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Hybrid integration of conventional waveguide and photonic crystal structures

Gregory P. Nordin, Seunghyun Kim, Jingbo Cai, and Jianhua Jiang

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Abstract

We propose the hybrid integration of conventional index-guided waveguides (CWGs) and photonic crystal (PhC) regions of very limited spatial extent as a promising path toward large-scale planar lightwave circuit (PLC) integration. In CWG/PhC structures the PhC regions do not perform the function of waveguiding, but instead augment the CWGs to permit a drastic reduction in the size of photonic components. For single mode waveguides with a refractive index contrast of only 2.3%, simulation results show a 90 degree bend with 98.7% efficiency, a compact beamsplitter with 99.4% total efficiency, and a planar Mach-Zender interferometer (MZI) with 97.8% efficiency. The MZI occupies an area of only 18 μm × 18 μm.

©2002 Optical Society of America

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Figures (4)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. (a) PhC composed of a square Si lattice embedded in a waveguide bend. The square inset is the first Brillouin zone of the PhC. Source and detector lines are described in the text. (b) Efficiency (i.e., power that crosses a given detector line divided by the incident power launched at the waveguide mode source) as a function of wavelength. (c) Image plot (λ = 1.55 μm) of the magnitude squared of the time-average electric field calculated with 2-D FDTD. Yi cell size: 12 nm (λ/130).

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. (a) Band diagram for the PhC lattice. (b) Wave vector diagram for three cases: λ = 1.55 μm (black curves), λ = 1.74 μm (blue curves), and λ = 1.24 μm (red curves). The green arrow denotes the primary wave vector of the guided mode incident on the PhC interface. While a single arrow is used for all three wavelengths, it should be understood that it terminates on the appropriate circle for any specific wavelength. The inset shows the first Brillouin zone to aid comparison to the PhC orientation in Fig. 1(a). (c) and (d) Image plots of 2-D FDTD simulation results for sources with wavelengths of 1.74 μm and 1.24 μm, respectively. In both cases the Yi cell size is 10 nm.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. (a) Geometry for beamsplitter. (b) Simulation results for the efficiency as a function of wavelength with which incident light is directed into the horizontal (opex-10-23-1334-i001) and vertical (opex-10-23-1334-i002) waveguides for 1 layer of posts (a = 300 nm, r = 80 nm) and the horizontal (opex-10-23-1334-i003) and vertical (opex-10-23-1334-i004) waveguides for 2 layers of posts (a = 300 nm, r = 83 nm).

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Geometry and simulation result for Mach-Zender interferometer (λ = 1.55 μm). The horizontal and vertical center-to-center waveguide spacing in the interferometer is 9 μm. Yi cell size: 12.9 nm (λ/120).

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