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Multicolor cavity metrologyKiwamu Izumi, Koji Arai, Bryan Barr, Joseph Betzwieser, Aidan Brooks, Katrin Dahl, Suresh Doravari, Jennifer C. Driggers, W. Zach Korth, Haixing Miao, Jameson Rollins, Stephen Vass, David Yeaton-Massey, and Rana X. Adhikari »View Author Affiliations
Kiwamu Izumi,1
Koji Arai,2
Bryan Barr,3
Joseph Betzwieser,4
Aidan Brooks,2
Katrin Dahl,5
Suresh Doravari,2
Jennifer C. Driggers,2
W. Zach Korth,2
Haixing Miao,2
Jameson Rollins,2,*
Stephen Vass,2
David Yeaton-Massey,2
and Rana X. Adhikari2
1Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan 2LIGO Laboratory, California Institute of Technology MS 100-36, Pasadena, California 91125, USA 3SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK 4LIGO Livingston Observatory, P.O. Box 940, Livingston, Louisiana 70754-0940, USA 5Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) and Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany *Corresponding author: jrollins@ligo.caltech.edu |
JOSA A, Vol. 29, Issue 10, pp. 2092-2103 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.29.002092
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Abstract
Long-baseline laser interferometers used for gravitational-wave detection have proven to be very complicated to control. In order to have sufficient sensitivity to astrophysical gravitational waves, a set of multiple coupled optical cavities comprising the interferometer must be brought into resonance with the laser field. A set of multi-input, multi-output servos then lock these cavities into place via feedback control. This procedure, known as lock acquisition, has proven to be a vexing problem and has reduced greatly the reliability and duty factor of the past generation of laser interferometers. In this article, we describe a technique for bringing the interferometer from an uncontrolled state into resonance by using harmonically related external fields to provide a deterministic hierarchical control. This technique reduces the effect of the external seismic disturbances by 4 orders of magnitude and promises to greatly enhance the stability and reliability of the current generation of gravitational-wave detectors. The possibility for using multicolor techniques to overcome current quantum and thermal noise limits is also discussed.
© 2012 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(120.2230) Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology : Fabry-Perot
(120.3180) Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology : Interferometry
(350.1270) Other areas of optics : Astronomy and astrophysics
(140.3515) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers, frequency doubled
(310.6805) Thin films : Theory and design
ToC Category:
Lasers and Laser Optics
History
Original Manuscript: May 9, 2012
Revised Manuscript: August 2, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: August 17, 2012
Published: September 12, 2012
Virtual Issues
September 18, 2012 Spotlight on Optics
Citation
Kiwamu Izumi, Koji Arai, Bryan Barr, Joseph Betzwieser, Aidan Brooks, Katrin Dahl, Suresh Doravari, Jennifer C. Driggers, W. Zach Korth, Haixing Miao, Jameson Rollins, Stephen Vass, David Yeaton-Massey, and Rana X. Adhikari, "Multicolor cavity metrology," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 29, 2092-2103 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/josaa/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-29-10-2092
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- S. Schilt, N. Bucalovic, L. Tombez, V. Dolgovskiy, C. Schori, G. D. Domenico, M. Zaffalon, and P. Thomann, “Frequency discriminators for the characterization of narrow-spectrum heterodyne beat signals: Application to the measurement of a sub-hertz carrier-envelope-offset beat in an optical frequency comb,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 123116 (2011). [CrossRef]
- A. Buonanno and Y. Chen, “Signal recycled laser-interferometer gravitational-wave detectors as optical springs,” Phys. Rev. D 65, 042001 (2002). [CrossRef]
- O. Miyakawa, R. Ward, R. Adhikari, B. Abbott, R. Bork, D. Busby, M. Evans, H. Grote, J. Heefner, A. Ivanov, S. Kawamura, F. Kawazoe, S. Sakata, M. Smith, R. Taylor, M. Varvella, S. Vass, and A. Weinstein, “Lock acquisition scheme for the advanced ligo optical configuration,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 32, 265 (2006). [CrossRef]
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- K. Numata and J. Camp, “Interferometric testbed for nanometer level stabilization of environmental motion over long time scales,” Appl. Opt. 47, 6832–6841 (2008). [CrossRef]
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- D. H. Wolaver, Phase-Locked Loop Circuit Design (PTR Prentice-Hall, 1991).
- D. Yeaton-Massey and R. Adhikari, “A new bound on excess frequency noise in second harmonic generation in PPKTP at the 10−19 level,” Opt. Express20, 21019–21024 (2012).
- S. Schilt, N. Bucalovic, L. Tombez, V. Dolgovskiy, C. Schori, G. D. Domenico, M. Zaffalon, and P. Thomann, “Frequency discriminators for the characterization of narrow-spectrum heterodyne beat signals: Application to the measurement of a sub-hertz carrier-envelope-offset beat in an optical frequency comb,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 123116 (2011). [CrossRef]
- F. Khalili, S. Danilishin, H. Müller-Ebhardt, H. Miao, Y. Chen, and C. Zhao, “Negative optical inertia for enhancing the sensitivity of future gravitational-wave detectors,” Phys. Rev. D 83, 062003 (2011). [CrossRef]
- A. Abramovici, W. E. Althouse, R. W. P. Drever, Y. Gürsel, S. Kawamura, F. J. Raab, D. Shoemaker, L. Sievers, R. E. Spero, K. S. Thorne, R. E. Vogt, R. Weiss, S. E. Whitcomb, and M. E. Zucker, “LIGO: the laser interferometer gravitational-wave observatory,” Science 256, 325–333 (1992). [CrossRef]
Appl. Opt.
- K. Numata and J. Camp, “Interferometric testbed for nanometer level stabilization of environmental motion over long time scales,” Appl. Opt. 47, 6832–6841 (2008). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. B
- R. W. P. Drever, J. L. Hall, F. V. Kowalski, J. Hough, G. M. Ford, A. J. Munley, and H. Ward, “Laser phase and frequency stabilization using an optical resonator,” Appl. Phys. B 31, 97–105 (1983). [CrossRef]
Astropart. Phys.
- The Virgo Collaboration, “Lock acquisition of the Virgo gravitational wave detector,” Astropart. Phys. 30, 29–38 (2008). [CrossRef]
Class. Quantum Grav.
- R. L. Ward, R. Adhikari, B. Abbott, R. Abbott, D. Barron, R. Bork, T. Fricke, V. Frolov, J. Heefner, A. Ivanov, O. Miyakawa, K. McKenzie, B. Slagmolen, M. Smith, R. Taylor, S. Vass, S. Waldman, and A. Weinstein, “DC readout experiment at the Caltech 40 m prototype interferometer,” Class. Quantum Grav. 25, 114030 (2008). [CrossRef]
- The Virgo Collaboration, “Status of the Virgo project,” Class. Quantum Grav. 28, 114002 (2011). [CrossRef]
- The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, “The status of GEO 600,” Class. Quantum Grav. 25, 114043 (2008). [CrossRef]
- The LCGT Collaboration, “Status of LCGT,” Class. Quantum Grav. 27, 084004 (2010). [CrossRef]
- The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, “Advanced LIGO: the next generation of gravitational wave detectors,” Class. Quantum Grav. 27, 084006 (2010). [CrossRef]
- G. González, “Suspensions thermal noise in the LIGO gravitational wave detector,” Class. Quantum Grav. 17, 4409–4435 (2000). [CrossRef]
- G. M. Harry, M. R. Abernathy, A. E. Becerra-Toledo, H. Armandula, E. Black, K. Dooley, M. Eichenfield, C. Nwabugwu, A. Villar, D. R. M. Crooks, G. Cagnoli, J. Hough, C. R. How, I. MacLaren, P. Murray, S. Reid, S. Rowan, P. H. Sneddon, M. M. Fejer, R. Route, S. D. Penn, P. Ganau, J.-M. Mackowski, C. Michel, L. Pinard, and A. Remillieux, “Titania-doped tantala/silica coatings for gravitational-wave detection,” Class. Quantum Grav. 24, 405–415 (2007). [CrossRef]
J. Phys. Conf. Ser.
- O. Miyakawa, R. Ward, R. Adhikari, B. Abbott, R. Bork, D. Busby, M. Evans, H. Grote, J. Heefner, A. Ivanov, S. Kawamura, F. Kawazoe, S. Sakata, M. Smith, R. Taylor, M. Varvella, S. Vass, and A. Weinstein, “Lock acquisition scheme for the advanced ligo optical configuration,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 32, 265 (2006). [CrossRef]
Opt. Commun.
- S. Greenstein and M. Rosenbluh, “Dynamics of cw intra-cavity second harmonic generation by PPKTP,” Opt. Commun. 238, 319–327 (2004). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
- A. J. Mullavey, B. J. J. Slagmolen, J. Miller, M. Evans, P. Fritschel, D. Sigg, S. J. Waldman, D. A. Shaddock, and D. E. McClelland, “Arm-length stabilisation for interferometric gravitational-wave detectors using frequency-doubled auxiliary lasers,” Opt. Express 20, 81–89 (2012). [CrossRef]
Opt. Lett.
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- O. P. Lay, S. Dubovitsky, D. A. Shaddock, and B. Ware, “Coherent range-gated laser displacement metrology with compact optical head,” Opt. Lett. 32, 2933–2935 (2007). [CrossRef]
- J. Camp, L. Sievers, R. Bork, and J. Heefner, “Guided lock acquisition in a suspended Fabry–Perot cavity,” Opt. Lett. 20, 2463–2465 (1995). [CrossRef]
- M. Evans, N. Mavalvala, P. Fritschel, R. Bork, B. Bhawal, R. Gustafson, W. Kells, M. Landry, D. Sigg, R. Weiss, S. Whitcomb, and H. Yamamoto, “Lock acquisition of a gravitational-wave interferometer,” Opt. Lett. 27, 598–600 (2002). [CrossRef]
Phys. Lett. A
- Y. Aso, M. Ando, K. Kawabe, S. Otsuka, and K. Tsubono, “Stabilization of a Fabry–Perot interferometer using a suspension-point interferometer,” Phys. Lett. A 327, 1–8 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. Mizuno, K. Strain, P. Nelson, J. Chen, R. Schilling, A. Rüdiger, W. Winkler, and K. Danzmann, “Resonant sideband extraction: a new configuration for interferometric gravitational wave detectors,” Phys. Lett. A 175, 273–276 (1993). [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. D
- H. Rehbein, H. Müller-Ebhardt, K. Somiya, C. Li, R. Schnabel, K. Danzmann, and Y. Chen, “Local readout enhancement for detuned signal-recycling interferometers,” Phys. Rev. D 76, 062002 (2007). [CrossRef]
- A. Buonanno and Y. Chen, “Signal recycled laser-interferometer gravitational-wave detectors as optical springs,” Phys. Rev. D 65, 042001 (2002). [CrossRef]
- F. Khalili, S. Danilishin, H. Müller-Ebhardt, H. Miao, Y. Chen, and C. Zhao, “Negative optical inertia for enhancing the sensitivity of future gravitational-wave detectors,” Phys. Rev. D 83, 062003 (2011). [CrossRef]
- M. Evans, S. Ballmer, M. Fejer, P. Fritschel, G. Harry, and G. Ogin, “Thermo-optic noise in coated mirrors for high-precision optical measurements,” Phys. Rev. D 78, 102003 (2008). [CrossRef]
- O. Miyakawa, R. Ward, R. Adhikari, M. Evans, B. Abbott, R. Bork, D. Busby, J. Heefner, A. Ivanov, M. Smith, R. Taylor, S. Vass, A. Weinstein, M. Varvella, S. Kawamura, F. Kawazoe, S. Sakata, and C. Mow-Lowry, “Measurement of optical response of a detuned resonant sideband extraction gravitational wave detector,” Phys. Rev. D 74, 022001 (2006). [CrossRef]
- B. J. Meers, “Recycling in laser-interferometric gravitational-wave detectors,” Phys. Rev. D 38, 2317–2326 (1988). [CrossRef]
Rep. Prog. Phys.
- The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, “LIGO: the laser interferometer gravitational-wave observatory,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 72, 076901 (2009). [CrossRef]
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
- K. A. Strain and B. N. Shapiro, “Damping and local control of mirror suspensions for laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 044501 (2012). [CrossRef]
- S. Schilt, N. Bucalovic, L. Tombez, V. Dolgovskiy, C. Schori, G. D. Domenico, M. Zaffalon, and P. Thomann, “Frequency discriminators for the characterization of narrow-spectrum heterodyne beat signals: Application to the measurement of a sub-hertz carrier-envelope-offset beat in an optical frequency comb,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 123116 (2011). [CrossRef]
Science
- A. Abramovici, W. E. Althouse, R. W. P. Drever, Y. Gürsel, S. Kawamura, F. J. Raab, D. Shoemaker, L. Sievers, R. E. Spero, K. S. Thorne, R. E. Vogt, R. Weiss, S. E. Whitcomb, and M. E. Zucker, “LIGO: the laser interferometer gravitational-wave observatory,” Science 256, 325–333 (1992). [CrossRef]
Other
- P. Fritschel, D. McClelland, A. Mullavey, D. Shaddock, B. Slagmolen, and S. Waldman, “Advanced LIGO arm length stabilisation requirements,” LIGO DCC T0900095-v2 (LIGO Document Control Center, 2009).
- D. Yeaton-Massey and R. Adhikari, “A new bound on excess frequency noise in second harmonic generation in PPKTP at the 10−19 level,” Opt. Express20, 21019–21024 (2012).
- D. H. Wolaver, Phase-Locked Loop Circuit Design (PTR Prentice-Hall, 1991).
- M. Principe, I. M. Pinto, V. Pierro, and R. DeSalvo, “Minimum Brownian noise dichroic dielectric mirror coatings for AdLIGO,” LIGO DCC T080337-v1 (LIGO Document Control Center, 2008).
2012, Strain, Rev. Sci. Instrum.
- K. A. Strain and B. N. Shapiro, “Damping and local control of mirror suspensions for laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 044501 (2012). [CrossRef]
- The Virgo Collaboration, “Status of the Virgo project,” Class. Quantum Grav. 28, 114002 (2011). [CrossRef]
- S. Schilt, N. Bucalovic, L. Tombez, V. Dolgovskiy, C. Schori, G. D. Domenico, M. Zaffalon, and P. Thomann, “Frequency discriminators for the characterization of narrow-spectrum heterodyne beat signals: Application to the measurement of a sub-hertz carrier-envelope-offset beat in an optical frequency comb,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 123116 (2011). [CrossRef]
- F. Khalili, S. Danilishin, H. Müller-Ebhardt, H. Miao, Y. Chen, and C. Zhao, “Negative optical inertia for enhancing the sensitivity of future gravitational-wave detectors,” Phys. Rev. D 83, 062003 (2011). [CrossRef]
- The LCGT Collaboration, “Status of LCGT,” Class. Quantum Grav. 27, 084004 (2010). [CrossRef]
- The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, “Advanced LIGO: the next generation of gravitational wave detectors,” Class. Quantum Grav. 27, 084006 (2010). [CrossRef]
- The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, “LIGO: the laser interferometer gravitational-wave observatory,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 72, 076901 (2009). [CrossRef]
- The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, “The status of GEO 600,” Class. Quantum Grav. 25, 114043 (2008). [CrossRef]
- The Virgo Collaboration, “Lock acquisition of the Virgo gravitational wave detector,” Astropart. Phys. 30, 29–38 (2008). [CrossRef]
- M. Evans, S. Ballmer, M. Fejer, P. Fritschel, G. Harry, and G. Ogin, “Thermo-optic noise in coated mirrors for high-precision optical measurements,” Phys. Rev. D 78, 102003 (2008). [CrossRef]
- R. L. Ward, R. Adhikari, B. Abbott, R. Abbott, D. Barron, R. Bork, T. Fricke, V. Frolov, J. Heefner, A. Ivanov, O. Miyakawa, K. McKenzie, B. Slagmolen, M. Smith, R. Taylor, S. Vass, S. Waldman, and A. Weinstein, “DC readout experiment at the Caltech 40 m prototype interferometer,” Class. Quantum Grav. 25, 114030 (2008). [CrossRef]
- G. M. Harry, M. R. Abernathy, A. E. Becerra-Toledo, H. Armandula, E. Black, K. Dooley, M. Eichenfield, C. Nwabugwu, A. Villar, D. R. M. Crooks, G. Cagnoli, J. Hough, C. R. How, I. MacLaren, P. Murray, S. Reid, S. Rowan, P. H. Sneddon, M. M. Fejer, R. Route, S. D. Penn, P. Ganau, J.-M. Mackowski, C. Michel, L. Pinard, and A. Remillieux, “Titania-doped tantala/silica coatings for gravitational-wave detection,” Class. Quantum Grav. 24, 405–415 (2007). [CrossRef]
- H. Rehbein, H. Müller-Ebhardt, K. Somiya, C. Li, R. Schnabel, K. Danzmann, and Y. Chen, “Local readout enhancement for detuned signal-recycling interferometers,” Phys. Rev. D 76, 062002 (2007). [CrossRef]
- O. Miyakawa, R. Ward, R. Adhikari, B. Abbott, R. Bork, D. Busby, M. Evans, H. Grote, J. Heefner, A. Ivanov, S. Kawamura, F. Kawazoe, S. Sakata, M. Smith, R. Taylor, M. Varvella, S. Vass, and A. Weinstein, “Lock acquisition scheme for the advanced ligo optical configuration,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 32, 265 (2006). [CrossRef]
- O. Miyakawa, R. Ward, R. Adhikari, M. Evans, B. Abbott, R. Bork, D. Busby, J. Heefner, A. Ivanov, M. Smith, R. Taylor, S. Vass, A. Weinstein, M. Varvella, S. Kawamura, F. Kawazoe, S. Sakata, and C. Mow-Lowry, “Measurement of optical response of a detuned resonant sideband extraction gravitational wave detector,” Phys. Rev. D 74, 022001 (2006). [CrossRef]
- Y. Aso, M. Ando, K. Kawabe, S. Otsuka, and K. Tsubono, “Stabilization of a Fabry–Perot interferometer using a suspension-point interferometer,” Phys. Lett. A 327, 1–8 (2004). [CrossRef]
- S. Greenstein and M. Rosenbluh, “Dynamics of cw intra-cavity second harmonic generation by PPKTP,” Opt. Commun. 238, 319–327 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. Buonanno and Y. Chen, “Signal recycled laser-interferometer gravitational-wave detectors as optical springs,” Phys. Rev. D 65, 042001 (2002). [CrossRef]
- G. González, “Suspensions thermal noise in the LIGO gravitational wave detector,” Class. Quantum Grav. 17, 4409–4435 (2000). [CrossRef]
- J. Mizuno, K. Strain, P. Nelson, J. Chen, R. Schilling, A. Rüdiger, W. Winkler, and K. Danzmann, “Resonant sideband extraction: a new configuration for interferometric gravitational wave detectors,” Phys. Lett. A 175, 273–276 (1993). [CrossRef]
- A. Abramovici, W. E. Althouse, R. W. P. Drever, Y. Gürsel, S. Kawamura, F. J. Raab, D. Shoemaker, L. Sievers, R. E. Spero, K. S. Thorne, R. E. Vogt, R. Weiss, S. E. Whitcomb, and M. E. Zucker, “LIGO: the laser interferometer gravitational-wave observatory,” Science 256, 325–333 (1992). [CrossRef]
- B. J. Meers, “Recycling in laser-interferometric gravitational-wave detectors,” Phys. Rev. D 38, 2317–2326 (1988). [CrossRef]
- R. W. P. Drever, J. L. Hall, F. V. Kowalski, J. Hough, G. M. Ford, A. J. Munley, and H. Ward, “Laser phase and frequency stabilization using an optical resonator,” Appl. Phys. B 31, 97–105 (1983). [CrossRef]
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