
16
.2875
.2663
.1200
.4267
.3952
8.6 YR
5.69
5.86
Average
.2611
.2448
.1081
.4254
.3988
9.4 YR
5.49
5.64
Brownish gray
7
Std.
.0615
.0619
.0609
.3338
.3358
2.2 Y
2.91
0.78
1
.0578
.0580
.0576
.3334
.3348
0.9 Y
2.82
0.72
2
.0587
.0590
.0578
.3345
.3362
1.2 Y
2.84
0.77
3
.0629
.0634
.0625
.3333
.3357
1.5 Y
2.95
0.75
4
.0586
.0586
.0575
.3355
.3352
0.1 Y
2.83
0.78
5
.0616
.0619
.0620
.3323
.3334
0.5 Y
2.91
0.82
6
.0665
.0667
.0643
.3366
.3376
1.0 Y
3.03
0.85
7
.0707
.0714
.0686
.3356
.3387
1.8 Y
3.13
0.86
8
.0699
.0705
.0680
.3355
.3383
1.9 Y
3.11
0.80
9
.0624
.0622
.0598
.3382
.3373
0.5 Y
2.92
0.84
10
.0782
.0787
.0774
.3337
.3360
1.3 Y
3.28
0.80
11
.0778
.0770
.0721
.3429
.3393
9.2 YR
3.25
1.06
12
.0795
.0791
.0756
.3395
.3377
9.6 YR
3.29
0.97
13
.0724
.0735
.0633
.3459
.3515
3.5 Y
3.18
1.28
14
.0718
.0721
.0598
.3526
.3538
2.1 Y
3.15
1.44
Average
.0678
.0680
.0647
.3378
.3390
1.1 Y
3.05
0.91
Weak reddish brown
8
Std.
.1644
.1448
.0726
.4306
.3792
6.0 YR
4.35
4.85
1
.1833
.1636
.0842
.4252
.3795
6.4 YR
4.60
4.81
2
.1805
.1602
.0859
.4231
.3756
5.8 YR
4.56
4.70
3
.1794
.1602
.0828
.4247
.3792
6.5 YR
4.56
4.76
4
.1576
.1365
.0616
.4430
.3836
5.9 YR
4.24
5.26
5
.1508
.1321
.0622
.4370
.3828
6.2 YR
4.18
4.93
6
.1707
.1495
.0777
.4289
.3758
5.4 YR
4.42
4.85
7
.1620
.1420
.0699
.4333
.3797
5.8 YR
4.32
4.93
8
.1698
.1474
.0680
.4407
.3827
5.7 YR
4.39
5.31
9
.1637
.1425
.0680
.4376
.3808
5.7 YR
4.33
5.13
10
.1733
.1508
.0736
.4357
.3792
5.4 YR
4.44
5.17
11
.1723
.1501
.0799
.4284
.3731
5.0 YR
4.43
4.85
12
.1863
.1642
.0760
.4368
.3850
6.4 YR
4.61
5.34
13
.1737
.1522
.0673
.4418
.3870
6.4 YR
4.45
5.40
14
.1728
.1527
.0668
.4405
.3892
6.9 YR
4.46
5.35
15
.1963
.1730
.0824
.4346
.3831
6.2 YR
4.72
5.34
16
.1938
.1715
.0871
.4284
.3791
5.8 YR
4.70
5.08
17
.1836
.1608
.0739
.4389
.3844
6.1 YR
4.56
5.40
18
.1508
.1319
.0749
.4216
.3689
4.9 YR
4.18
4.30
19
.1570
.1379
.0766
.4225
.3712
5.2 YR
4.26
4.40
Average
.1725
.1515
.0747
.4328
.3800
5.9 YR
4.44
5.02
Olive gray
9
Std.
.0983
.1027
.0809
.3485
.3644
7.0 Y
3.70
1.73
1
.1002
.1045
.0819
.3497
.3646
6.8 Y
3.75
1.71
2
.0981
.1029
.0794
.3498
.3668
7.5 Y
3.73
1.76
3
.1060
.1107
.0878
.3482
.3634
7.0 Y
3.86
1.68
4
.1043
.1079
.0884
.3471
.3589
5.5 Y
3.81
1.57
5
.1117
.1163
.0925
.3486
.3629
6.5 Y
3.94
1.69
6
.1066
.1103
.0902
.3472
.3592
5.8 Y
3.85
1.56
7
.0993
.1025
.0854
.3456
.3570
5.6 Y
3.72
1.54
8
.1028
.1069
.0913
.3417
.3551
6.8 Y
3.79
1.37
9
.1069
.1106
.0937
.3437
.3553
5.8 Y
3.85
1.42
10
.1231
.1285
.1012
.3489
.3642
6.3 Y
4.13
1.81
11
.0932
.0962
.0796
.3463
.3577
5.6 Y
3.61
1.48
12
.1119
.1176
.0898
.3504
.3684
7.5 Y
3.96
1.84
13
.1182
.1215
.0984
.3495
.3594
4.9 Y
4.02
1.63
14
.1134
.1174
.0910
.3524
.3648
5.3 Y
3.96
1.76
15
.1141
.1180
.0984
.3452
.3570
5.7 Y
3.97
1.51
16
.1219
.1267
.1027
.3470
.3607
6.3 Y
4.10
1.65
17
.1053
.1085
.0892
.3477
.3580
5.0 Y
3.82
1.54
18
.1253
.1299
.1065
.3463
.3592
6.0 Y
4.15
1.62
19
.0977
.1006
.0852
.3446
.3548
5.2 Y
3.69
1.40
20
.1180
.1221
.0951
.3521
.3643
5.6 Y
4.03
1.78
21
.1232
.1278
.1064
.3448
.3575
5.9 Y
4.12
1.56
22
.0978
.1010
.0852
.3444
.3556
5.7 Y
3.69
1.42
23
.0994
.1024
.0862
.3451
.3556
5.1 Y
3.72
1.45
24
.0972
.1006
.0854
.3432
.3552
6.0 Y
3.69
1.39
25
.1204
.1243
.1044
.3447
.3561
5.4 Y
4.07
1.52
26
.1177
.1217
.1011
.3457
.3574
5.4 Y
4.03
1.55
27
.1313
.1362
.1128
.3453
.3582
5.9 Y
4.24
1.65
28
.1162
.1192
.0931
.3538
.3628
4.5 Y
3.99
1.76
Average
.1100
.1140
.0929
.3471
.3596
5.9 Y
3.90
1.59
White
10
Std
.6623
.6812
.6976
.3245
.3337
3.5 Y
8.49
1.00
1
.6285
.6440
.6500
.3269
.3350
3.0 Y
8.29
1.14
2
.6275
.6440
.6313
.3298
.3384
3.5 Y
8.29
1.34
3
.6059
.6215
.5748
.3362
.3448
3.0 Y
8.17
1.75
4
.6193
.6361
.6149
.3311
.3401
3.5 Y
8.25
1.44
Average
.6203
.6364
.6178
.3310
.3396
3.2 Y
8.25
1.42
Black
11
Std.
.0369
.0373
.0423
.3166
.3200
7.0 YR
2.22
0.12
1
.0333
.0340
.0400
.3100
.3173
N
2.10
0.00
2
.0368
.0379
.0432
.3126
.3211
2.5 GY
2.24
0.11
3
.0403
.0411
.0471
.3136
.3199
7.5 Y
2.35
0.14
4
.0446
.0452
.0526
.3133
.3171
2.5 YR
2.47
0.10
5
.0464
.0466
.0532
.3174
.3188
3.5 YR
2.51
0.20
6
.0386
.0392
.0422
.3213
.3268
3.0 Y
2.28
0.34
7
.0450
.0456
.0520
.3155
.3200
9.0 YR
2.48
0.15
8
.0361
.0367
.0400
.3199
.3254
4.0 Y
2.20
0.29
9
.0528
.0540
.0568
.3227
.3299
5.0 Y
2.72
0.44
Average
.0415
.0423
.0475
.3163
.3218
2.37
0.20
Table II
Extent of agreement of 10 observers on 11 series of samples classified on a scale of 6, from 1, a “very good match,” to 6, a “very poor match.” Percentages are shown of samples classed in more than 1 out of 6 groups on this scale.
Bias in individual judgments shown by degree to which each individual’s scores depart from the average of the first ten observers. Scoring is on scale of 6, from 1, very good, to 6, very poor.
Color series No.
Individual observers
1 Bias
2 Bias
3 Bias
4 Bias
5 Bias
6 Bias
7 Bias
8 Bias
9 Bias
10 Bias
11 Bias
Av. Bias
1
+0.3
+0.7
−0.2
−0.3
+0.3
+0.8
−0.1
+0.2
+0.3
+0.4
−0.7
+0.2
2
+.4
+.8
+.2
−.2
+.4
+.4
+.1
+.5
+.3
+.6
−.1
+.3
3
+.1
+.2
−.2
+.1
−.1
+.8
+.3
−.6
−.4
−.4
0
4
−.5
+.1
+.1
+.2
−.1
−.5
+.4
−.2
+.4
+.6
+.5
+.1
5
0
−.6
−.5
−.4
−.3
−.8
−1.3
−.2
−.9
+.1
−.8
−.5
6
+.1
+.4
+.8
+.6
0
−.1
+.8
−.4
−.5
+1.1
−.1
+.2
7
+.8
+.6
+.8
+.5
+.9
+.9
+.6
0
+1.0
−.9
+.4
+.5
8
−.3
−.9
−1.2
+.1
−.8
−.1
−.6
+.6
+.2
−.7
+.5
−.3
9
−.7
−.5
+.5
−.1
−.5
−.6
0
+.3
0
−.7
+.1
−.2
10
−.1
−.6
0
−.5
+.1
−.6
−.2
−.2
−.6
+.1
−.1
−.2
11
+.1
−.5
0
+.1
+.3
+.1
+.4
+.4
+.1
+.6
+.3
−.2
12
−.1
−.7
−.2
−.1
−.1
+.2
−.2
+.1
−1.1
−.4
−.4
−.3
Table IV
Correlation results of visual observations by 12 individuals against hue, value, and chroma for 9 series of chromatic colors. Rho square (P2) is a measure of the multiple correlation.
% P2 for color series No.
Observer No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Average
1
48
64
66
73
69
73
94
25
48
62
2
42
60
71
79
79
63
94
37
48
64
3
34
72
65
43
48
79
65
33
34
52
4
45
51
69
72
55
84
78
03
49
56
5
60
32
74
80
42
63
85
53
19
56
6
49
21
48
62
29
75
88
28
72
52
7
42
43
60
60
57
83
80
49
41
57
8
31
49
34
75
63
80
82
51
62
58
9
28
34
64
49
51
94
90
53
57
58
10
21
32
77
81
42
66
87
52
34
55
11
47
18
74
41
54
62
63
44
55
51
12
73
23
73
69
41
60
86
55
45
58
Average
43
42
65
65
53
74
83
40
47
57
Table V
Correlation (R2) of 14 observers results against average placement by the first 10 of these observers.
Color series No.
Observer No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Average
1
0.62
0.68
0.73
0.74
0.54
0.54
0.69
0.71
0.71
0.72
0.51
0.16
0.48
0.44
0.59
2
.36
.52
.61
.54
.55
.40
.58
.48
.54
.62
.44
.001
.42
.67
.48
3
.88
.91
.81
.90
.76
.83
.78
.42
.72
.82
.90
.80
.85
.70
.79
4
.86
.97
.65
.86
.79
.87
.62
.74
.66
.78
.78
.77
.87
.79
.79
5
.77
.83
.90
.84
.85
.76
.75
.88
.78
.76
.83
.74
.89
.68
.80
6
.93
.89
.86
.90
.76
.74
.78
.80
.93
.86
.86
.70
.81
.12
.78
7
.84
.88
.74
.82
.81
.88
.75
.93
.90
.92
.76
.95
.93
.77
.85
8
.51
.67
.26
.69
.13
.56
.77
.66
.52
.08
.28
.15
.11
.04
.39
9
.95
.95
.31
.68
.70
.81
.17
.24
.27
.36
.46
.59
.38
.16
.50
Average
0.75
0.81
0.65
0.77
0.65
0.71
0.65
0.65
0.67
0.66
0.65
0.54
0.64
0.48
0.66
Table VI
Small-difference specifications on 9 chromatic and 2 neutral series of colors according to several formulas, each adjusted by a factor so that 1 equals a difference slightly larger than I (the Nickerson index of fading, intended to be about
of a Munsell chroma step) and slightly smaller than ΔE (the Judd NBS unit, a difference “of some commercial importance”).
Color specifications (I.C.I. and Munsell) for 11 series containing 200 samples included in this test.
From spectrophotometric curves
Color name
Color series No.
Color order
I.C.I. data for C illuminant
Munsell renotations
X
Y
Z
x
y
H
V
C
Dusky green yellow
1
Std.
0.1532
0.1707
0.1068
0.3556
0.3964
1.8 GY
4.70
3.10
1
.1442
.1622
.1006
.3543
.3986
2.3 GY
4.58
3.15
2
.1448
.1620
.1038
.3627
.3945
2.2 GY
4.58
2.99
3
.1572
.1748
.1167
.3504
.3896
2.0 GY
4.74
2.89
4
.1745
.1934
.1281
.3518
.3899
1.7 GY
4.95
3.00
5
.1650
.1840
.1185
.3529
.3936
2.0 GY
4.84
3.09
6
.1271
.1424
.0893
.3543
.3969
2.1 GY
4.32
2.95
7
.1268
.1424
.0882
.3547
.3985
2.1 GY
4.32
3.01
8
.1680
.1882
.1138
.3574
.4005
1.9 GY
4.89
3.40
9
.1436
.1611
.0965
.3579
.4016
1.8 GY
4.57
3.25
10
.1701
.1901
.1174
.3562
.3980
1.8 GY
4.91
3.31
11
.1553
.1738
.1025
.3597
.4028
1.7 GY
4.72
3.38
12
.1336
.1487
.0882
.3606
.4014
1.2 GY
4.41
3.15
13
.1409
.1570
.0923
.3611
.4023
1.2 GY
4.52
3.24
14
.1606
.1778
.1100
.3582
.3964
1.2 GY
4.77
3.15
15
.1654
.1849
.1103
.3592
.4014
1.6 GY
4.86
3.40
16
.1632
.1840
.1093
.3574
.4032
2.2 GY
4.85
3.50
17
.1599
.1788
.1054
.3600
.4027
1.6 GY
4.78
3.42
18
.1589
.1784
.1085
.3564
.4002
2.0 GY
4.78
3.33
19
.1666
.1862
.1155
.3558
.3976
1.9 GY
4.87
3.27
20
.1753
.1943
.1179
.3596
.3985
1.2 GY
4.96
3.35
21
.1718
.1918
.1159
.3582
.4000
1.7 GY
4.93
3.39
22
.1386
.1568
.0840
.3654
.4133
1.6 GY
4.51
3.63
23
.1306
.1442
.0882
.3597
.3973
1.2 GY
4.35
2.96
24
.1318
.1456
.0874
.3614
.3992
0.8 GY
4.37
3.05
25
.1220
.1350
.0893
.3522
.3899
1.6 GY
4.22
2.63
Average
.1518
.1695
.1039
.3561
.3987
1.7 GY
4.66
3.20
Weak olive green
2
Std.
.1086
.1231
.0890
.3386
.3838
4.5 GY
4.05
2.50
1
.1204
.1368
.1030
.3343
.3798
5.0 GY
4.25
2.50
2
.1158
.1294
.0973
.3381
.3779
3.9 GY
4.14
2.31
3
.1163
.1306
.1011
.3342
.3752
4.8 GY
4.16
2.28
4
.1081
.1218
.0962
.3316
.3734
5.2 GY
4.03
2.21
5
.1100
.1224
.0970
.3338
.3716
4.3 GY
4.04
2.10
6
.1275
.1419
.1066
.3391
.3774
3.6 GY
4.32
2.35
7
.1111
.1240
.1009
.3306
.3690
5.0 GY
4.06
2.08
8
.1259
.1394
.1092
.3361
.3721
3.8 GY
4.28
2.18
9
.1323
.1488
.1135
.3353
.3771
4.8 GY
4.41
2.45
10
.1479
.1646
.1311
.3334
.3711
5.0 GY
4.61
2.30
11
.1216
.1383
.1093
.3293
.3746
5.8 GY
4.27
2.40
12
.1303
.1478
.1194
.3277
.3718
6.1 GY
4.40
2.35
13
.1170
.1292
.0991
.3388
.3742
3.0 GY
4.14
2.20
14
.1397
.1558
.1123
.3426
.3819
3.2 GY
4.50
2.62
15
.1201
.1355
.0904
.3471
.3915
3.1 GY
4.23
2.74
16
.1473
.1647
.1184
.3423
.3827
3.4 GY
4.61
2.64
17
.1468
.1650
.1194
.3405
.3826
3.9 GY
4.62
2.67
18
.1482
.1639
.1290
.3360
.3715
3.7 GY
4.60
2.25
19
.1224
.1369
.0913
.3491
.3905
2.6 GY
4.25
2.69
20
.1491
.1658
.1191
.3435
.3820
2.9 GY
4.63
2.61
21
.1470
.1636
.1239
.3384
.3764
3.7 GY
4.60
2.44
22
.1557
.1716
.1349
.3369
.3712
3.4 GY
4.70
2.26
23
.1463
.1617
.1339
.3311
.3659
4.8 GY
4.58
2.05
24
.1503
.1658
.1316
.3356
.3703
3.7 GY
4.63
2.22
25
.1461
.1603
.1259
.3380
.3708
2.8 GY
4.56
2.17
Average
.1321
.1474
.1126
.3369
.3761
4.1 GY
4.38
2.36
Light yellowish brown
3
Std.
.2940
.2973
.2035
.3698
.3741
2.5 Y
5.97
3.30
1
.3090
.3141
.2178
.3675
.3735
2.5 Y
6.12
3.20
2
.3028
.3081
.2170
.3658
.3722
3.0 Y
6.06
3.14
3
.3322
.3362
.2332
.3684
.3729
2.5 Y
6.30
3.32
3
4
.3429
.3490
.2393
.3682
.3748
3.0 Y
6.40
3.38
5
.3242
.3272
.2160
.3738
.3772
2.3 Y
6.22
3.58
6
.3312
.3365
.2428
.3638
.3696
2.7 Y
6.30
3.08
7
.3431
.3473
.2342
.3710
.3757
2.5 Y
6.39
3.50
8
.3154
.3189
.2032
.3766
.3808
2.6 Y
6.16
3.72
9
.3556
.3612
.2491
.3682
.3739
2.7 Y
6.49
3.38
10
.2985
.3010
.1855
.3803
.3835
2.5 Y
6.00
3.83
11
.3259
.3274
.2190
.3736
.3753
1.9 Y
6.22
3.51
12
.2994
.3016
.1832
.3818
.3846
2.5 Y
6.01
3.92
13
.3592
.3638
.2685
.3623
.3669
2.3 Y
6.51
3.03
14
.3596
.3651
.2595
.3654
.3710
2.8 Y
6.52
3.24
15
.2780
.2801
.1685
.3826
.3855
2.6 Y
5.82
3.87
16
.3309
.3325
.2217
.3738
.3757
2.0 Y
6.27
3.58
17
.3675
.3699
.2435
.3747
.3771
2.1 Y
6.56
3.75
18
.2751
.2772
.1702
.3808
.3837
2.6 Y
5.79
3.77
19
.3470
.3479
.2148
.3814
.3824
2.0 Y
6.39
3.95
20
.3641
.3646
.2425
.3749
.3754
1.6 Y
6.52
4.26
21
.3334
.3345
.2059
.3816
.3828
2.0 Y
6.28
4.01
22
.3717
.3745
.2426
.3759
.3787
5.0 Y
6.60
3.80
23
.3400
.3377
.1996
.3876
.3849
1.4 Y
6.31
4.32
24
.3213
.3189
.1989
.3830
.3801
1.3 Y
6.16
4.00
25
.3355
.3317
.1965
.3884
.3840
1.1 Y
6.26
4.32
26
.3244
.3213
.1871
.3895
.3858
1.3 Y
6.18
4.37
Average
.3303
.3326
.2177
.3754
.3780
2.4 Y
6.26
3.69
Pale brown
4
Std.
.1574
.1561
.1022
.3786
.3755
1.7 Y
4.50
2.95
1
.1535
.1522
.1006
.3778
.3747
1.7 Y
4.45
2.86
2
.1531
.1521
.0989
.3788
.3764
1.9 Y
4.45
2.91
3
.1557
.1550
.1046
.3749
.3732
2.0 Y
4.49
2.76
4
.1520
.1512
.0973
.3794
.3776
2.1 Y
4.44
2.93
5
.1745
.1733
.1107
.3807
.3781
1.9 Y
4.72
3.14
6
.1312
.1314
.0848
.3777
.3782
2.5 Y
4.17
2.73
7
.1710
.1706
.1106
.3782
.3772
2.2 Y
4.69
3.05
8
.1614
.1599
.1024
.3809
.3773
1.7 Y
4.55
2.94
9
.1699
.1700
.1148
.3737
.3738
2.2 Y
4.68
2.76
10
.1723
.1716
.1157
.3749
.3733
1.9 Y
4.70
2.88
11
.1325
.1311
.0868
.3782
.3742
1.5 Y
4.17
2.70
12
.1895
.1893
.1315
.3715
.3709
1.9 Y
4.90
2.84
13
.1940
.1924
.1370
.3707
.3675
1.1 Y
4.94
2.83
14
.1826
.1821
.1329
.3669
.3660
1.6 Y
4.82
2.57
15
.1878
.1868
.1363
.3676
.3656
1.2 Y
4.88
2.63
16
.2090
.2090
.1472
.3697
.3698
1.9 Y
5.12
2.87
17
.1751
.1719
.1286
.3681
.3615
0.1 Y
4.70
2.52
18
.1749
.1707
.1249
.3717
.3628
9.7 YR
4.69
2.68
19
.1680
.1652
.1240
.3675
.3612
0.2 Y
4.62
2.43
Average
.1688
.1677
.1152
.3742
.3715
1.5 Y
4.64
2.79
Weak brown
5
Std.
.1160
.1170
.0838
.3662
.3692
2.8 Y
3.95
2.15
1
.1010
.1021
.0689
.3712
.3755
3.4 Y
3.71
2.39
2
.1060
.1073
.0748
.3682
.3723
3.3 Y
3.80
2.22
3
.1058
.1072
.0721
.3711
.3759
3.4 Y
3.80
2.37
4
.1154
.1170
.0796
.3700
.3749
3.5 Y
3.95
2.38
5
.1093
.1112
.0765
.3680
.3745
3.9 Y
3.86
2.28
6
.1174
.1188
.0789
.3726
.3770
3.3 Y
3.98
2.47
7
.1202
.1214
.0823
.3711
.3748
3.2 Y
4.02
2.43
8
.1125
.1132
.0735
.3761
.3784
3.0 Y
3.90
2.58
9
.1143
.1161
.0753
.3738
.3798
3.7 Y
3.94
2.56
10
.1053
.1060
.0667
.3787
.3813
3.1 Y
3.78
2.65
11
.1302
.1313
.0934
.3670
.3700
2.9 Y
4.17
2.28
12
.1330
.1350
.0975
.3638
.3693
3.5 Y
4.22
2.18
13
.1265
.1252
.0903
.3699
.3660
1.1 Y
4.08
2.25
14
.1381
.1370
.0953
.3729
.3698
3.4 Y
4.25
2.49
15
.1322
.1317
.0818
.3823
.3809
2.3 Y
4.17
2.92
Average
.1177
.1187
.0805
.3718
.3747
3.1 Y
3.98
2.43
Mod. yellowish brown
6
Std.
.2448
.2292
.0977
.4281
.4008
9.5 YR
5.32
5.63
1
.2396
.2238
.0943
.4296
.4013
9.5 YR
5.28
5.67
2
.2322
.2182
.0982
.4232
.3978
9.5 YR
5.22
5.31
3
.2583
.2414
.1018
.4294
.4013
9.4 YR
5.46
5.84
4
.2415
.2264
.0942
.4297
.4027
9.7 YR
5.31
5.71
5
.2404
.2243
.0930
.4310
.4022
9.5 YR
5.28
5.74
6
.2649
.2494
.1103
.4241
.3993
9.6 YR
5.53
5.61
7
.2233
.2086
.0879
.4297
.4013
9.6 YR
5.12
5.52
8
.2662
.2526
.1139
.4207
.3992
9.9 YR
5.57
5.51
9
.2701
.2559
.1188
.4188
.3969
9.8 YR
5.60
5.42
10
.2726
.2566
.1136
.4240
.3992
9.6 YR
5.60
5.67
11
.2718
.2567
.1181
.4204
.3970
9.6 YR
5.60
5.52
12
.2781
.2637
.1241
.4177
.3960
9.7 YR
5.67
5.43
13
.2782
.2624
.1182
.4223
.3984
9.6 YR
5.66
5.64
14
.2782
.2573
.1134
.4287
.3966
8.7 YR
5.61
5.90
15
.2740
.2532
.1103
.4298
.3972
8.7 YR
5.57
5.93
16
.2875
.2663
.1200
.4267
.3952
8.6 YR
5.69
5.86
Average
.2611
.2448
.1081
.4254
.3988
9.4 YR
5.49
5.64
Brownish gray
7
Std.
.0615
.0619
.0609
.3338
.3358
2.2 Y
2.91
0.78
1
.0578
.0580
.0576
.3334
.3348
0.9 Y
2.82
0.72
2
.0587
.0590
.0578
.3345
.3362
1.2 Y
2.84
0.77
3
.0629
.0634
.0625
.3333
.3357
1.5 Y
2.95
0.75
4
.0586
.0586
.0575
.3355
.3352
0.1 Y
2.83
0.78
5
.0616
.0619
.0620
.3323
.3334
0.5 Y
2.91
0.82
6
.0665
.0667
.0643
.3366
.3376
1.0 Y
3.03
0.85
7
.0707
.0714
.0686
.3356
.3387
1.8 Y
3.13
0.86
8
.0699
.0705
.0680
.3355
.3383
1.9 Y
3.11
0.80
9
.0624
.0622
.0598
.3382
.3373
0.5 Y
2.92
0.84
10
.0782
.0787
.0774
.3337
.3360
1.3 Y
3.28
0.80
11
.0778
.0770
.0721
.3429
.3393
9.2 YR
3.25
1.06
12
.0795
.0791
.0756
.3395
.3377
9.6 YR
3.29
0.97
13
.0724
.0735
.0633
.3459
.3515
3.5 Y
3.18
1.28
14
.0718
.0721
.0598
.3526
.3538
2.1 Y
3.15
1.44
Average
.0678
.0680
.0647
.3378
.3390
1.1 Y
3.05
0.91
Weak reddish brown
8
Std.
.1644
.1448
.0726
.4306
.3792
6.0 YR
4.35
4.85
1
.1833
.1636
.0842
.4252
.3795
6.4 YR
4.60
4.81
2
.1805
.1602
.0859
.4231
.3756
5.8 YR
4.56
4.70
3
.1794
.1602
.0828
.4247
.3792
6.5 YR
4.56
4.76
4
.1576
.1365
.0616
.4430
.3836
5.9 YR
4.24
5.26
5
.1508
.1321
.0622
.4370
.3828
6.2 YR
4.18
4.93
6
.1707
.1495
.0777
.4289
.3758
5.4 YR
4.42
4.85
7
.1620
.1420
.0699
.4333
.3797
5.8 YR
4.32
4.93
8
.1698
.1474
.0680
.4407
.3827
5.7 YR
4.39
5.31
9
.1637
.1425
.0680
.4376
.3808
5.7 YR
4.33
5.13
10
.1733
.1508
.0736
.4357
.3792
5.4 YR
4.44
5.17
11
.1723
.1501
.0799
.4284
.3731
5.0 YR
4.43
4.85
12
.1863
.1642
.0760
.4368
.3850
6.4 YR
4.61
5.34
13
.1737
.1522
.0673
.4418
.3870
6.4 YR
4.45
5.40
14
.1728
.1527
.0668
.4405
.3892
6.9 YR
4.46
5.35
15
.1963
.1730
.0824
.4346
.3831
6.2 YR
4.72
5.34
16
.1938
.1715
.0871
.4284
.3791
5.8 YR
4.70
5.08
17
.1836
.1608
.0739
.4389
.3844
6.1 YR
4.56
5.40
18
.1508
.1319
.0749
.4216
.3689
4.9 YR
4.18
4.30
19
.1570
.1379
.0766
.4225
.3712
5.2 YR
4.26
4.40
Average
.1725
.1515
.0747
.4328
.3800
5.9 YR
4.44
5.02
Olive gray
9
Std.
.0983
.1027
.0809
.3485
.3644
7.0 Y
3.70
1.73
1
.1002
.1045
.0819
.3497
.3646
6.8 Y
3.75
1.71
2
.0981
.1029
.0794
.3498
.3668
7.5 Y
3.73
1.76
3
.1060
.1107
.0878
.3482
.3634
7.0 Y
3.86
1.68
4
.1043
.1079
.0884
.3471
.3589
5.5 Y
3.81
1.57
5
.1117
.1163
.0925
.3486
.3629
6.5 Y
3.94
1.69
6
.1066
.1103
.0902
.3472
.3592
5.8 Y
3.85
1.56
7
.0993
.1025
.0854
.3456
.3570
5.6 Y
3.72
1.54
8
.1028
.1069
.0913
.3417
.3551
6.8 Y
3.79
1.37
9
.1069
.1106
.0937
.3437
.3553
5.8 Y
3.85
1.42
10
.1231
.1285
.1012
.3489
.3642
6.3 Y
4.13
1.81
11
.0932
.0962
.0796
.3463
.3577
5.6 Y
3.61
1.48
12
.1119
.1176
.0898
.3504
.3684
7.5 Y
3.96
1.84
13
.1182
.1215
.0984
.3495
.3594
4.9 Y
4.02
1.63
14
.1134
.1174
.0910
.3524
.3648
5.3 Y
3.96
1.76
15
.1141
.1180
.0984
.3452
.3570
5.7 Y
3.97
1.51
16
.1219
.1267
.1027
.3470
.3607
6.3 Y
4.10
1.65
17
.1053
.1085
.0892
.3477
.3580
5.0 Y
3.82
1.54
18
.1253
.1299
.1065
.3463
.3592
6.0 Y
4.15
1.62
19
.0977
.1006
.0852
.3446
.3548
5.2 Y
3.69
1.40
20
.1180
.1221
.0951
.3521
.3643
5.6 Y
4.03
1.78
21
.1232
.1278
.1064
.3448
.3575
5.9 Y
4.12
1.56
22
.0978
.1010
.0852
.3444
.3556
5.7 Y
3.69
1.42
23
.0994
.1024
.0862
.3451
.3556
5.1 Y
3.72
1.45
24
.0972
.1006
.0854
.3432
.3552
6.0 Y
3.69
1.39
25
.1204
.1243
.1044
.3447
.3561
5.4 Y
4.07
1.52
26
.1177
.1217
.1011
.3457
.3574
5.4 Y
4.03
1.55
27
.1313
.1362
.1128
.3453
.3582
5.9 Y
4.24
1.65
28
.1162
.1192
.0931
.3538
.3628
4.5 Y
3.99
1.76
Average
.1100
.1140
.0929
.3471
.3596
5.9 Y
3.90
1.59
White
10
Std
.6623
.6812
.6976
.3245
.3337
3.5 Y
8.49
1.00
1
.6285
.6440
.6500
.3269
.3350
3.0 Y
8.29
1.14
2
.6275
.6440
.6313
.3298
.3384
3.5 Y
8.29
1.34
3
.6059
.6215
.5748
.3362
.3448
3.0 Y
8.17
1.75
4
.6193
.6361
.6149
.3311
.3401
3.5 Y
8.25
1.44
Average
.6203
.6364
.6178
.3310
.3396
3.2 Y
8.25
1.42
Black
11
Std.
.0369
.0373
.0423
.3166
.3200
7.0 YR
2.22
0.12
1
.0333
.0340
.0400
.3100
.3173
N
2.10
0.00
2
.0368
.0379
.0432
.3126
.3211
2.5 GY
2.24
0.11
3
.0403
.0411
.0471
.3136
.3199
7.5 Y
2.35
0.14
4
.0446
.0452
.0526
.3133
.3171
2.5 YR
2.47
0.10
5
.0464
.0466
.0532
.3174
.3188
3.5 YR
2.51
0.20
6
.0386
.0392
.0422
.3213
.3268
3.0 Y
2.28
0.34
7
.0450
.0456
.0520
.3155
.3200
9.0 YR
2.48
0.15
8
.0361
.0367
.0400
.3199
.3254
4.0 Y
2.20
0.29
9
.0528
.0540
.0568
.3227
.3299
5.0 Y
2.72
0.44
Average
.0415
.0423
.0475
.3163
.3218
2.37
0.20
Table II
Extent of agreement of 10 observers on 11 series of samples classified on a scale of 6, from 1, a “very good match,” to 6, a “very poor match.” Percentages are shown of samples classed in more than 1 out of 6 groups on this scale.
Bias in individual judgments shown by degree to which each individual’s scores depart from the average of the first ten observers. Scoring is on scale of 6, from 1, very good, to 6, very poor.
Color series No.
Individual observers
1 Bias
2 Bias
3 Bias
4 Bias
5 Bias
6 Bias
7 Bias
8 Bias
9 Bias
10 Bias
11 Bias
Av. Bias
1
+0.3
+0.7
−0.2
−0.3
+0.3
+0.8
−0.1
+0.2
+0.3
+0.4
−0.7
+0.2
2
+.4
+.8
+.2
−.2
+.4
+.4
+.1
+.5
+.3
+.6
−.1
+.3
3
+.1
+.2
−.2
+.1
−.1
+.8
+.3
−.6
−.4
−.4
0
4
−.5
+.1
+.1
+.2
−.1
−.5
+.4
−.2
+.4
+.6
+.5
+.1
5
0
−.6
−.5
−.4
−.3
−.8
−1.3
−.2
−.9
+.1
−.8
−.5
6
+.1
+.4
+.8
+.6
0
−.1
+.8
−.4
−.5
+1.1
−.1
+.2
7
+.8
+.6
+.8
+.5
+.9
+.9
+.6
0
+1.0
−.9
+.4
+.5
8
−.3
−.9
−1.2
+.1
−.8
−.1
−.6
+.6
+.2
−.7
+.5
−.3
9
−.7
−.5
+.5
−.1
−.5
−.6
0
+.3
0
−.7
+.1
−.2
10
−.1
−.6
0
−.5
+.1
−.6
−.2
−.2
−.6
+.1
−.1
−.2
11
+.1
−.5
0
+.1
+.3
+.1
+.4
+.4
+.1
+.6
+.3
−.2
12
−.1
−.7
−.2
−.1
−.1
+.2
−.2
+.1
−1.1
−.4
−.4
−.3
Table IV
Correlation results of visual observations by 12 individuals against hue, value, and chroma for 9 series of chromatic colors. Rho square (P2) is a measure of the multiple correlation.
% P2 for color series No.
Observer No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Average
1
48
64
66
73
69
73
94
25
48
62
2
42
60
71
79
79
63
94
37
48
64
3
34
72
65
43
48
79
65
33
34
52
4
45
51
69
72
55
84
78
03
49
56
5
60
32
74
80
42
63
85
53
19
56
6
49
21
48
62
29
75
88
28
72
52
7
42
43
60
60
57
83
80
49
41
57
8
31
49
34
75
63
80
82
51
62
58
9
28
34
64
49
51
94
90
53
57
58
10
21
32
77
81
42
66
87
52
34
55
11
47
18
74
41
54
62
63
44
55
51
12
73
23
73
69
41
60
86
55
45
58
Average
43
42
65
65
53
74
83
40
47
57
Table V
Correlation (R2) of 14 observers results against average placement by the first 10 of these observers.
Color series No.
Observer No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Average
1
0.62
0.68
0.73
0.74
0.54
0.54
0.69
0.71
0.71
0.72
0.51
0.16
0.48
0.44
0.59
2
.36
.52
.61
.54
.55
.40
.58
.48
.54
.62
.44
.001
.42
.67
.48
3
.88
.91
.81
.90
.76
.83
.78
.42
.72
.82
.90
.80
.85
.70
.79
4
.86
.97
.65
.86
.79
.87
.62
.74
.66
.78
.78
.77
.87
.79
.79
5
.77
.83
.90
.84
.85
.76
.75
.88
.78
.76
.83
.74
.89
.68
.80
6
.93
.89
.86
.90
.76
.74
.78
.80
.93
.86
.86
.70
.81
.12
.78
7
.84
.88
.74
.82
.81
.88
.75
.93
.90
.92
.76
.95
.93
.77
.85
8
.51
.67
.26
.69
.13
.56
.77
.66
.52
.08
.28
.15
.11
.04
.39
9
.95
.95
.31
.68
.70
.81
.17
.24
.27
.36
.46
.59
.38
.16
.50
Average
0.75
0.81
0.65
0.77
0.65
0.71
0.65
0.65
0.67
0.66
0.65
0.54
0.64
0.48
0.66
Table VI
Small-difference specifications on 9 chromatic and 2 neutral series of colors according to several formulas, each adjusted by a factor so that 1 equals a difference slightly larger than I (the Nickerson index of fading, intended to be about
of a Munsell chroma step) and slightly smaller than ΔE (the Judd NBS unit, a difference “of some commercial importance”).