Abstract
Wannier function expansions are well suited for the description of photonic-crystal-based defect structures, but constructing maximally localized Wannier functions by optimizing the phase degree of freedom of the Bloch modes is crucial for the efficiency of the approach. We systematically analyze different locality criteria for maximally localized Wannier functions in two-dimensional square and triangular lattice photonic crystals, employing (local) conjugate-gradient as well as (global) genetic-algorithm-based stochastic methods. Besides the commonly used second moment (SM) locality measure, we introduce a new locality measure, namely, the integrated modulus (IM) of the Wannier function. We show numerically that, in contrast to the SM criterion, the IM criterion leads to an optimization problem with a single extremum, thus allowing for fast and efficient construction of maximally localized Wannier functions using local optimization techniques. We also present an analytical formula for the initial choice of Bloch phases, which, under certain conditions, represents the global maximum of the IM criterion and, thus, further increases the optimization efficiency in the general case.
© 2011 Optical Society of America
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