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In vivo dynamic human retinal blood flow imaging using ultra-high-speed spectral domain optical Doppler tomography

Brian R. White, Mark C. Pierce, Nader Nassif, Barry Cense, B. Hyle Park, Guillermo J. Tearney, Brett E. Bouma, Teresa C. Chen, and Johannes F. de Boer

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

An ultra-high-speed spectral domain optical Doppler tomography (SD-ODT) system is used to acquire images of blood flow in a human retina in vivo, at 29,000 depth profiles (A-lines) per second and with data acquisition over 99% of the measurement time. The phase stability of the system is examined and image processing algorithms are presented that allow accurate determination of bi-directional Doppler shifts. Movies are presented of human retinal flow acquired at 29 frames per second with 1000 A-lines per frame over a time period of 3.28 seconds, showing accurate determination of vessel boundaries and time-dependent bi-directional flow dynamics in artery-vein pairs. The ultra-high-speed SD-ODT system allows visualization of the pulsatile nature of retinal blood flow, detects blood flow within the choroid and retinal capillaries, and provides information on the cardiac cycle. In summary, accurate video rate imaging of retinal blood flow dynamics is demonstrated at ocular exposure levels below 600 µW.

©2003 Optical Society of America

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Supplementary Material (3)

Media 1: AVI (6382 KB)     
Media 2: AVI (5829 KB)     
Media 3: AVI (1454 KB)     

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Figures (5)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Diagram of the experimental setup. Light emitted by the broadband source (HP-SLD) passes through an optical isolator (I) and is divided by an 80/20 splitter between a rapid-scanning optical delay line (RSOD) (with stationary mirror) and a slit lamp based telecentric scanner (SL). Returning light is recombined and passed through a collimator (C), a transmission grating (TG), and a three-element air-spaced focusing lens (ASL), before being detected by a line scan camera (LSC).

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Probability distribution of the measured phase difference between adjacent A-lines, with a stationary reflector in the sample arm. Bars: Counted phase difference for 9990 A-lines. Bin size=0.05°. Solid line: Gaussian fit to the distribution, with a measured standard deviation of 0.296±0.003°.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. (1.61 MB) Movie of structure (top panel) and bi-directional flow (bottom panel) acquired in vivo in the human eye at a rate of 29 frames per second. The sequence contains 95 frames (totaling 3.28 seconds) played back at a rate of 10 frames per second. Image size is 1.6 mm wide by 580 µm deep. a: artery; v: vein; c: capillary; d: choroidal vessel. (3.82 MB version).

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. (1.01 MB) Movie of dynamic blood flow within the human retina, in vivo, corresponding to the movie presented in Fig. 3. Image width and depth are mapped onto the XY-plane, with Doppler signal [Hz] displayed on the Z-axis. Width and depth are denoted in pixels. a: artery; v: vein; d: choroidal vessel.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Integrated flow over the artery-vein pair shown in Figures 3 and 4. A total of 95 frames were acquired at 29 fps, resulting in a total imaging time of 3.28 s.

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Equations (2)

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Δ φ i + 1 ( z ) = φ i + 1 ( z ) − φ i ( z )
φ i + 1 , new ( z ) = φ i + 1 ( z ) − ( ∑ z I i + 1 ( z ) Δ φ i + 1 ( z ) ) ( ∑ z I i + 1 ( z ) )
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