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Supercontinuum and four-wave mixing with Q-switched pulses in endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fibres

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Abstract

Photonic crystal fibres exhibiting endlessly single-mode operation and dispersion zero in the range 1040 to 1100 nm are demonstrated. A sub-ns pump source at 1064 nm generates a parametric output at 732 nm with an efficiency of 35%, or parametric gain of 55 dB at 1315 nm. A broad, flat supercontinuum extending from 500 nm to beyond 1750 nm is also demonstrated using the same pump source.

©2004 Optical Society of America

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Figures (9)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. (a) Measured dispersion curves for fibres G, O and P, together with the dispersion calculated for a regular PCF with round holes and pitch, Λ, 3 µm and d/Λ=0.3. A dashed vertical line indicates the pump wavelength, 1.064 µm; (b) Nonlinear phasematching diagram for the process 2ω pumpω signal + ω idler, calculated from the measured dispersion curve of fibre G for input powers P=14 W (blue curve); P=140 W (green curve); P=1400 W (red curve). Circles: measured parametric wavelengths corresponding to pump wavelength offset from λ 0 for fibres C, F, G, H, I, L (Table 1).
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. SEM of fibre O. Λ=2.97, d/Λ=0.39, λ0=1065 nm
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Measured output continuum spectra from 100 m of Nufern 1000-HP single mode fibre. False colour scale in dBm/5nm bandwidth.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. (a) Output spectra for 6m length of PCF L showing strong optical parametric generation in the normal dispersion regime; (b) Signal output for a 2.5 m length of PCF L with 2mW pump and 9.5 (blue), 4.2 (red), 1.4 (purple), 0.07 (green) µW seed. Pump only, no seed, black. 1µW cw seed is 4000 photons in 600 ps. Spectrometer resolution 0.1 nm.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. (a) Output spectra for 3m lengths PCFs A, C, F, G, H, I showing strong optical parametric generation in the normal dispersion regime, input power 10–20 mW. Spectrometer resolution 0.2 nm. Idler wavelengths longer than 1750 nm are not measured with this spectrometer. (b) Power dependence of spectra for fibre B generating λ signal=716 nm.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Detail of spectra from Fig. 5(b), fibre B. Spectrometer resolution 0.2 nm. (a) Line width (full width half maximum) of the output at the pump wavelength (1064 nm, red dashed line) and the OPG signal wavelength (716 nm, green solid line). (b) Normalised output spectra at the OPG signal wavelength for low and high input powers.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Example output spectra for measurement of gain in 2.5 m of PCF L using a CW diode probe. Pump power 4 mW (920 W peak) at 1064 nm, seed power 15 µW at 1315 nm. Green trace, pump only; red trace, probe only; blue trace, pump and probe. Spectrometer resolution 0.1 nm.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Measured output continuum spectra from (a) 1 m, (b) 3m, (c) 20 m and (d) 100 m of fibre P. False colour scale in dBm/5nm bandwidth.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. Output spectra for 20 m lengths of fibres at 30 mW input power. (a) logarithmic scale, fibre O (red trace) and P (blue trace), (b) linear scale, fibre P (arbitrary units, normalised to residual pump peak at 1064 nm).

Tables (1)

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Table 1. Parametric generation wavelengths for the fibres studied.

Equations (4)

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2 k pump = k signal + k idler + 2 γ P
2 ω pump = ω signal + ω idler
γ = 2 π n 2 λ A eff
β 2 = λ 2 2 π c D
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