Aircraft Flight by an Optical Periscope

Charles J. Campbell; Lawrence J. McEachern; Elwin Marg

doi:10.1364/JOSA.46.000944

Journal of the Optical Society of America
Vol. 46,
Issue 11,
pp. 944-949
(1956)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.46.000944

Aircraft Flight by an Optical Periscope

Charles J. Campbell, Lawrence J. McEachern, and Elwin Marg

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Charles J. Campbell, Lawrence J. McEachern, and Elwin Marg, "Aircraft Flight by an Optical Periscope," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 46, 944-949 (1956)

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Abstract

A binocular aircraft periscope has been constructed and flight tested. The periscope provided a 70-degree true field of view at a magnification of 1× and mechanically operated azimuth and declination prisms scanned 180 degrees. Flight instruments were included in the field of view. The periscope was installed in the nose of a B-17 aircraft together with a duplicate set of controls. Twenty impartial U. S. Air Force pilots carried out most routine flight operations competently. It is concluded that flight by this type periscope is feasible even by subjects with minimal training.

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Vision	Binocular
Magnification	1x, 3x
Real field (1x)	70°
(3x)	28°
Apparent field (1x)	70°
(3x)	70°
Entrance pupil	6 mm
Exit pupil	6 mm diameter semicircle
Resolution (1x) object space	1.4′ (axial) 4.0′ (edge)
(3x)	0.9′ (axial)
Field curvature(left eye)	OD. (axis)+2.5 D. (edge)
(right eye)	OD. (axis)+2.8 D. (edge)
Ocular focusing	+ 1.0 D. to −2.0 D.
Eye relief	24 mm
Interocular distance adjustment	58 mm to 68 mm
Scan azimuth	180°
Scan declination	180°
Variable tilt angle of eye piece section	45°

		SUBJECTIVE RESPONSES										OBJECTIVE RESPONSES

PILOT	HOURS FLIGHT EXPERIENCE	FIELD SIZE ADEQUATE	RUNWAY EASILY LOCATED	RESOLUTION SATISFACTORY	HAZE NEAR SUN COMPARED TO WINDSHIELD	GROUND OBJECTS APPEAR TOO FAR, TOO NEAR, NORMALLY	REASON ABLY CERTAIN OF ALTITUDE	SCAN VALUABLE	SPATIAL DISORIENTATION WITH SCAN	INSTRUMENTS EASILY SEEN	EYE STRAIN	GENERAL AERIAL PERFORMANCE	FLIGHT PATTERN FLOWN SATISFACTORILY	APPROACH SATISFACTORY	LEVEL OFF	NO OF APPROACHES	NO. OF TOUCH DOWNS	TRAUMA TO HEAD FROM OCULARS
1	3000	YES	YES	YES	WORSE	FAR	YES	YES	YES	NO	YES	GOOD	YES	YES	OK	0	0	NONE
2	1600	YES	NO	YES	WORSE	FAR	YES	NO	YES	NO	NO	GOOD	NO	YES	OK	3	0	NONE
3	3000	NO	YES	YES	SAME	FAR	YES	YES	YES	NO	NO	GOOD	YES	YES	HIGH	0	0	NONE
4	3700	YES	NO	YES	SAME	NEAR	YES	YES	YES	NO	NO	GOOD	NO	NO	BALLOON	2	0	NONE
5	4100	NO	NO	YES	SAME	NEAR	YES	YES	YES	NO	NO	GOOD	NO	YES	BALLOON	1	0	NONE
6	2372	NO	NO	NO	WORSE	NORM	YES	YES	YES	NO	NO	GOOD	NO	YES	OK	1	0	CUTS
7	4870	YES	YES	YES	SAME	NORM	YES	NO	YES	NO	NO	GOOD	NO	YES	BALLOON	3	0	CUTS
8	2300	YES	YES	YES	SAME	NORM	YES	YES	YES	NO	NO	GOOD	YES	YES	OK	0	0	CUTS
9	6300	YES	YES	YES	SAME	NORM	YES	YES	YES	NO	NO	GOOD	NO	YES	OK	2	0	NONE
10	3334	YES	YES	YES	WORSE	NORM	YES	YES	YES	NO	NO	GOOD	YES	YES	OK	0	0	NONE
11	4277	NO	YES	YES	WORSE	NORM	YES	NO	YES	NO	YES	BAD	NO	NO	OK	4	0	NONE
12	1600	NO	NO	YES	WORSE	FAR	NO	YES	NO	NO	NO	GOOD	YES	YES	OK	0	0	CUTS
13	3836	YES	YES	YES	SAME	NEAR	YES	NO	YES	NO	YES	GOOD	YES	YES	OK	4	4	CUTS
14	5679	NO	YES	YES	WORSE	NEAR	YES	YES	YES	NO	YES	GOOD	YES	YES	OK	1	1	NONE
15		YES	YES	YES	WORSE	NORM	NO	YES	YES	NO	NO	GOOD	YES	YES	OK	2	0	NONE
16	3500	YES	NO	YES	SAME	FAR	YES	YES	NO	YES	NO	GOOD	YES	YES	OK	3	0	NONE
17	2546	YES	YES	YES	SAME	FAR	YES	YES	YES	YES	NO	GOOD	YES	YES	HIGH	0	0	CUTS
18	4000	NO	NO	YES	SAME	FAR	NO	YES	YES	NO	YES	GOOD	YES	YES	LOW	5	5	NONE
19	2400	YES	YES	YES	SAME	NEAR	NO	YES	YES	NO	NO	GOOD	YES	YES	BALLOON	4	1	NONE
20	2800	YES	YES	YES	SAME	NORM	NO	YES	YES	NO	NO	GOOD	YES	YES	OK	0	0	NONE

Vision	Binocular
Magnification	1x, 3x
Real field (1x)	70°
(3x)	28°
Apparent field (1x)	70°
(3x)	70°
Entrance pupil	6 mm
Exit pupil	6 mm diameter semicircle
Resolution (1x) object space	1.4′ (axial) 4.0′ (edge)
(3x)	0.9′ (axial)
Field curvature(left eye)	OD. (axis)+2.5 D. (edge)
(right eye)	OD. (axis)+2.8 D. (edge)
Ocular focusing	+ 1.0 D. to −2.0 D.
Eye relief	24 mm
Interocular distance adjustment	58 mm to 68 mm
Scan azimuth	180°
Scan declination	180°
Variable tilt angle of eye piece section	45°

		SUBJECTIVE RESPONSES										OBJECTIVE RESPONSES

PILOT	HOURS FLIGHT EXPERIENCE	FIELD SIZE ADEQUATE	RUNWAY EASILY LOCATED	RESOLUTION SATISFACTORY	HAZE NEAR SUN COMPARED TO WINDSHIELD	GROUND OBJECTS APPEAR TOO FAR, TOO NEAR, NORMALLY	REASON ABLY CERTAIN OF ALTITUDE	SCAN VALUABLE	SPATIAL DISORIENTATION WITH SCAN	INSTRUMENTS EASILY SEEN	EYE STRAIN	GENERAL AERIAL PERFORMANCE	FLIGHT PATTERN FLOWN SATISFACTORILY	APPROACH SATISFACTORY	LEVEL OFF	NO OF APPROACHES	NO. OF TOUCH DOWNS	TRAUMA TO HEAD FROM OCULARS
1	3000	YES	YES	YES	WORSE	FAR	YES	YES	YES	NO	YES	GOOD	YES	YES	OK	0	0	NONE
2	1600	YES	NO	YES	WORSE	FAR	YES	NO	YES	NO	NO	GOOD	NO	YES	OK	3	0	NONE
3	3000	NO	YES	YES	SAME	FAR	YES	YES	YES	NO	NO	GOOD	YES	YES	HIGH	0	0	NONE
4	3700	YES	NO	YES	SAME	NEAR	YES	YES	YES	NO	NO	GOOD	NO	NO	BALLOON	2	0	NONE
5	4100	NO	NO	YES	SAME	NEAR	YES	YES	YES	NO	NO	GOOD	NO	YES	BALLOON	1	0	NONE
6	2372	NO	NO	NO	WORSE	NORM	YES	YES	YES	NO	NO	GOOD	NO	YES	OK	1	0	CUTS
7	4870	YES	YES	YES	SAME	NORM	YES	NO	YES	NO	NO	GOOD	NO	YES	BALLOON	3	0	CUTS
8	2300	YES	YES	YES	SAME	NORM	YES	YES	YES	NO	NO	GOOD	YES	YES	OK	0	0	CUTS
9	6300	YES	YES	YES	SAME	NORM	YES	YES	YES	NO	NO	GOOD	NO	YES	OK	2	0	NONE
10	3334	YES	YES	YES	WORSE	NORM	YES	YES	YES	NO	NO	GOOD	YES	YES	OK	0	0	NONE
11	4277	NO	YES	YES	WORSE	NORM	YES	NO	YES	NO	YES	BAD	NO	NO	OK	4	0	NONE
12	1600	NO	NO	YES	WORSE	FAR	NO	YES	NO	NO	NO	GOOD	YES	YES	OK	0	0	CUTS
13	3836	YES	YES	YES	SAME	NEAR	YES	NO	YES	NO	YES	GOOD	YES	YES	OK	4	4	CUTS
14	5679	NO	YES	YES	WORSE	NEAR	YES	YES	YES	NO	YES	GOOD	YES	YES	OK	1	1	NONE
15		YES	YES	YES	WORSE	NORM	NO	YES	YES	NO	NO	GOOD	YES	YES	OK	2	0	NONE
16	3500	YES	NO	YES	SAME	FAR	YES	YES	NO	YES	NO	GOOD	YES	YES	OK	3	0	NONE
17	2546	YES	YES	YES	SAME	FAR	YES	YES	YES	YES	NO	GOOD	YES	YES	HIGH	0	0	CUTS
18	4000	NO	NO	YES	SAME	FAR	NO	YES	YES	NO	YES	GOOD	YES	YES	LOW	5	5	NONE
19	2400	YES	YES	YES	SAME	NEAR	NO	YES	YES	NO	NO	GOOD	YES	YES	BALLOON	4	1	NONE
20	2800	YES	YES	YES	SAME	NORM	NO	YES	YES	NO	NO	GOOD	YES	YES	OK	0	0	NONE

Abstract

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Figures (4)

Tables (2)

Journal of the Optical Society of America