We investigate the efficiency of an optical intensity modulator based on an electrically tunable <TEX>$LiNbO_3$</TEX> reflection grating. Assuming a grating coupling coefficient and the waveguide propagation loss, waveguide length is varied to find its effect on the modulator slope efficiency and the device capacitance. With the low propagation loss of the <TEX>$LiNbO_3$</TEX> waveguide, a very efficient optical intensity modulator can be achieved for a low frequency (<TEX>${\sim}1GHz$</TEX>) as long as the requirement for the grating coupling coefficient is satisfied.

© 2007 Optical Society of Korea

1. See, for example, E. Hecht, Optics, 4th ed., (Addison Wesley, Reading, MA), 2002
2. H. Kogelnik and C. V. Shank, "Stimulated emission in a periodic structure," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 152-154, 1971 [CrossRef]
3. H. Kogelnik and C. V. Shank, "Coupled-wave theory of distributed feedback lasers," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 2327-2335, 1972 [CrossRef]
4. L. Eldada, R. Blomquist, M. Maxfield, D. Pant, G. Boudoughian, C. Poga, and R. A. Norwood, "Thermooptic planar polymer Bragg grating OADM"s with broad tuning range," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 448-450, 1999 [CrossRef]
5. L. Xia, X. Li, X. Chen, and S. Xie, "A novel dispersion compensating fiber grating with a large chirp parameter and period sampled distribution,, vol. 227, no. 4/6, pp. 311-315, 2003
6. C.-T. Lee, C.-T. Kuo, and H.-H. Lu, "Dispersion compensation in externally modulated transmission system using chirped fiber grating," Fiber and Integrated Optics, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 269-276, 2002 [CrossRef]
7. D.-S. Shin, "Investigation of optical intensity modulator using electrically tunable reflection grating," J. Natural Science and Technology, vol. 7, pp. 23-27, 2004
8. D.-S. Shin, "Optical intensity modulator based on the grating-corrugated electro-optic polymer waveguide," J. Natural Science and Technology, vol. 8, pp. 33-42, 2005
9. See, for example, D. L. Lee, Electromagnetic Principles of Integrated Optics, (John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY), 1986
10. C. H. Cox, III., Analog Optical Links: Theory and Practice, (Cambridge University Press, New York, NY), 2004
11. J.S. Wei, "Distributed capacitance of planar electrodes in optic and acoustic surface wave devices," IEEE J.Quantum Electron., vol. QE-13, no. 4, pp. 152-158, 1977 [CrossRef]
12. S.-H. Lee, S. M. Garner, V. Chuyanov, H. Zhang, W. H. Steier, F. Wang, L. R. Dalton, A. H. Udupa, and H. R. Fetterman, "Optical intensity modulator based on a novel electrooptic polymer incorporating a high <TEX>${\mu}{\beta}$</TEX> chromophore," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 527-532, 2000 [CrossRef]
13. Y. Shi, W. Lin, D. J. Olson, J. H. Bechtel, H. Zhang, W. H. Steier, C. Zhang, and L. R. Dalton, "Electrooptic polymer modulators with 0.8 V half-wave voltage," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 1-3, 2000 [CrossRef]
14. W. K. Burns, M. M. Howerton, R. P. Moeller, R. Krähenbühl, R. W. McElhanon, and A. S. Greenblatt, "Low drive voltage, broad-band <TEX>$LiNbO_{3}$</TEX> modulators with and without etched ridges," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 2551-2555, 1999 [CrossRef]
15. K. Noguchi, H. Miyazawa, and O. Mitomi, "<TEX>$LiNbO_{3}$</TEX> high-speed modulator," Technical Digest of CLEO/Pacific Rim "99, vol. 4, pp.1267-1268, 1999

Appl. Phys. Lett.

• H. Kogelnik and C. V. Shank, "Stimulated emission in a periodic structure," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 152-154, 1971 [CrossRef]
• Y. Shi, W. Lin, D. J. Olson, J. H. Bechtel, H. Zhang, W. H. Steier, C. Zhang, and L. R. Dalton, "Electrooptic polymer modulators with 0.8 V half-wave voltage," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 1-3, 2000 [CrossRef]

Fiber and Integrated Optics

• C.-T. Lee, C.-T. Kuo, and H.-H. Lu, "Dispersion compensation in externally modulated transmission system using chirped fiber grating," Fiber and Integrated Optics, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 269-276, 2002 [CrossRef]

J. Natural Science and Technology

• D.-S. Shin, "Investigation of optical intensity modulator using electrically tunable reflection grating," J. Natural Science and Technology, vol. 7, pp. 23-27, 2004
• D.-S. Shin, "Optical intensity modulator based on the grating-corrugated electro-optic polymer waveguide," J. Natural Science and Technology, vol. 8, pp. 33-42, 2005

Journal of Applied Physics

• H. Kogelnik and C. V. Shank, "Coupled-wave theory of distributed feedback lasers," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 2327-2335, 1972 [CrossRef]

Lightwave Technology, Journal of

• W. K. Burns, M. M. Howerton, R. P. Moeller, R. Krähenbühl, R. W. McElhanon, and A. S. Greenblatt, "Low drive voltage, broad-band <TEX>$LiNbO_{3}$</TEX> modulators with and without etched ridges," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 2551-2555, 1999 [CrossRef]

Optics Communications

• L. Xia, X. Li, X. Chen, and S. Xie, "A novel dispersion compensating fiber grating with a large chirp parameter and period sampled distribution,, vol. 227, no. 4/6, pp. 311-315, 2003

Photonics Technology Letters, IEEE

• L. Eldada, R. Blomquist, M. Maxfield, D. Pant, G. Boudoughian, C. Poga, and R. A. Norwood, "Thermooptic planar polymer Bragg grating OADM"s with broad tuning range," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 448-450, 1999 [CrossRef]

Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of

• J.S. Wei, "Distributed capacitance of planar electrodes in optic and acoustic surface wave devices," IEEE J.Quantum Electron., vol. QE-13, no. 4, pp. 152-158, 1977 [CrossRef]
• S.-H. Lee, S. M. Garner, V. Chuyanov, H. Zhang, W. H. Steier, F. Wang, L. R. Dalton, A. H. Udupa, and H. R. Fetterman, "Optical intensity modulator based on a novel electrooptic polymer incorporating a high <TEX>${\mu}{\beta}$</TEX> chromophore," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 527-532, 2000 [CrossRef]

Technical Digest of CLEO/Pacific Rim '99

• K. Noguchi, H. Miyazawa, and O. Mitomi, "<TEX>$LiNbO_{3}$</TEX> high-speed modulator," Technical Digest of CLEO/Pacific Rim "99, vol. 4, pp.1267-1268, 1999

Other

• See, for example, E. Hecht, Optics, 4th ed., (Addison Wesley, Reading, MA), 2002
• See, for example, D. L. Lee, Electromagnetic Principles of Integrated Optics, (John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY), 1986
• C. H. Cox, III., Analog Optical Links: Theory and Practice, (Cambridge University Press, New York, NY), 2004

Click here to see a list of articles that cite this paper

Related Journal Articles

• Terahertz pulse measurement with an optical streak camera (OL)
• Spatial Light Modulators for High-Brightness Projection Displays (AO)
• Liquid-Crystal Luminaire Consisting of an Optical Shutter and a Metal Halide Lamp (AO)
• Near Band-Edge Field-Dependent Absorption Coefficient and Refractive Index Determined by Photocurrent and Transmittance Measurements (AO)
• Compact Optical-Fiber Variable Attenuator Arrays with Polymer-Network Liquid Crystals (AO)

Related Conference Papers

• High-speed electroabsorption (EA) modulator modules using the flip-chip bonding (FCB) technique
• 19x10-GHz Electro-Optic Ultra-Flat Frequency Comb Generation Only Using Single Conventional Mach-Zehnder Modulator
• High-Speed Electrical Modulator in High-Index-Contrast (HIC) Si-Waveguides
• Barium Titanate Thin Film Electro-Optic Modulator with Low Half-Wave Voltage at 1310nm
• Optoelectronic Oscillator Using Push-Pull Mach-Zehnder Modulator Biased at Null Point for Optical Two-Tone Signal Generation