Abstract

The efficiency with which the light flux is utilized in a microscope's optical system is determined by how well the exit numerical aperture and the linear field of the condenser are matched with the numerical aperture and linear field of the microscope lens. It is shown that using a variable-magnification system in the layout of a microscope illuminator makes it possible to increase the efficiency with which the light flux is utilized by a factor of more than a hundred.

Measurement of Microscope Magnification

D. H. Freeman
Appl. Opt. 3(9) 1005-1008 (1964)

A Large Range Variable Magnification Telescope

Frank G. Back
J. Opt. Soc. Am. 43(12) 1195-1199 (1953)

Improvements in Microscope Illumination

James R. Benford
J. Opt. Soc. Am. 37(8) 642-647 (1947)

Principles of Microscope Illumination and the Problem of Glare

Wilfrid Taylor Dempster
J. Opt. Soc. Am. 34(12) 695-710 (1944)

Freeform optical design of beam shaping systems with variable illumination properties

Lin Yang, Fanqi Shen, Zhanghao Ding, Xiao Tao, Zhenrong Zheng, Fei Wu, Yong Li, and Rengmao Wu
Opt. Express 29(20) 31993-32005 (2021)